159300-stay_safe_manual-EN-COVER.qxd:Layout 1 9/2/13 11:20 AM Page 1 Stay safe The International Federation’s guide to a safer mission 159300-stay_safe_manual-EN-COVER.qxd:Layout 1 9/2/13 11:20 AM Page 2 © International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies The International Any part of this handbook may be cited, copied, translated into other languages or Federation’s Global adapted to meet local needs without prior per- mission from the International Federation of Agenda (2006–2010) Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, provid- ed that the source is clearly stated. Over the next years, the collective focus of The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies the Federation will be on achieving the would like to express its gratitude to following goals and priorities: the following for committing to and supporting this publication: Our goals Goal 1: Reduce the number of deaths, injuries and impact from disasters. Goal 2: Reduce the number of deaths, illnesses and impact from diseases and pub- lic health emergencies. Goal 3: Increase local community, civil society and Red Cross Red Crescent capaci- ty to address the most urgent situations of vulnerability. Goal 4: Promote respect for diversity and human dignity, and reduce intolerance, discrimination and social exclusion. Our priorities Improving our local, regional and interna- tional capacity to respond to disasters and public health emergencies. Scaling up our actions with vulnerable com- by government funding munities in health promotion, disease prevention and disaster risk reduction. All cartoons by Pierre Wazem, 2007 Increasing significantly our HIV and AIDS programming and advocacy. September 2013 - Fourth edition International Federation of Red Cross and Renewing our advocacy on priority humani- Red Crescent Societies tarian issues, especially fighting intolerance, P.O. Box 303 stigma and discrimination, and promoting CH-1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland disaster risk reduction. Telephone: +41 22 730 4222 Telefax: +41 22 733 0395 E-mail: 159300-stay_safe_manual-EN-INTRO.qxd:Mise en page 1 9/2/13 11:34 AM Page 1 1 Contents Stay safe – the International Federation’s guide to a safer mission Contents Acknowledgements ____________________________10 Foreword______________________________________11 Introduction ___________________________________12 Chapter 1 | Security framework _________________13 Security layers __________________________________13 Minimum security requirements ____________________15 The seven pillars of security _______________________15 Acceptance ________________________________________16 Identification ______________________________________17 Information _______________________________________17 Regulations________________________________________18 Behaviour_________________________________________18 Communication ____________________________________19 Protection_________________________________________19 Security strategies and plans ______________________20 Acceptance ________________________________________21 Protection_________________________________________21 Deterrence ________________________________________22 Security plans___________________________________23 Contingency plans_______________________________24 Security phases _________________________________24 Roles and responsibilities regarding security _________25 Roles and responsibilities of field managers________________25 Roles and responsibilities of delegates____________________25 Information management_____________________________26 Briefings and debriefings______________________________26 159300-stay_safe_manual-EN-INTRO.qxd:Mise en page 1 9/2/13 11:34 AM Page 2 2 Stay safe: The International Federation’s guide to a safer mission International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies The red cross and red crescent emblems and the International Federation logo _______________27 Individual emblems _________________________________27 The Third Protocol__________________________________28 The International Federation logo ______________________28 International Federation, Participating National Society and National Society interaction ________________________29 Security and specialized disaster response teams ____30 Field Assessment and Coordination Team (FACT) __________30 Emergency Response Unit (ERU)_______________________31 Regional Disaster Response Team (RDRT)________________31 Chapter 2 | Personal security ___________________33 Security awareness ______________________________33 Less respect for the emblem and international humanitarian law _____________________33 The nature of armed conflict __________________________34 Beneficiaries’ part of the conflict________________________34 Poverty leads to increased criminality ____________________35 Natural disasters ____________________________________35 Disintegration of state structures _______________________35 Aim of humanitarian aid _____________________________35 Competition and no code of conduct____________________35 Threat/risk assessment _______________________________37 Cultural awareness ______________________________38 Handling cultural sensitivities__________________________39 Travel/mission preparedness ______________________41 Airport security ____________________________________42 Taxis_____________________________________________43 Accompanying family members ____________________43 Special considerations for children and rules they should follow ___________________________44 Rules for parents ___________________________________44 Rules for babysitters _________________________________46 159300-stay_safe_manual-EN-INTRO.qxd:Mise en page 1 9/2/13 11:34 AM Page 3 3 Contents Stay safe: The International Federation’s guide to a safer mission Household staff and security ______________________46 Personal items – grab bag ________________________47 Chapter 3 | Vehicle safety and security___________49 Driving Federation vehicles ________________________50 Who can drive Federation vehicles? _____________________50 Who can be a passenger?______________________________50 Basic rules relating to Federation vehicle use_______________50 Parking ________________________________________52 Security awareness and vehicle use ________________53 Before using a vehicle _____________________________________53 While driving ___________________________________________53 General security awareness _________________________________54 Dangerous situations relating to driving _______________________55 If an accident occurs _____________________________55 Checklists ______________________________________56 Chapter 4 | Field movement ____________________61 Federation field movement procedures______________62 Planning for field trips _______________________________62 Has travel been authorized? ___________________________63 Contingency planning _______________________________63 During field trips ___________________________________64 Air safety _______________________________________66 Travelling by helicopter ______________________________67 Conducting air operations ____________________________68 Travelling by boat ________________________________68 Checkpoints ____________________________________69 Preparations vary according to context ___________________70 159300-stay_safe_manual-EN-INTRO.qxd:Mise en page 1 9/2/13 11:34 AM Page 4 4 Stay safe: The International Federation’s guide to a safer mission International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies How to behave before, during and after a checkpoint ________71 General guidelines __________________________________72 Convoys _______________________________________73 Planning__________________________________________75 Chapter 5 | Security at Federation premises _____77 Site selection ___________________________________78 Neighbourhood ____________________________________78 Accessibility _______________________________________78 Infrastructure/basic services ___________________________78 Physical space ______________________________________79 Physical boundaries _________________________________79 Natural hazards_____________________________________79 ERU site selection __________________________________80 Offices _________________________________________84 Information security at Federation offices_________________88 Residences _____________________________________90 Considerations prior to moving into any residence __________90 Security in your residence_____________________________92 Perimeters ______________________________________92 Doors and locks __________________________________93 Exterior lighting__________________________________94 Internal safe haven ________________________________94 Fire and safety equipment ___________________________95 Security when in a hotel ______________________________98 Fire safety in hotels __________________________________99 Warehouses ___________________________________100 Cash handling__________________________________102 Cash transport ____________________________________102 Alarm systems _________________________________104 159300-stay_safe_manual-EN-INTRO.qxd:Mise en page 1 9/2/13 11:34 AM Page 5 5 Contents Stay safe: The International Federation’s guide to a safer mission Fire safety _____________________________________105 Basic fire safety precautions __________________________105 Immediate action for fire response _____________________106 Fires in buildings __________________________________107 If you are unable to exit using the normal fire escapes_______107 If a person is on fire ________________________________108 Chapter 6 | Security and beneficiary interaction _109 Camps for refugees and internally displaced people __109 Security guidelines relating to camp management__________110 Distributions ___________________________________113 Planning_________________________________________113 Managing information and expectations_________________114 Pipeline and buffer stocks____________________________115 Local contacts and understanding______________________116 Site selection _____________________________________117 Site security ______________________________________118 Access control_____________________________________118 Crowd control ____________________________________119 Emergency reaction ________________________________119 Chapter 7 | Communications___________________121 The International Federation’s communication system __________________________122 Radios ________________________________________122 Very high frequency (VHF) radios _____________________122 Basic operation of a VHF radio_____________________122 How VHF signals travel __________________________123 Antennas______________________________________124 Batteries ______________________________________125 Advantages of using VHF radios ____________________125 Disadvantages of using VHF radios__________________125 Common mistakes/problems when using VHF radios____126 159300-stay_safe_manual-EN-INTRO.qxd:Mise en page 1 9/2/13 11:34 AM Page 6 6 Stay safe: The International Federation’s guide to a safer mission International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies High frequency (HF) radios __________________________126 Advantages of using HF radios _____________________127 Disadvantages of using HF radios ___________________128 Federation call sign management ______________________128 Mobile telephones ______________________________131 Satellite communications ________________________131 Satellite phones____________________________________132 Satellite connection ________________________________132 Coverage ________________________________________132 Chapter 8 | Health in the field __________________135 What are the health risks?________________________136 Before a mission________________________________137 Immunization __________________________________137 During a mission________________________________138 Basic health precautions in the field________________139 Hygiene _________________________________________139 Food____________________________________________139 Water ___________________________________________140 Sun exposure _____________________________________140 Swimming _______________________________________141 Sex and sexually transmitted diseases ___________________141 Animals and insects ________________________________142 Diseases carried by mosquitoes ________________________142 Malaria _______________________________________142 Precautions ____________________________________142 Dengue fever___________________________________143 Snake bites _______________________________________143 First-aid treatment for snake bites ___________________144 First-aid kits ___________________________________144 First-aid kits in vehicles ________________________________145 Trauma kits _________________________________________145 159300-stay_safe_manual-EN-INTRO.qxd:Mise en page 1 9/2/13 11:34 AM Page 7 7 Contents Stay safe: The International Federation’s guide to a safer mission Medical evacuation plans ________________________146 General considerations ______________________________146 Air ambulances____________________________________147 Categories of medical evacuation ______________________148 Steps in the medical evacuation process _________________148 Factors supporting the medical evacuation process _________150 Factors jeopardizing the medical evacuation process ________151 Stress ________________________________________152 Symptoms of burnout among relief workers ______________153 How to prevent cumulative stress ______________________153 Some tips to help you manage stress ____________________154 Psychological support programme for delegates ___________155 Chapter 9 | Natural disasters___________________157 General guidelines for natural disasters_____________157 Before a natural disaster _____________________________158 During a natural disaster ____________________________159 After a natural disaster ______________________________159 Earthquakes ___________________________________160 Before earthquakes _________________________________161 During earthquakes ________________________________161 After earthquakes __________________________________162 Tsunamis ______________________________________163 Before a tsunami___________________________________163 During a tsunami __________________________________163 After a tsunami____________________________________164 Floods ________________________________________164 Precautions during flooding __________________________164 When on foot during a flood _________________________165 When in a vehicle during a flood ______________________165 Selecting a vehicle__________________________________165 After a flood ______________________________________166 159300-stay_safe_manual-EN-INTRO.qxd:Mise en page 1 9/2/13 11:34 AM Page 8 8 Stay safe: The International Federation’s guide to a safer mission International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies Mudslides _____________________________________166 When indoors during a mudslide ______________________167 When outdoors during a mudslide _____________________167 When in a vehicle during a mudslide ___________________167 After a mudslide___________________________________167 Hurricanes and cyclones_________________________167 Before a hurricane or cyclone _________________________167 During a hurricane or cyclone ________________________168 After a hurricane or cyclone __________________________169 Hurricanes and cyclones during flooding ___________169 Volcanic eruptions ______________________________169 When indoors during a volcanic eruption________________170 When outdoors during a volcanic eruption_______________170 When in a vehicle during a volcanic eruption _____________170 Protect yourself from volcanic eruption _________________170 Chapter 10 | Dangerous situations______________173 Protective measures in high-risk areas _____________174 Sandbags ________________________________________175 Material required for the construction of a sandbag-based shelter _________________________175 Shelters__________________________________________176 Blast walls________________________________________178 When to construct blast walls_________________________178 Actions if fired upon _____________________________178 When in a vehicle__________________________________178 When on foot_____________________________________179 When in a building ________________________________179 When directly threatened by arms _____________________179 Explosions_____________________________________180 If on foot in the open when an explosion occurs___________180 If in a vehicle when an explosion occurs _________________181 If in a building when an explosion occurs________________181