The IUCN Species Survival Commission 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants Edited by Kerry S. Walter and Harriet J. Gillett Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge http://www.archive.org/details/1997iucnredlisto9/7walt The IUCN Species Survival Commission 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants Edited by Kerry S. Walter (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh) and Harriet J. Gillett (World Conservation Monitoring Centre) IUCN PF @. The World Conservation Union SPECIES SURVIVAL COMMISSION MONITORING CENTRE . NATIONAL Conservancye AFB& OSRS OCIATION Australig = susrature ROYAL BOTANIC 4 why GARDEN #@ EDINBURGH od ln 00 oe er cy NATIONAL MUSEUM of NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION © Sultanate ofOm an WWE Chicago Zoological Society = - AodlesinnoD leviviwe aginece OU! aT ~ to teil be “oui! veer ive. | benstsowiT 2 \ oe (ay mph® oiniaro laywoilse t.%) yn aN Homsa )Cyat ewt | tte ae . NPR AINMR TDh or alr etnen ee . = m 7 ' ’ ¢ j aa An The IUCN Species Survival Commission 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants Edited by Kerry S. Walter (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh) and Harriet J. Gillett (World Conservation Monitoring Centre) Compiled by The World Conservation Monitoring Centre In association with Association for Biodiversity Information National Botanical Institute Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Smithsonian Institution The Nature Conservancy The New York Botanical Garden Wildlife Australia Foreword by Brian Huntley IUCN —- The World Conservation Union 1998 The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of [UCN or other participating organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or other participating organizations. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK The World Conservation Union Copyright: © 1998 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational and other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Walter, K.S. and Gillett, H.J. [eds] (1998). 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. [UCN — The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Ixiv + 862pp. ISBN: 2-83 17-0328-X Cover photo: Elaeocarpus bojeri, a critically endangered tree endemic to the island of Mauritius: Wendy Strahm. Produced by: IUCN Publications Services Unit Camera-ready copy of the List, data sources and index were provided by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 ODL, UK. Printed by: Page Bros (Norwich) Ltd Available from: IUCN Publications Services Unit 219c Huntington Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK Tel: +44 1223 277894, Fax +44 1223 277175 E-mail: [email protected] http://www. iucn.org A catalogue of IUCN publications is also available. The text of this book is printed on 90 gsm Fineblade Cartridge made from low-chlorine pulp. Contributions to the IUCN Species Survival Commission and the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants The Species Survival Commission gratefully law enforcement efforts as well as promotion of recognizes its extensive network of volunteers and conservation education, research and international partner organisations who make products like the cooperation. IUCN Red Lists possible. Those individuals who have contributed time and expertise are listed in the The World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF) Acknowledgements. SSC also wishes to acknow- provides significant annual operating support to the ledge those donors whose major financial SSC. WWF’s contribution supports the SSC’s contributions support a wide variety of SSC minimal infrastructure and helps ensure that the activities, as well as development and publication of voluntary network and Publications Programme are the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. adequately supported. WWF aims to conserve nature and ecological processes by: (1) preserving The Sultanate of Oman established the Peter Scott genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity; (2) IUCN/SSC Action Plan Fund in 1990. The Fund ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources supports Action Plan development and implemen- is sustainable both now and in the longer term; and tation; to date, more than 80 grants have been made (3) promoting actions to reduce pollution and the from the Fund to Specialist Groups. As a result, the wasteful exploitation and consumption of resources Action Plan Programme has progressed at an and energy. WWF is one of the world’s largest accelerated level and the network has grown and independent conservation organizations with a matured significantly. The SSC is grateful to the network of National Organizations and Associates Sultanate of Oman for its confidence in and support around the world and over 5.2 million regular for species conservation worldwide. supporters. WWF continues to be known as World Wildlife Fund in Canada and in the United States of The Chicago Zoological Society (CZS) provides America. significant in-kind and cash support to the SSC, The National Wildlife Federation (NWF) made including grants for special projects, editorial and significant annual contributions to the SSC design services, staff secondments and related Conservation Communications Fund and SSC’s support services. The mission of CZS is to help southeast Asia programme during the mid-1990s. people develop a sustainable and harmonious NWF is the largest non-governmental, non-profit relationship with nature. The Zoo carries out its conservation-education and advocacy organization mission by informing and inspiring 2,000,000 in the United States. It emphasizes assisting annual visitors, serving as a refuge for species individuals and organizations of all cultures, in the threatened with extinction, developing scientific United States and abroad, to conserve wildlife and approaches to manage species successfully in zoos other natural resources and to protect the earth’s and the wild, and working with other zoos, agencies, environment to assure a peaceful, equitable, and and protected areas around the world to conserve sustainable future. habitats and wildlife. IUCN also wishes to thank the Norcross Wildlife The Council of Agriculture (COA), Taiwan has Foundation for supporting publication of this book. awarded major grants to the SSC’s Wildlife Trade Programme and Conservation Communications Contributors to the 1997 IUCN Red List of Programme. This support has enabled SSC to Threatened Plants continue its valuable technical advisory service to The 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants the Parties to CITES as well as to the larger global represents a partnership among several NGO and conservation community. Among other responsi- government institutions. Contributions of major bilities, the COA is in charge of matters concerning data sets made this publication possible; these the designation and management of nature reserves, contributions and the institutions that made them are conservation of wildlife and their habitats, described below. Of special note is the role played conservation of natural landscapes, coordination of by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, -V- which undertook the massive and challenging task hemisphere plants have been assessed and of bringing the widely divergent data sources documented by this miulti-institutional effort, together. including a comprehensive listing of threatened plants of the United States and Canada. This western WCMC — World Conservation Monitoring hemisphere data set forms a major contribution to Centre the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. The World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC), based in Cambridge, UK, is a joint- ABI (formerly BIN) — associated with TNC venture between the three partners in the World The Association for Biodiversity Information (ABI) Conservation Strategy and its successor Caring for was established in 1994 to advance the goals of the Earth: UCN — The World Conservation Union, Natural Heritage Programs, Conservation Data UNEP — United Nations Environment Programme Centers and associated organizations whose mission and WWE — World Wide Fund For Nature. The is to provide information on the distribution, Centre provides information services on the abundance, and conservation needs of rare species conservation and sustainable use of species and and natural communities. ABI seeks to assist its ecosystems and supports others in the development members to operate as a network by sharing of their own information systems. technologies, facilitating the exchange of knowledge and experiences, and facilitating the WCMC has developed global overview databases development of multijurisdictional information that include threatened plant and animal species, products and services. Most Natural Heritage data habitats of conservation concern, critical sites, centers that provided state-level U.S. conservation protected areas of the world, and the utilisation of status assessments as part of The Nature and trade in wildlife species and products. Drawing Conservancy’s contribution to this volume are on these databases, WCMC provides an information constituent members of ABI. service to the conservation and development communities, governments and the United Nations National Botanical Institute (NBI), South Africa agencies, scientific institutions, the business and The mission of the NBI is to promote the sustainable commercial sector, and the media. WCMC produces use, conservation, appreciation and enjoyment of a wide variety of specialist outputs and reports based the exceptionally rich plant life of South Africa, for upon analyses of data integrated from many sources. the benefit of all its people. The NBI grows more It is also actively involved, particularly in than 10,000 indigenous plant species in eight developing countries, in building the capacities of National Botanical Gardens, located country-wide, other institutions for promoting and planning the providing an exceptional amenity and educational conservation and sustainable use of their own focus for local and overseas visitors alike. The biological resources. research activities of the Institute, which focus on the systematics, ecology, conservation, ethnobotany TNC — The Nature Conservancy and horticulture of southern Africa’s plants, are The Nature Conservancy (TNC) is an international conducted from three research centres. These non-governmental organization dedicated exclu- centres include three herbaria which together house sively to biodiversity protection. With more than 1.8 million specimens. The Institute also develops 900,000 members, the Conservancy owns and and maintains databases on plant diversity for use in manages over 1,600 reserves, the largest private conservation and development activities. system of nature sanctuaries in the world. Internationally the Conservancy works to support Smithsonian Institution in-country organizations and agencies that share its The Smithsonian Institution, founded in 1846 by an focus on the protection of biological diversity. The Act of Congress, counts among its most important Conservancy has helped establish a network of missions the discovery, identification and under- Natural Heritage Programs and Conservation Data standing of the world around us. Personnel and Centers, based in state and national agencies and research support for the North America, Middle private organizations throughout the United States, America and South America sections of the 1997 Canada, Latin America, and the Caribbean. IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants were provided Together with this network of data centers, the by the Department of Botany, National Museum of Conservancy develops and maintains biodiversity Natural History, Smithsonian Institution with databases for use in informing conservation and support from other sources. Its cadre of research development activities. The conservation status and scientists, which includes a large number of geographic distribution of many western biologists specialising in taxonomy, systematics and -Vi- evolutionary studies, is contributing to the global archives) underpin the Garden’s research inventory of species and to the revision of our view programme in taxonomy (both monographic and of natural systems. The production of the data for floristic), horticulture, molecular systematics, this volume is but one of the efforts to provide genetic conservation, and both phanerogamic and accurate information for the use of resource cryptogamic biodiversity studies; these well managers and planners and as an educational tool documented living and herbarium collections serve for future generations. as biological standards, and provide the taxonomic framework to enable publications such as this to be Wildlife Australia produced. Wildlife Australia deals with wildlife issues that RBGE grows 1,386 species (581 genera, 152 were formerly the concern of the Australian families) of threatened plants listed in this book, National Parks and Wildlife. It manages or co- including 13 that are extinct in the wild, and is manages with the Aboriginal traditional owners discovering the horticultural and ecological para- seventeen parks, reserves and other land and marine meters under which they grow, with the eventual protected areas. Nature reserves, marine parks and aim of re-introduction and re-establishment when botanic gardens, including the Australian National appropriate. Botanic Garden, are also managed by Wildlife Australia. In areas of Australia’s Commonwealth The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew responsibility, Wildlife Australia manages endan- The mission of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew is gered species and marine wildlife. International to ensure better management of the Earth’s agreements to which Australia is a party and which environment by increasing knowledge and are administered under the aegis of Wildlife understanding of the plant kingdom. The Kew Australia cover the regulation of whaling, trade in Herbarium is one of the world’s largest and houses endangered species, protection of migratory and an encyclopaedic collection of over six million endangered species, and the conservation of nature specimens of vascular plants and fungi from every in the South Pacific. Wildlife Australia is part of country in the world. The Jodrell Laboratory carries Environment Australia which incorporates the out fundamental research in plant biochemistry, environment programmes of the Australian physiology, anatomy, cytology and molecular Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, systematics. The library, with its collection of over and supports scientific research to document 750,000 books and journals is a resource for all of Australia’s flora and fauna. Kew’s research work. The living collections are the world’s largest with 79,600 accessions representing RBGE — Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 35,900 species; one in ten of all vascular plants. In Founded in 1670 as a Physic Garden in Scotland’s addition Kew has the largest seed bank of wild capital city, the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh is plants containing over 4,000 species. one of the oldest botanic gardens in the world and is, after Oxford, the second oldest in the United NYBG — The New York Botanical Garden Kingdom. In the ensuing 327 years, it has become An international leader in botanical research, The one of the world’s major botanic gardens, with New York Botanical Garden is at the forefront of the extensive research, conservation, and education battle to preserve the world’s plant life. Since 1891 programmes spanning the globe. Today the its scientists have conducted over 1,000 research institution encompasses four gardens across expeditions worldwide to discover and document Scotland, each affording distinct conditions for the plants. Today it operates one of the world’s most cultivation of plants, and together attracting up to | active research programs in systematic and million visitors each year. economic botany. NYBG’s staff of more than 100 RBGE is primarily a research institution devoted researchers and technicians, including Ph.D. to the study of plants and fungi. Its world-famous botanists, concentrates on exploring tropical regions living collections (58,000 accessions representing where plant diversity is rapidly vanishing. 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