Bill Crouse (b. 1944) contributed much to Ark research with his critical analysis and series of newsletters called The Ararat Reports (1986 to 1993). Anyone truly interested in the search for the Ark should obtain a bound full set of Ararat Reports (www.noahsarksearch.com). Bill traveled to Mt. Ararat on two expeditions in 1984 and 1985 to investigate the claims that remains of Noah’s Ark might still be there. In 1989 Bill went to Armenia, a small country in the shadow of Ararat. While there he visited the monastery at Echmiadzin where he was only the second person this century allowed to examine what is purported to be a piece of Noah’s Ark. Bill's interest in the search for Noah’s Ark is primarily as a journalist. He is deeply concerned about the many false and misleading claims that have been perpetrated by many well-meaning individuals since the early sixties. While he once held to the possibility that the Ark could be found on Ararat, he now believes it is virtually impossible for reasons given in this chapter. Bill is President of Christian Information Ministries (www.rapidresponsereport.com) concerned with defining and defending the Christian World View. Chapter 22 1984-2009 Bill Crouse GEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL REASONS WHY NOAH’S ARK DID NOT LAND ON MT. ARARAT Near the close of the last century there were high expectations that actual remains of Noah’s Ark might be found on Mt. Ararat in Eastern Turkey. After countless expeditions and much money spent, there is little to show for the effort. Not only have the alleged eyewitness accounts proven unreliable, they are often contradictory. In addition, there are valid geological and historical reasons for rejecting Ararat as the final resting place of the Ark. Unlike modern accounts, the best ancient historical sources are in relative agreement about ‘The Landing Place: pagan, Jewish, Christian, and Islamic sources all point to the southern location of Cudi Dagh, a mountain range in southern Turkey near the borders of Syria and Iraq. While actual remains may no longer be extant there is evidence that early in the first millennium remains were observed by pilgrims. Since the early 1950's the search for Noah's Ark has been the subject of many books and movies.1 What gave rise to this interest was the distinct possibility that actual remains of Noah's Ark might have been found. The spark which set off this burning interest among Christians was the claim in 1948 of an eyewitness who said he stumbled onto the Ark high on the snow cap of Mt. Ararat.2 Since that time others have made similar claims. Based on these alleged eyewitness accounts many expeditions have been Bill Crouse 1998 Courtesy of Bill Crouse 1 For the beginner who wants to survey the literature, we recommend four books: John Warwick Montgomery, The Quest for Noah's Ark (Minneapolis, MN: Bethany Fellowship, Inc., 1972), Tim LaHaye and John Morris, The Ark on Ararat (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, Inc., 1976), and Violet Cummings, Noah's Ark., Factor Fable? (San Diego, CA: Creation-Science Research Center, 1972), and B.J. Corbin, editor, The Explorers of Ararat (Highlands Ranch, CO: Great Commission Illustrated Books), 2006. 2 For a complete account of this report see: LaHaye and Morris, The Ark on Ararat, pp. 115-116. 364 THE EXPLORERS OF ARARAT launched, countless hours have been spent in research, and large sums have been spent to verify what many critics said was an impossible quest. More recently in the decade of the Eighties, Col. James Irwin, the late moon-walking astronaut and his associates, combed most of the mountain on foot. Still not satisfied, they surveyed and photographed the mountain with various aircraft. While the efforts of Irwin and others have received much attention from the media, there is still no tangible evidence of an ark on Ararat. Indeed, many who have been involved in the search, are now becoming convinced that the Ark: 1) may have merged with the elements, or 2) God may not want it revealed at this time.3 In this article I would like to propose a third reason why the search for Noah's Ark has been unsuccessful, namely, that it may have landed on another mountain and the remains may no longer be extant. From the perspective of history, there seems to be compelling ancient sources which argue for another site as the final berth of Noah's Ark. Before we look at this evidence, it might be helpful to the readers if we give some of the reasons why the search has been concentrated on Mt. Ararat in eastern Turkey. FIRST, and foremost, are the alleged eyewitness accounts. If it weren't for these, it is doubtful if a search would ever have arisen on the mountain the Turks call “Agri Dagh” and the Armenians, “Masis." A SECOND reason given for searching for remains of Noah's Ark on Mt. Ararat, is its altitude. At nearly 17,000 feet it has a permanent icecap which would lend itself to the Ark’s preservation.4 Indeed an Ark perpetually frozen in ice would never decay. It could lie undisturbed for thousands of years.5 The THIRD reason given has to do with the level of the Flood waters. Since Mt. Ararat is the highest mountain in the region it is assumed by some that the Ark must have landed on the highest mountain since Noah could not see the tops of any other mountains for some time after the Ark grounded. After the many expeditions of the last several years, some questions should now be raised about the above reasons for looking for the Ark on Ararat. The eyewitness accounts have not been helpful in locating the lost artifact. The accounts are often contradictory, and under close scrutiny, most are suspect. Some of the sightings have been made by pilots who appear to be of reputable character. However, these sightings in our opinion, are explainable by the fact that the mountain has an abundance of large blocks of volcanically-produced basalt, and when seen under the right conditions, they can easily resemble a huge barge.6 Some question the age of the mountain itself. Is it not of recent origin? That is, was it Armenia not formed after the Great Flood? There seems to be almost a total lack of evidence this mountain was ever under water.7 If the Ark landed on Ararat, why is there not some evidence of flooding such as sedimentation, fossils, etc.? Geologically, we can conceive of a scenario where the mountain may have risen during the Flood, but we still need evidence of the Flood waters. Ancient Urartu, the "mountains of Ararat" Courtesy of Bible Science Newsletter 3 Many Ark enthusiasts link the discovery of the Ark with end-time prophecy, an idea which could be true, but as far as we know is without any biblical support. 4 This icecap is approximately 17-20 square miles in size. In some places it is 200-300 feet thick. 5 As readers may be aware, wooly mammoths have been found in the far north which science dates at over 10,000 years. The flesh was still edible! 6 The author has in his possession a collection of photos of these "phantom arks." Some of these are heart-stoppers. Given the right combination of light and shadows arks can be seen all over the mountain! 7 Clifford Burdick, a scientist and early Ark searcher, claimed to have found pillow lava on the mountain as well as sedimentation. Neither claim can be substantiated. The sedimentation he found was shown to have been laid down by volcanic action and not by water. Bill Crouse 365 Ancient ruins near Ishak Pasa Courtesy of Elfred Lee Others have been attracted to the mountain because of its altitude and its ability to hide and preserve the Ship in its icecap. Certainly this could be a valid reason, and it is one that this author once maintained. However, we again have geological problems in that the permanent icecap is not stationary.8 It flows down the mountain in several glacial fingers. Any structure would be gradually destroyed because of the uneven rate with which a glacier flows. Like water in a river, a glacier flows faster on the surface than near the bottom. In conclusion, it is difficult to be optimistic that remains of the Ark of Noah might someday be found on Mt. Ararat. Not only has it been thoroughly searched in recent years, an intact Ark 500 feet in length would be difficult to hide! The only valid scientific research still needed on Mt. Ararat is a complete sub-surface survey of the 17.5 square mile, 300 deep icecap before Ararat should be completely discounted as the final resting place of Noah’s Ark. The only organization planning to this is ArcImaging (see their website at www.arcimaging.org). Given the geological reasons, and the dubious eyewitness accounts, there are compelling historical reasons for believing that Noah’s Ark will never be found on Mt. Ararat. We now turn to these arguments. If Noah's Ark did indeed land on the 17,000 foot peak of Mt. Ararat one should reasonably expect this event to have support from antiquity. When the search for Noah's Ark became a hot topic in the early '70s, this was assumed to be the 8 There are some areas of the icecap which some thought might be stationary. These areas have recently been bored into and examined with sub-surface radar with negative results. 366 THE EXPLORERS OF ARARAT case. Evangelical scholar, Dr. John Warwick Montgomery, argued this case in his well-documented book—The Quest For Noah’s Ark. It is our contention that Montgomery erred in his interpretation of these sources. As some readers may know, the Bible only gives a general reference to the landing place of the Ark. Many enthusiasts of the Ark search, however, mistakenly believe the Bible names Mt. Ararat as the Ark's specific resting place. This is not the case. The Bible says only that the Ark came to rest on "the mountains (plural) of Ararat” Gen. 8:4. At the time Moses wrote Genesis Ararat was a very remote region north of Assyria centered around present-day Lake Van. Modern archaeological studies have pretty well delineated the boundaries of this ancient kingdom (see the map).9 A careful study of the historical sources indicates that the earliest undeniable (a key word) reference for present-day Mt. Ararat as the landing site of Noah's Ark is the middle of the 13th Century A.D.10 By the end of the l4th Century it seems to have become a fairly well established tradition. When Marco Polo traveled past Ararat on his way east he was told by the locals that the mountain sheltered the Ark of Noah.11 Prior to this time the ancients argued that the remains of the Ark of Noah could be found on a mountain known as "Cudi (or Judi) Dagh” Let us look now at the evidence of what we believe are those compelling ancient sources: Cudi Dagh is located approximately 200 miles south of Mt. Ararat in southern Turkey within eyesight of the Syrian and Iraqi borders.12 The Tigris River flows at its base. The exact coordinates are 37 degrees, 21 minutes N, and 42 degrees, 17 minutes E. In literature it has also been called “Mt. Judi," “Mt. Cardu,” “Mt. Quardu," “the Gordyene mountains,” "Gordian mountains,” “The Karduchian mountains,” “the mountains of the Kurds,” and to the Assyrians: “Mt. Nipur" (see photo #2). It is also important to note that at times this mountain has even been called “Mt. Ararat.” At about 7000 feet altitude it is not a terribly high mountain, though it is snow-capped most of the year. The current edition of the Encyclopedia of Islam lists it as “over l3,000 feet and largely unexplored.” We are unsure of the exact altitude, but it seems strange that it would not be noted on modern aerial navigation maps if it were 13,000 feet! Most modern maps do not even show the location of Cudi Dagh. It is, however, located about 25 miles from the Tigris River (see map), just east of the present Turkish city of Cizre, and still within the bounds of the Biblical region of Ararat (Urartu).13 Cudi Dagh overlooks the all-important Mesopotamian plain and is notable for its many archaeological ruins in and around the mountain. There are also many references to it in ancient history.14 Sennacherib (700 B.C.), the powerful Assyrian king, carved rock reliefs of himself on the side of a mountain in the area (see photo).15 The Nestorians (a sect of Christianity) built several monasteries around the mountain including one on the summit called “The Cloister of the Ark;” It was destroyed by lightning in A.D. 766.16 The Muslims later built a mosque on the site. In 1910, Gertrude Bell explored the area and found a stone structure still at the summit with the shape of a ship (see photo #4) called by the locals “Sefinet Nebi Nuh,” “The Ship of Noah.” Bell also reports that annually on September 14, Christians, Jews, Muslims, Sabians and Yezidis gather on the mountain to commemorate Noah's sacrifice.17 As late as 1949 two Turkish journalists claimed to have seen the Ark on this mountain, a ship 500 feet in length.18 9 For more information on the land of Ararat, or Urartu, as it is known in non-Biblical literature, we recommend: Edwin M. Yamauchi, Foes from the Northern Frontier (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1982), Boris B. Piotrovsky, The Ancient Civilization of Urartu (New York: Cowles Book Company, 1969), Charles Burney, and David Marshall Lang, People of the Hills (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1971), and Paul E. Zimansky, Ecology and Empire: The Structure of the Urartian State (Chicago: IL: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1982). 10 We do not regard this as a settled issue; we are still searching for any references prior to this. 11 Marco Polo, The Travels, ed. and trans. Ronald Latham (London: The Folio Society, 1968), p. 34. 12 This area was in the news early in 1992, as it was the area to which the Kurds fled Hussein's murderous troops. 13 Readers should be aware that there is another Cudi Dagh In Turkey (a mountain of about 2100 feet located near the city of Urfa not far from the Biblical city of Haran. 14 One of the most descriptive accounts of the area is by Xenophon in Anabasis (5th Cent. B.C.). See Book Four. 15 See L.W. King, “Sennacherib and the Ionians,” Journal of Hellenic Studies 30 (1910), 327-35. See his footnote on p. 328. 16 Gertrude Bell, Amurath to Amurath (London: McMillan, 1924), p. 292. 17 Bell, Amurath, p. 292. 18 Andre Parrot, The Flood and Noah's Ark (London: SCM Press LTD, 1953). p. 65. We can’t vouch for the accuracy of this report, in fact it appears to a tabloid story. However, we do know that Kurds in the area say that wood has been found there as late as 50 years ago. Bill Crouse 367 The Probe Expedition with Bill Crouse and Jim Irwin 1985 Courtesy of Bob Stuplich The evidence for this site as the landing place of Noah's Ark is not so strong that it demands a verdict, yet it is compelling. If all we had were the ancient references, the evidence for this site easily outweighs the evidence for Mt. Ararat (excluding modern sightings, of course). Some of the more important ancient witnesses to this alternate location are: The Samaritan Pentateuch. This manuscript contains only the first five books of the Old Testament. It puts the landing place of Noah's Ark in the Kurdish mountains north of Assyria. The Samaritan Pentateuch was the Bible used by the Samaritans, a Jewish sect who separated from the Jews about the 5th Century B.C. Ancestry-wise, they were of mixed blood dating back to the time the Assyrians deported many from the Northern Kingdom. The Assyrians then colonized the area with citizens from that country. The Samaritans were the result of the intermarriage between the Jews who were not deported and these new Assyrian colonists. Their version of the Pentateuch shows a definite propensity to update geographical places and harmonize difficult passages. There is much evidence that the Samaritan Pentateuch 368 THE EXPLORERS OF ARARAT was formulated during the 5th Century B.C. though the earliest manuscript extant today dates to about the 10th century A.D.19 Berossus. A Chaldean priest of Marduk and historian (3rd Century B.C.). His writings were published about 275 B.C. but his work survived only as far as it was quoted by others, notably, Alexander Polyhistor (1st Century B.C.), a Greek historian and native of Miletus, and by Josephus (1st Century A.D.).20 He is also quoted by a few others as late as the 9th Century A.D. Berossus' account is basically a version of the Babylonian Flood account. He notes that “the vessel being stranded in Armenia, some part of it yet remains in the Kurdish mountains in Armenia; and the people scrape off the bitumen, and carry it away, and make use of it by way of an alexipharmic and amulet.”21 Some believe that Berossus was acquainted with both the Hebrew version which puts the Ark in Armenia (Urartu), and the Babylonian, which puts the Ark in the Gordyaean mountains. They conclude the reason he mentions both territories is that he is trying to reconcile the two accounts. This may be true, but it is an argument from silence. The fact is, this location, Cudi Dagh, is both in the Gordyaean mountains and within the borders of ancient Armenia (Urartu). It may be that Berossus is just trying to be precise! The Targums. The targums are paraphrases in Aramaic which were made for the Jews after they returned from the captivity in Babylon (See Nehemiah 8:8). After their long captivity many of the Jews forgot their native tongue (Hebrew) only understanding the language (Aramaic) of their former captors. These paraphrases were originally oral. They were rather loose paraphrases, and in some instances, were like running commentaries. The targums later attained a fixed form and were written down and preserved. They give Bible scholars a valuable tool for textual criticism and interpretation. Three of these targums (Onkelos, Neofiti, and pseudo-Jonathan) put the landing place of the Ark in the Qardu (Kurdish) mountains. It should be remembered that these mountains were not far from where some of these Jews spent their captivity! They probably did not know of the kingdom of Ararat since this kingdom had ceased to exist around the 7th Century B.C.22 Some claim with no proof that Noah left archives on or near the Ark landing site, including potentially The Book of Jasher or Book of Jubilees (parallels of biblical history). Josephus. First Century A.D. Josephus was a man of Jewish birth who was loyal to the Roman Empire. He was a man of great intellect and a contemporary of the Apostle Paul. As an official historian of the Jews for the Roman Empire he had access to all the archives and libraries of the day. He mentions the remains of Noah's Ark three times. All are found in the Antiquities of the Jews. The first is found in Vol. IV on P. 43 of the Loeb edition.23 Here he says: 19 For more information about the characteristics of the Samaritan Pentateuch see: “The Samaritan Pentateuch and the text of the Old Testament.” By Bruce Waltke in New Perspectives on the Old Testament, by J. Barton Payne, ed. Waco, TX: Word Books, 1970. 20 The works of Polyhistor were also lost but survived in an Armenian translation in the works of Eusebius. See footnote # 2 in Noah, p. 211, and footnote #33 below. 21 This translation is found in The Flood and Noah’s Ark, p.40. Parrot is citing a translation from I.P. Cory, The Ancient Fragments. No page is given. 22 For more information on the Targums see: Jack Lewis, A Study Of The Interpretation of Noah and The Flood in Jewish and Christian Literature (Leiden, Germany: E.J. Brill, 1968. 23 The most popular translation of Josephus is by William Whiston in 1737. However, the most accurate translation is the Loeb edition from the Classical Library. We also used this edition to enable us to consult the original text. In Whiston's translation this quotation is in Book One, Chapter 3. Bill Crouse 369 Bill Crouse in 9th century B.C. Urartian cave next to Ishak Pasa Castle 1984 Courtesy of Bill Crouse Then the ark settled on a mountain-top In Armenia: ... Noah, thus learning that the earth was delivered from the flood, waited yet seven days, and then let the animals out of the ark, went forth himself with his family, sacrificed to God and feasted with his household. The Armenians call that spot the Landing-place, for it was there that the ark came safe to land, and they show the relics of it to this day. First, note that Josephus says the remains of the Ark existed in his day though he himself was not an eyewitness. Second, mention of the Armenians assigning a name to the landing site is intriguing, even that he calls them “Armenians.” They were first called Armenians by the Greek historian, Hecataeus (also from Miletus), who wrote of the “Armenoi” in the 6th Century B.C. Josephus, who also undoubtedly used the Septuagint (the Greek version of the OT translated about 200 B.C.), knew that it substituted “Armenia” for “Ararat” (in the Hebrew original) where it occurs in Isaiah 37:38. At the time Josephus wrote (near the end of the First Century), the Armenians were still a pagan nation. However, there is a tradition that some Armenians had been converted by this time through the missionary efforts of Apostles Bartholomew and Thaddeus. The big question: was Josephus quoting Christian Armenians at this early date? Or, did pagan Armenians know of the Flood? Nevertheless, it might be significant if the Armenians had this tradition at this early date. We continue to search for the evidence. Third, concerning the Armenian name for the landing place, William Whiston in his translation of Josephus, has the following footnote: This apos bah tay reon or “Place of Descent,” is the proper rendering of the Armenian name of this very city. It is called in Ptolemy Naxuana, and Moses Chorensis, the Armenian historian, Idsheuan; but a the place itself Nachidsheuan, which signifies “The first place of descent,” and is a lasting monument of the preservation of Noah in the Ark, upon the top of the mountain, at whose foot it was built, as the first city or town built after the flood. See Antiq. B. XX. ch. ii. sect. 3; and Moses 370 THE EXPLORERS OF ARARAT The "Ship of the Prophet Noah" on Cudi Dagh Courtesy of explorer Gertrude Bell 1911 Chorensis, who also says elsewhere, that another town was related by tradition to have been called Seron, or “The Place of Dispersion,” on account of the dispersion of Xisuthrus’ or Noah’s sons, from thence first made. Whether any remains of this ark be still preserved as the people of the country suppose, I cannot tell. Mons. Tournefort had, not very long since, a mind to see the place himself, but met with too great dangers and difficulties to venture through them. Note: Whiston wants to identify “the place of descent,” (apo bah tay reon in Greek) with the modern day city of Nakhichevan situated southeast of Ararat about 65 miles in the former U.S.S.R. Ark researchers in the past have used this footnote as a seemingly early evidence for Mt. Ararat being the site for the Ark's landing place.24 However, we must ask if this is the intent of Josephus, or the 18th Century interpretation of Whiston (from his footnote)? There seems to be linguistic and other evidence that such is not the case. First of all, to identify the current Mt. Ararat as the landing place of the Ark, as per the footnote of Whiston, is contrary to Josephus clearly identifying it as a mountain in Gordyene. Second, the early Armenian historians identified the Gordyene (“Gortuk”) mountains as the landing place of Noah's Ark at least up 24 Montgomery apparently makes this assumption. See his book, The Quest for Noah's Ark, p.60ff. Bill Crouse 371 to the 11th and 12th Centuries.25 Thirdly, according to the Armenian language scholar, Heinrich Hubschmann, the city of Nakhichavan, which does mean “Place of First Descent" in Armenian, was not known by that name in antiquity. Rather, he says the present-day name evolved to “Nakhichavan” from “Naxcavan.” The prefix “Naxc” was a name and "avan" is Armenian for “town.”26 The second, and perhaps most important reference is found on page 45 of the Loeb edition, and is a quote from the above-mentioned Chaldean priest, Berosseus.27 We quote here the entire Paragraph: This flood and the ark are mentioned by all who have written histories of the barbarians. Among these is Beroseus the Chaldean, who in his description of the events of the flood writes somewhere as follows: ‘It is said, moreover, that a portion of the vessel still survives in Armenia on the mountain of the Cordyaeans, and that persons carry of pieces of the bitumen, which they use as talismans.’ These matters are mentioned by Hieronymus the Egyptian, author of the ancient history of Phoenicia, by Mnaseas and by many others. Nicolas of Damascus in his ninety-sixth book relates the story as follows: There is above Minyas in Armenia a great mountain called Baris, where, as the story goes, many refugees found safety at the time of the flood, and one man transported upon an ark, grounded upon the summit; and relics of the timber were for long preserved; this might well be the same man of whom Moses the Jewish legislator, wrote. Again, note that Josephus is not an eyewitness. Rather he is quoting all the ancient authorities he had access to, most of whom are no longer in existence, and indeed are known only from his quotations of them. It is impressive to this researcher, that Josephus seems to indicate there is a consensus among the historians of his day, not only about the remains of the Ark still existing, but also concerning the location. Josephus also quotes the work of Nicholas of Damascus, the friend and biographer of Herod the Great. Nicholas claimed that he put great labor into his historical studies and apparently had access to many resources. It is possible he was one of Josephus’ main sources. His story of the Flood, however, deviates from the Biblical account in that he has some surviving the Flood outside the Ark. His location for the final resting place of the Ark seems to be in harmony with the Gordyene site. He claims the Ark landed above Minyas on a great mountain in Armenia. According to ancient geographers, Minyas was a country slightly below and to the east of Armenia, below present day Lake Urmia in Iran.28 The name he gives this mountain, “Baris,” is a mystery. According to Lloyd Bailey, the Greek word “baris” means “height,”or “tower,” and can also mean “boat!”29 The third reference to the remains of the Ark is found in Vol. XX, pg. 403 of the Loeb ed.30 Monobazus, being now old and seeing that he had not long to live, desired to lay eyes on his son before he died. He therefore sent for him, gave him the warmest of welcomes and presented him with a district called Carron. The land there has excellent soil for the production of amomum in the greatest of abundance; It also possesses the remains of the ark in which report has it that Noah was saved from the flood -- remains which to this day are shown to those who are curious to see them. The context of this incidental citation of the Ark’s remains has to do with a certain royal family (the King and Queen of Adiabene) who converted to Judaism. In the immediate context of the above citation, Monobazus, the man who 25 See Lloyd R. Bailey. Where is Noah's Ark? (Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 1978), p. 102ff. See also V. Kurkjian, A History of Armenia (Now York: Armenian General Benevolent Union, 1959), p. 1-2. 26 See the work of Heinrich Hubschmann in “Armeniaca,”in Strassburger Festschrift zur XLVI Versammlung Deutscher Philologen und Schulmanner (Strassburg: Verlag von Karl Taubner, 1901), Section V. cited in Lloyd R. Bailey, Noah (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1989) p. 190 ff . 27 Found In Whiston, Book 1, Chapter 3. 28 Most scholars agree that Minyas equals “Minni,” “Mani,” or “Manneans” in ancient literature. See the map in Foes From the Northern Frontier, p.40 for a precise location. 29 For Bailey’s discussion of the etymology of “baris,” see: Noah, p. 216, see his footnote #19. 30 In Whiston it is found on Book 20, Chapter 2. 372 THE EXPLORERS OF ARARAT Bridge Ruins on Tigris River in Vicinity of Cudi Dagh 1911 Courtesy of explorer Gertrude Bell converted, gives his son, Izates the land of Carron. The clues given as to the location of the Ark’s remains in this passage are not unequivocal. The remains are said to be somewhere in a country called Carron which must be found in the greater country of Adiabene. Why? Because the king could not have given what was not his, therefore, Carron must be found within Adiabene. It is fairly certain that Adiabene is bounded by the Tigris on the west and the Upper (north) and Lower (south) Zab Rivers. Today this would be northeastern Iraq. The land of Carron presents some difficulties. It is mentioned only by Josephus. There does seem to be some doubt about the text here since the Loeb edition emends the text to read ”Gordyene” where the same “Carron”is mentioned elsewhere in Antiquities.31 If this is the case, then Josephus is not giving us a second location for the remains of Noah's Ark. He may have associated Adiabene with Gordyene since they were next to each other. There is precedent for this. Pliny, a Roman author and contemporary of Josephus, places the city of Nisibis in Adiabene when it is actually located to the west of Gordyene (Natural History, 6.16). It is interesting to note also that Hippolytus (2nd Century) agrees. He says, “The relics of the Ark are ... shown to this day in the mountains called 31 The Greek is “carrown.” The Loeb edition suggests in a footnote that the original reading may have been “cardu.” This is certainly within the realm of plausibility. This, then would just be another variant spelling of Gordyene, the country of the Kurds. Interestingly enough there is a land called “Kirruri” located southwest of Lake Urmia. See L. D. Levine, “Geographical Studies in the Neo Assyrian Zagros," Iran 11 (1973) p.105. This land is a small district adjacent to, and north of Adiabene, just across the little Zab River.