Technical Refereed Contribution_ 1806, YEAR OF BIRTH OF THE “CRUEF” PlNGUlCULA CRYSTALLINA SM. (LENTIBUFARIACEAE) TO THE MEMORY OF 200 YEARS FLORAE GRAECAE PRODROMUS (1806-1816) and Flora Graeca (1806-1840) S. Jost Casper • Biberweg 8 • D-07749 Jena • Germany • [email protected] Keywords: History: Pinguicula crystallina. Introduction Since its discovery, Pinguicula crystallina Sm. has deeply impressed botanists and friends of flowering plants at every turn. It was discovered in 1787 by John Sibthorp and Ferdinand Bauer in the Troodos mountains of Cyprus, but this tiny carnivorous herb first became known to the scientific botanical community in 1806, with the publications of the famous Florae Graecae Prodromus and Flora Graeca. In 1914, Holmboe (p. 216) called it "the most typical species and also the greatest ornament of the vegetation in the springs.” The rare and tiny violet-like rosulate plant has enchanted the eyes of all plant hunters who have seen it. Indeed, its scientific name crystallina was chosen of because of "the clear drops on the leaves glittering like diamonds in the sunshine." Nowadays, strongly endangered by various human activities such as the building of streets and aquaducts1. it dwells in small populations in two restricted areas in the Cvpriotic Troodos mountain range, in gorges deeply cut into the hills by rivulets and at waterfalls. For several years, the English writer Valerie Sinclair, resident in Paphos, has explored and observed the Cypriotic countryside and its floral treasures. She published a comprehensive book on the flora of the island for nature lovers. Its distinctive charm are its poems that sing the prais¬ es of beautiful or extraordinary species. Inspite of the delicacy of butterworts, she seemed to be frightened by their hidden aggressive “cruel" insectivorous behaviour and was inspired to write the following (Sinclair 1992:107): Butterwort On Troodos mount in ambush lies This cruel plant with violet eyes. Innocent insects, gathering round Seductive blooms in marshy ground. Alight upon adhesive leaves. To find—too late—how sight deceives. Carnivorous Butterwort, thou wert meant For loitering with foul intent. The Flora Graeca project The botanical exploration of the eastern part of the Mediterranean, its countries and islands, has long been very active. TTie works of Dioskorides (1. cent. p. Chr.), were for centuries a kind of Bible for physicians, pharmacologists, naturalists, and philologists. Since the area was under the political power of the Ottoman Empire and the Venetian Republic, research was restricted. Merchants, diplo¬ mats, pilgrims, and both professional and amateur travellers were prohibited from visiting the region. 'Monasteries were supplied with spring water by aquaducts; cf. Unger & Kotschy (1865:499). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 38 In spite of these prohibitions, great efforts were made to obtain direct knowledge of the region. One of the travellers was the English John Sibthorp (1758-1796), Doctor of Medicine and Elected Third Sherardian Professor of Botany at the University of Oxford. Walpole (1820: XII) notes that Sibthorp's “researches have greatly advanced our knowledge of the natural history of Greece, and of some islands of the Archipelago”, i.e. the Aegean Sea including Cyprus. From 1784 to 1787 and from 1794 to 1795, Sibthorp and his companions undertook two long-lasting expeditions into the “Levant” (as the territory was then called). The most important results of Sibthorp’s explorations were laid down in the two volumes of Florae Graecae Prodromus (1806-1816) and in the ten volumes of the magnificent Flora Graeca (,Sibthorpiana) (1806-1840), which were planned by Sibthoip and edited after his death2 by James Edward Smith (1759-1828)3 and John Lindley (1799-1865 )4. The work is distinguished not only by the great number of plant species new to science (approximately 2,800) but above all by the excel¬ lent illustrations based on the pencil sketches and water colours of his apt draughtsman Ferdinand Bauer5. Flora Graeca is a very rare book (see Figure 1). Only about thirty copies were originally print¬ ed. Between 1845 and 1847, the publisher Henry Bohn, London, arranged a reissue of forty copies6. The work was virtually inaccessible for most European botanists (Steam 1967:176). Moreover, near¬ ly all copies in our scientific libraries are mixtures of the original and the new edition. That is so with the copy at the Niedersachsische Staats—und Universitatsbibliothek Gottingen that I have studied. In 1799 Smith started his laborious work of editing the Prodromus and the Flora. He had at his hands all the materials available at Oxford: Sibthorp's specimens (unmounted and without annota¬ tions)7, Bauer’s pencil outline drawings (some with locality data, but without scientific or collector’s names), Bauer’s watercolours (not annotated), Sibthorp's diaries and field notes (containing many scientific names, locality data, but no descriptions) and Sibthorp’s incomplete manuscript for the Prodromus (without descriptions). Smith (1816) wrote that he had Sibthorp’s outline for the Prodromus, hut for the Flora only the figures had been prepared, “nor any botanical characters or descriptions whatever.. .The final 2John Sibthorp had made his life’s work the study of the plants of Dioskorides in their natural habi¬ tat (after having studied the Dioskorides manuscript at Vienna) and their identification with the species living today. In March 1786, to realize this plan, he journeyed to Crete with the Austrian draughtsman Ferdinand Bauer, and then stayed for an even longer time in Cyprus. He visited Asia Minor, Athos and Athens and returned in 1787 to Oxford. In 1794-1795 he revisited—without Bauer—the Aegean Sea and the Peloponnesus. On his return he caught a deadly illness and died at the beginning of 1796, before completing his opus magnum. 3Sir James Edward Smith, English botanist, the first president of the Linnean Society London, edit¬ ed between 1806 and 1816 the two volumes of Florae Graecae Prodromus and between 1806 and 1830 volumes 1-7(1) of Flora Graeca. 4John Lindley, English botanist, founder and for forty years secretary of the Royal Botanical Society. After the death of J. E. Smith, Lindley produced volumes 7(2)-10 of Flora Graeca within about 10 years (completed in 1840). See Steam 1967:170). 5Ferdinand Bauer (1760-1826), Austrian landscape- and animal-painter, accompanied Sibthorp on his first trip to Greece during 1786 to 1787. He brought home a great many sketches of landscapes, animals, and plants, the latter the basis of the plant illustrations of Flora Graeca. These illustrations were subsequently engraved by James Sowerby, his sons and collaborators. It is said that in the first volumes the illustrations were coloured by Bauer (Bauer left England in 1814 and returned to Vienna) and Sowerby. These illustrations represent “the Non plus ultra of accuracy, botanical relia¬ bility and artistic beauty” ("das Non plus ultra an Genauigkeit, botanischer Zuverlassigkeit und artis- tischer Schonheit"; Nissen 1966:117). 6The new edition is equivalent to the first, and is only distinguishable by the water mark. 7The question whether Bauer collected herbarium material during the journey in the Levant has been discussed by various botanists. Kotschy was convinced that he did (Unger & Kotschy 1865:295). Smith seemed to be of the same opinion, because he wrote in the paragraph on Pinguicula (in Rees 1814: 482) “gathered by Dr. Sibthorp and Mr. Ferdinand Bauer, in watery places near Comandria, in the isle of Cyprus.” But Lack & Mabberley (1999:182) have found no evidence that he did, apart from the allusive note 'D. Ferd. Bauer’ following several entries in the Prodromus (in the case of P. crystallina the Prodromus has ‘D. F. Bauer’, the Flora T) Ferd. Bauer’). Volume 36 June 2007 39 determination of the species, the distinctions of such as were new, and all critical remarks, have fall¬ en to the lot of the editor" (i.e. to Smith). Smith had already explained the background of the whole Flora Graeca, in the introduction to the first instalment of the Prodromus (1806). that "in both works the botanical observations, the specific characters and the descriptions are all to be attributed to me: for Sibthorp left all these untouched” (here I use the translation of the Latin text by Lack & Mabberley, 1999:200). Lack & Mabberley (1999:226) clearly pointed out: “Flora Graeca, one of the most sumptuous botanical works ever published and in the quality of its illustrations surpassed by few...was univer¬ sally praised by commentators." "The accuracy of Bauer's botanical drawings in both form and colour has been universally praised” (Lack & Mabberley 1999:109). Smith and Lack analysing Bauer's work in detail did not find more than very minor mistakes. However, all the leading experts who studied the Flora Aegaea "were puzzled by the discrepancies between the precision of the illus¬ trations painted by Bauer and the confused nature of the locality data by Sibthorp, who had not cor¬ related his specimens and drawings with his field notes" (Lack & Mabberley 199:227). Objectively we must conclude that the famous work, undoubtly a "Markstein” in the history of descriptive botany, is the result of the effort of many persons, and especially of two—the excellent draughtsman Ferdinand Bauer and the skillful and versatile botanist James Edward Smith—who with immense engagement fulfilled "their master's (i.e. Sibthorp’s) will”. The detection of the "cruel” Pinguicula crystallina With respect to our Pinguicula we learn from Sibthoip’s diary of his first journey that the four- person-party —J. Sibthorp, F. Bauer, J. Hawkins8, and N. Imrie9—travelled across Cyprus for five weeks from about early April to mid May 1787. On May 1st 1787, the group descended from the summit of the Troodos mountain range (Khionistra) northwards, entering the Val of Soulea (Xeropotamos; cf. Unger & Kotschy 1865). Sibthorp’s translation by Lack & Mabberley (1995:62)10 reads, "on this day...in the diary the names of two small rosette plants discovered ‘in a little morass in the vale... The stay of my Draughtsman to sketch these plants was the cause of my losing my Companions’ ” (i.e. Hawkins, Imrie) (MS Sherard 247, f. 13r (OXF)). The draughtsman was, of course, Bauer. Sibthorp continued that one of these plants is named "Pinguicula villosa, certainly referring to P. crystallina Sm. Bauer very care¬ fully studied the slimy leaf surface of this tiny insectivorous plant, noting ‘Wasertropfen' (sic!) (water drops) on his pencil sketch.” This passage contradicts some of the details given by Walpole (1820:23) from "the papers of the late Dr. Sibthorp," in which Sibthorp recalls his travels in Val of Soulea: "In a little morass, in passing through the vale, I had picked up the Lobelia setacea [= Solenopsis minuta; cf. Meikle 1985:1244] and Pinguicula crystallina. My draughtsman stopping to sketch these plants was the cause of my losing my companions, who slept at a neighbouring monastery.” Lack & Mabberley (1999:31) confirmed that Walpole had the Sibthorp diaries on loan from Oxford and had been in contact with J. Hawkins and J.E. Smith. When Walpole edited "the papers of the late Dr. Sibthorp" he often substantially shortened the texts producing a kind of patchwork, and in the case of our Pinguicula he seems to have replaced Sibthorp’s original epithet villosa by the (in the eyes of Sibthorp’s successors correct) epithet crystallina given by Smith in Florae Graecae Prodromus 1 (1806:11). But. he didn't inform the reader about his change of the nomina. From the Prodromus we learn by the allusive note “D.F. Bauer" following the entry of 8John Hawkins (1761-1841), friend and companion of Sibthorp. He was strongly interested in natural sciences, especially in earth science (mineralogist). First research journey 1784-1788 (February 1787 to August 1787 together with Sibthorp in Cyprus) and second one 1793-1798 (1794-1795 with Sibthorp in Zakinthos and Morea). In 1799, he arranged the publication of Florae Graecae Prodromus and Flora Graeca. 9Ninian Imrie (7-1820), “Scottish gentleman geologist”, elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, accompanied Sibthorp on his tour from Istanbul to Patras (March to September 1787). 10I am much indebted to the excellent, profound, and meticulous Flora Graeca Story by H. Walter Lack (1999; with D.J. Mabberley), that sheds some light on the dark caused by the many- fold mistakes, errors and inconsistencies that are found in literature on Sibthorp's opus magnum. 40 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter Figure 1: Frontispiece to Flora Graeca, vol.1 (London 1806); a coloured engraving based on a drawing by Ferdinand Bauer (altered at the suggestion of J.E. Smith). The plants arranged around an oval are (in a clockwise direction) — top: Gladiolus triphyl- lus, Salvia pomifera, Salvia lanigera; — bottom: Panicum teneriffae, Veronica gen- tianoides, Cyperns fuscus, Fedia cornucopiae, Morina persica, Salvia lanigera, Gynandriris sisyrinchium. Within the oval (left down) the title written by [N.] Tomkin [Scripsit] and (right down) the signum of the engraver Halliwell & Co [Sculp] (cf. Lack 1997:625,627). —Photocopy: Photolabor Universitat Gottingen. Volume 36 June 2007 41 Pinguicula crystallina that Bauer had apparently collected the plant! However, Kotschy (in Unger & Kotschy 1865:295) and Holmboe (1914:167) ascribe the collection of our Pinguicula “an Quellen von Evrico” (i.e., around springs of Evrico) to Sibthorp and that of “Comanderia” to Bauer. The (rel¬ atively poor) type label of Pinguicula crystallina has the handwritten phrase “Pinguicula crystalli¬ na Sihth." without any additional note (Casper 1970:279, Abb. 3; photocopy). So it is perhaps unclear if Bauer or Sibthorp collected the type specimen of Pinguicula crystallina. The “iconotype” of Pinguicula crystallina (Flora Graeca 1:8, tab. 11) Bauer prepared pencil sketches of many plants in the field, from live specimens, during Sibthorp’s first journey (Lack & Mabberley 1999: 108, 231). He used a code for recording the colours of the plants he sketched, and the sketches are surrounded by what Lack & Mabberley (1999) evocatively call “clouds of numbers” that refer to the various colours of his code. This method of recording colours was in response to the hurry in which the expedition took place, yet was effec¬ tive in producing accurate water colours later when more time was available. Bound in one volume, Bauer's pencil outline drawings are preserved sub MS Sherard 247 (OXF; following Lack & Mabberley 1999:108).11 Pinguicula crystallina is found on folio 13r with the annotations “Cybrus” and “Wasertropfen” (sic!) by Bauer but without a scientific name. In addition to a sketch of the habit of the plant, are accurate drawings of “calyx, corolla pictoris opo expansa, labium superius magni- tudine auction, stamina et pistillum andpistillum scorsim” (see Flora Graeca 1:8, tab. 11). The Pinguicula crystallina water colour (see Back Cover) prepared by Bauer for the Flora Graeca is kept in the Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, sub MS Sherard 244 f. 96 (OXF; following Lack & Mabberley 1999:250). Smith annotated the illustration in pencil "11” (individual number cited in the Prodromus and the Flora), “38” (the number of the respective species entry in the Prodromus), and “Pinguicula crystallina". Bauer usually signed finished water colours "Ferd. Bauer del”, but no annotation by Bauer of any kind is on the work, suggesting the water colour was unfinished. I have mentioned that the engravings on copper of Bauer’s drawings were executed by James Sowerby12 and his company. Sowerby’s job was difficult and laborious. Many of Bauer’s water colours had been left unfinished; the pencil outline drawings had been only partly coloured. But it was Sibthorp’s express will that his opus magnum should be a coloured one. In all his work, Sowerby followed Bauer meticulously, and the result was a set of 966 folio engraved and coloured plates, comprising 28,980 individual figures. Lack & Mabberley (1999:231) concluded that "Sowerby, his sons, and their collaborators did a marvellous job, equal in quality to the work of that extraordinary plant illustrator, Ferdinand Bauer.” Taylor (in Meikle 1985:1244) pointed out that the plant shown on plate 11 of Flora Graeca 1 (1806) is “uncharacteristic of Cyprus material of Pinguicula crystallina." The term uncharacteristic refers to the feature "median lobe of the lower corolla-lip.. .deeply bifid." Taylor, aware of Bauer’s reputation as “normally the most accurate of draughtsmen” explains the (alleged) inaccuracy by sup¬ posing that "he may have had insufficient time to complete his sketch from fresh material.” Indeed, Bauer was under great time pressure in the field—during the expedition they had to move quickly from one spot to another—as it is evident from Sibthorp’s diary and Walpole’s extract (see above). We can conclude that Bauer was stressed when he made his true-to-life sketch of our Pinguicula. His (unfinished) water colour elaborated in his studio in Oxford is not of the usual quality. But did he really fail? Having studied in 1994 our Pinguicula in its natural habitat in Cyprus and having compared it with a great many photographs taken by different professional and amateur plant lovers I must note that the variation of the feature "median corolla lobe rounded to emarginated" is enor¬ mous (see Figure 2). Admittedly, the "deeply bifid median corolla lobe” is, as I have seen, extreme¬ ly rare.13 Nevertheless, the water colour by Bauer must have induced Pantocsek (1874:75) to write wrongly | in Pinguicula crystallina:| that “corollae labium inferius quadrilobum", when discussing the relation of the Cypriotic taxon to his P. laeta \-P hirtiflora] from Montenegro. 1 'MS Sherard 237 (Lack & Mabberley 1999:108) is a misprint. l2James Sowerby (1757-1822), famous English painter and engraver; his English Botany (1790- 1814) contains about 2,600 plates. Senior of the Sowerby company, a family business. 13It is unlikely that Bauer had in his hands such an aberrant specimen. Perhaps his true-to-life sketch was not clear enough. 42 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter Figure 2: Pinguicula crystallina corolla variation. The photographs show that the figures presented by Bauer in the Flora Graeca (1806:1, p. 8, tab. 11) as well those published by Taylor (1985:2, p. 2445, fig.1) are not really “typical”. —on top: Cyprus, Caledonian Falls, S of Mt. Troodos, 1,360 m. 21/5/1980. Flowers white with yellow palate-like structure at throat; note the short corolla upper lip lobes and the purple nerves. —middle: Cyprus, Kakopetria, Ayios Nikolaos, 15.5.1996. Flowers with lilac-white-yellow corolla lower lip lobes. — Bottom: Cyprus, origin as in 1. Comparison of three white flowers in lateral, dor¬ sal and ventral view; note the short corolla upper lip lobes, the broad corolla lower lip median lobe at apex not emarginate, the greenish-yellow tube and the short obtuse spur. Preparation and photographs: Jurg Steiger, Bern. Volume 36 June 2007 43 Summary From the above discussion, we see that Pinguicula crystallina was detected on May 1, 1787 by J. Sibthorp and F. Bauer in the Cypriotic Troodos mountain range, collected (probably) and sketched at the locus classicus “Co(a)manderia”14 by F, Bauer, and then nominated and described by J.E. Smith. The date of publication is November 1806 in the Prodromus as well as in the Flora. The taxon15 should be quoted as follows (cf. Taylor in Meikle 1985:1243; Lack & Mabberley 1999:199 — photocopy of pp.10—11 of the Prodromus, vol. 1; Lack & Mabberley 1999: 208 — photocopy of p. 8 of the Flora, vol. 1): Pinguicula crystallina Sm. in Sibth. et Sm., Florae Graecae Prodromus 1:11 (1806); Flora Graeca. 1:8; tab. 11 (1806). Type: Cyprus: In rivulis prope vicum Camandriae in insula Cypro. D. F(erd). Bauer (OXF). Acknowledgements: 1 thank Dr Barry Rice very much for revising the manuscript and correct¬ ing my English. I am indebted to Prof. Gerhard Wagenitz, Gottingen, for providing me with the copy of Flora Graeca from the library of the Niedersachsische Staats—und Universitatsbibliothek Gottingen, and Dr Flermann Manitz, Jena, for let me use his copy of Lack’s Flora Graeca Story (nearly as rare as Flora Graecal). Prof. Jiirg Steiger. Bern, took the photographs of Pinguicula crystallina in its Cypriotic natural habitat and in his horticultural col¬ lection at Bern. References Casper, S.J. 1970. Die Gattung Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) in Vorderasien. Wiss. Z. Lriedrich- Schiller-Univ. Jena, Math.-Naturwiss. Reihe, 19(3): 275-292. Casper, S.J. 2006. Birth, burial, and rebirth of Pinguicula hirtiflora Tenore (Lentibulariaceae)— a reflection of the making of Flora Napolitana (1811-1838). Haussknechtia 11 (in press). Holmboe, J. 1914. Studies on the vegetation of Cyprus ... Bergens Mus. Skr. n.r. 1(2): 1-344. Lack, H.W. 1997. Die Lrontispize von John Sibthorps “Flora Graeca”, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien. B 99: 615-654. Lack, H.W. 1999. The Flora Graeca Story. Sibthorp, Bauer, and Hawkins in the Levant. (With D.J. Mabberley). XXVII + 5 (not pag.) + 327. Oxford-New York-Tokyo. Nissen, Cl. 1966. Die Botanische Buchillustration. Geschichte und Bibliographie. Zweite Auflage. 3 Biinde. X + 264 (I. Geschichte) + 316 (II. Bibliographie) + 97 (III. Supplement) in einem Band. Stuttgart. Pantocsek, J. 1874. Beitrage zur Llora und Fauna der Hercegovina, Cmagora und Dalmatien. Verh. Vereins Natur-Heilkd. Presburg, N.F. 2. Heft. Jg. 1871-1872:1-144. Sibthorp. J., and Smith, J.E. 1806-1816. Florae Graecae Prodromus: sive plantarum omnium enumeratio, quas in provinciis aut insulis Graeciae invenit Johann Sibthorp, M.D. ...char- acteres et synonyma omnium cum annotationibus elaboravit Jacobus Edvardius Smith, M.D. ... Vol. I, XVI + 442, 1806-1809; Vol. II, 45 (unpag.) + 422, 1813-1816. Londini. Sibthorp. J., and Smith, J.E. 1806-1840. Flora Graeca sive plantarum rariorum historia, quas in provinciis aut insulis Graeciae legit, investigavit, elaboravit, et depingi curavit Johannes Sibthorp, M.D. Characters omnium, descriptiones et synonyma, elaboravit Jacobus Edvardius Smith, M.D. Vol. I-X. (Vol.VII,2-X elaboravit Johannes Lindley). Londini. Sinclair, V. 1992. The floral charm of Cyprus including shrubs, trees and wild life. pp. 207. New Barnet, Hertfordshire. l4Co(a)mand(e)ria, region near Linike (Lack & Mabberley 1999:283). 15Pinguicula crystallina Sm. is said to be related to Pinguicula hirtiflora Ten. The nomen Pinguicula crystallina has priority over P hirtiflora. If Tenore’s taxon is regarded as conspecific with Pinguicula crystallina, it must be put into synonymy. Tenore’s nomen was first published in 1811 (Casper 2006). His assertion that he would have observed his Pinguicula for the first time in 1806 in the king¬ dom of Naples has never been verified and has no nomenclatural consequences. 44 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter Smith. J.E. 1814. Pinguicula. In Rees, A. (ed.): The Cyclopedia; or, universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature. XXVIII, p. [482] (First American edition). Philadelphia. Smith. J. E. 1816. Sibthorp, John. In Rees, A. (ed.): The Cylopedia ... XXXII: 4. ... Philadelphia. Stearn, W.T. 1967. Sibthorp, Smith, the ‘Flora Graeca’ and the ‘Florae Graecae Prodromus'. Taxon 16: 168 178. Taylor, P.G. 1985. Pinguicula L. In Meikle, R.D.: Flora of Cyprus 2: 1243-1244. Kew. Unger, F., and Kotschy, Th. 1865. Die Insel Cypern ihrer physischen und organischen Natur nach mit Riicksicht auf ihre friihere Geschichte. pp. 598. Wien. Walpole, R. (ed.) 1820. Travels in various countries of the East; being the continuation of Memoirs relating to European and Asiatic Turkey &c. London. Sarawak Nepenthes Summit 2007 Pitcher Plants as a Symbol of Borneo's Biodiversity 18-21 August 2007 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia An international conference and exhibition of Tropical Pitcher Plants (Nepenthes) Taxonomy Ecology- Conservation Horticulture Organized and hosted by: Now Open for Registration SARAWAK 4 /TA -c-C, ft) Sarawak Society I | for Natural Science For more information visit: ( j www.wildborneo.com.mv/eonference2007 FORFSTRY j [ 7th Conference of the ICPS in 2008! It gives me great pleasure to announce that the 2008 International Carnivorous Plant Society Conference will be held in Sydney, Australia. The venue chosen is the Royal Botanic Gardens, in the heart of the city, close to many facilities. Since this is the first time this biennial confer¬ ence has been held in the Southern Hemisphere it was deemed appropriate for it to be held at a time when the carnivorous plants across most of southern Australia would be at their best, and so the conference will be held from the 25nd to the 28th of September. The conference will include a number of lectures and demonstrations, and there will be some optional field trips to the Blue Mountains and Mt Tomah Botanic Gardens, both within 3 hours drive from Sydney. Provisions are also being made for a field trip to see Cepluilotus, pygmy sundews and tuberous sundews in South Western Australia for conference attendees able to make it to this part of the country during their stay down under. Stay tuned for further details, and please mark the dates in your diaries; we’d love to see you in Sydney in 2008. Greg Bourke Volume 36 June 2007 45