Build a 16-30 Sailing Canoe PART 1 A simple hull with great performance At 16‘ long with a beam of 30”, this decked canoe is meant for exhilarating sailing, as the author demonstrates. JIM WIlSON by John Summers I n the early years of the 20th century, the Gilbert Ragged Mountain Press, 1996), both of which are Boat Company of Brockville, Ontario, built a num ber available through The WoodenBoat Store. of hard-chined sailing canoes for the Ganan oque Because the construction of this hull is typical of the Canoe Club under the American Canoe Association’s technique, I’ll spend most of my time here describing so-called “16-30” rule, meaning 16' long with 30" of the details that make this canoe unique. beam (see sidebar, page 44). One of these boats sur- Construction: Getting Started vives in the collections of Heritage Toronto. In 2004, I took the lines off this boat, then adapted the design for Because of their curvature, the glued-together plywood modern construction using readily available materials. panels that make up the sides and bottom need to be My aim was not only to revive a unique small-boat type longer than the boat’s 16' overall length. How do we get but also to bring a high-performance sailing experi- panels longer than 16' out of two 8' sheets of plywood? ence to a new generation of canoe sailors with a boat Most nominally 4' × 8' sheets of the okoume plywood that would be easy to build and modest in cost. I’ve speciied—which is a good type to use for this This reproduction is built using stitch-and-glue construction—are actually more than a couple of construction, which relies on twisted copper wires to inches longer than 8'. So there’s usually just enough tie together plywood panels and hold them securely material to get the panels out of two sheets placed end- while the structure is glued together with thickened to-end if you use butt blocks instead of scarf joints to epoxy. This technique has been well described numer- join the panels. These butt blocks will be completely ous times in the pages of WoodenBoat; check the online hidden by the cockpit structure. index at www.woodenboat.com for further reading. I Some people prefer to use scarf joints. In this tech- would also recommend two books: Chris Kulczycki’s nique, the ends of the panels are planed carefully Stitch and Glue Boatbuilding: How to Build Kayaks and to feather edges, allowing two panels to be epoxied Other Small Boats (International Marine, 2005) and together at the overlap (see WB Nos. 106, 175, and oth- Sam Devlin’s Devlin’s Boatbuilding: How to Build Any ers). A scarf is a good gluing surface and leaves the com- Boat the Stitch-and-Glue Way (International Marine/ pleted joint the same thickness as the rest of the panel. 36 • WoodenBoat 214 16_30Canoe_Prt1_11.indd 36 3/23/10 8:09 AM S R E M M U N S H O J A hard-chined hull makes this boat simple to build in stitch-and-glue construction. (Sail plans will be published with Part 2; for tables of offsets, see page 38.) — — Materials List —— WOOD 5— 4’ x 8’ x 6mm (1⁄4”) okoume, BS 1088 plywood panel 1 box— No. 8 x 11⁄4” lathead stainless-steel wood screws 2— 4’ x 8’ x 3mm (1⁄8”) okoume, BS 6566 plywood panel 1 box— No. 8 x 3⁄4” lathead, stainless-steel wood screws 1— Hardwood 1”x6”x4’ (inner stem and sternpost) 1 box— No. 8 x 3⁄4” round-head stainless-steel wood screws 1— Hardwood, 1”x6”x4’ (outer stem) 1 box— No. 8 x 1⁄2” round-head stainless-steel wood screws 1— Hardwood, 1”x6”x8’ (seat bridge/supports) 8 — No. 8–32 x 3⁄4” stainless-steel machine screws 1— Hardwood, 1”x4”x10’ (coamings) 8 — 8–32 stainless-steel stop nuts with insert 1— Hardwood, 2”x2”x12’ (rails for aluminum strips/ 1 box— No. 8 stainless-steel washers sliding seat) 1 box— No. 12 x 3⁄4” bronze ring nails 1— Hardwood, 2”x2”x3’ (daggerboard head ledges and 1 box— No. 14 x 3⁄4” bronze ring nails iller) HARDWARE 1— Hardwood, 2”x4”x4’ (steps for masts, crosshead) 1— White pine 1”x 8”x10’ (booms) 2— 25’ roll, 18-gauge copper wire (for stitching hull panels) 1—White pine 1”x6”x10’ (bulkhead and cockpit nailers) 1— 5’ aluminum pipe 15⁄8” outside diameter 2—White pine 1”x6”x10’ (king planks) (rudder cross-head tube) 1— White pine 1”x10”x10’ (deck blocking) 1—3’ aluminum round tube, 11⁄4” outside diameter (cross- 1— White pine 1”x6”x10’ (gunwales) head post) 2—Fir dowel, 8’, 11⁄4” outside-diameter (crosshead tiller, 1— aluminum slip-on structural framing crossover tiller rod) (rudder cross-head) EPOXY AND FIBERGLASS 1— aluminum shaft collar, 11⁄4” inside diameter (cross-head post cap) 2— Epoxy resin gallon 1— aluminum slip-on structural framing panel connector 2— Epoxy slow hardener to match gallon (rudder cross-head) 1— Epoxy adhesive iller (glue powder) 1— 3’ aluminum round tube, 21⁄2” inside diameter (mast 1— Epoxy fairing iller (colloidal silica) tubes) 25 yards— 3” iberglass tape for illets 1— 3’, 1”x1⁄8” aluminum lat bar (ends of tiller rod) 10 yards— 50”-wide 4-oz iberglass cloth 2— 6’, 11⁄2”x1⁄8” aluminum lat bar (sliding seat rails) FASTENINGS 1—clevis pins 1⁄4”x11⁄8”, package of 2 (for tiller rod) 1 box— No. 8 x 2” lathead stainless-steel wood screws 1— cotter rings, 7⁄8”, package of 4 (for tiller rod) 37 May/June 2010 • 16_30Canoe_Prt1_11.indd 37 3/23/10 8:10 AM Bulkhead patterns can be determined from a hull lofting (remembering to deduct planking thickness), but full-size patterns are included in the full plans set. Limber and lightening holes should be bored as shown. JOHN SUMMERS (ALL DRAWINGS THIS PAGE) OFFSETS FOR HULL LINES SHOWN ON PAGE 37 (inches-eighths) KEY MEASUREMENTS (feet, inches, eighths) Heights Above Baseline Use these measurements for layout—do not scale Station 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 from drawing Distances aft from forward face of INNER stem Keel 8–7 6–1 4–1 3–6 3–6 4–5 5–7 7–2 8–4 Forward edge of bulkhead 1 1–0–0 Chine 9–0 8–3 8–0 7–5 7–4 7–6 8–0 8–4 9–2 Forward edge of bulkhead 2 3–11–0 Sheer 20–6 18–2 16–7 16–1 15–4 15–1 14–7 15–2 15–6 Forward edge of bulkhead 3 6–3–0 Deck 21–0 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 16–1 Forward edge of bulkhead 4 9–8–0 Forward edge of bulkhead 5 11–3–0 Half-Breadths Station 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Forward edge of bulkhead 6 12–9–0 Forward edge of bulkhead 7 13–11–0 Sheer 0–2 7–4 13–1 16–1 17–4 16–6 14–0 8–7 0–2 Centerline of mainmast tube 0–10–3 Chine 0–2 5–4 10–2 13+ 14–6 14–5 12–3 7–4 0–2 Centerline of forward deck hatch 5–0–0 Rake of Inner Stem Face— Notes: Forward end of daggerboard trunk 6–5–7 distance aft of 0 Station spacing = 2’ Aft end of daggerboard trunk 8–4–0 Proile lines to outside of plank Centerline of seat bridge 8–9–0 Waterline Half-breadth lines to outside of plank Centerline of cross-head post 9–10–0 9 3–1 Outer stem to suit builder, not Centerline of aft deck hatch 10–8–0 included in measurements above 18 1–4 Centerline of mizzenmast tube 11–5–4 38 • WoodenBoat 214 16_30Canoe_Prt1_11.indd 38 3/23/10 8:10 AM S R e M M u N S H o J Suggested Panel Layout for Main Components (no scale) LAYOUT DIMENSIONS FOR HULL PANELS (shown on page 38) Notes: Station spacing 1'; Dimensions in feet-inches-eighths; Distances up from baseline Station 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 BOTTOM PANEL to bottom edge 0-3-0+ 0-2-4+ 0-2-0 0-1-5 0-1-2 0-1-0+ 0-1-0 0-1-0 0-1-0 0-1-0 0-1-1 0-1-1 0-1-2+ 0-1-2+ 0-1-3+ 0-1-4 0-1-4+* n/a of panel to top edge 0-3-3+ 0-6-1 0-8-5 0-11-0+ 1-0-7 1-2-2 1-3-3 1-3-7 1-4-2 1-4-2+ 1-4-0 1-3-0+ 1-1-4 0-11-0+ 0-8-0+ 0-4-7 0-2-2* n/a of panel SIDE PANEL to bottom edge 0-3-0* 0-3-4 0-4-2+ 0-4-7+ 0-5-4 0-5-7+ 0-6-2+ 0-6-3+ 0-6-4+ 0-6-6 0-6-6+ 0-6-6 0-6-5 0-6-2 0-5-7 0-5-3+ 0-5-0 n/a of panel to top edge 1-2-4* 1-2-2+ 1-2-2+ 1-2-2+ 1-2-4 1-2-4+ 1-2-7 1-3-0+ 1-3-1 1-2-7 1-2-5+ 1-2-2 1-1-5 1-1-1 1-0-4+ 1-0-0 0-11-4+ n/a of panel *Lines extended to stations for fairing SIDE PANEL STEM RAKE at top of stem, 1–2–4 above baseline, point is 0–0–3 aft of Station 1 at bottom of stem, 0–3–3 above baseline, point is 0–3–3 aft of Station 1 Although it is possible to build a boat from the SIDE PANEL STERNPOST RAKE information presented here, we highly recommend at top of sternpost, 0–11–3+ above baseline, point is 0–8–2+ forward of Station 18 obtaining full-sized plans sheets. The author at bottom of sternpost, 0–4–7 above baseline, point is 0–8–5+ forward of Station 18 and his associates have also produced an BOTTOM PANEL STERN ANGLE instructional manual. See the end notes for at center of panel, 0–1–4+ above baseline, point is 0–2–1+ forward of Station 17 ordering information. —Eds at top edge of panel, 0–2–2 above baseline, point is 0–2–1 forward of Station 17 It also avoids the slight weight added by butt blocks. But left over.) Measure the station heights carefully from because some panel length is lost to the overlap, you’ll the plans, and when you have them all marked on the have to use three lengths of plywood instead of two to panels, use a long, limber batten to scribe a fair line make the inished panels long enough for the boat. through the points (Photo 1). (Note that if you choose plywood panels that actu- After scribing the lines, separate the panels and ally are 8' long, you’ll have to use three lengths in any cut them out close to the line. Rejoin one pair of for- event.) ward and after sections end-to-end, with waxed paper The hull panels can be laid out and lofted, or drawn under the joint to prevent gluing them to the loor. out full-size on the plywood sheets, using the coordinate Make sure that the lines match perfectly and the joint dimensions given on the plans. Place two 6mm panels is tight. Make a plywood butt block as shown in the tightly together end-to-end. Tack them to the loor if plans. This is set back 1⁄2" from the edges of the pan- you can, or clamp them in some manner so that the els to simplify the stitch-and-glue work later. Glue and ends are irmly together and can’t slip. (Plan the use of fasten the butt block in place (Photo 2). After the glue materials carefully: out of two sheets of 6mm plywood, has fully set, plane the panel edges fair, square, and to you should have enough material to get both bottom their inished dimensions. Repeat this process for the panels and all seven bulkheads, with a little material second bottom panel, and follow the same method to H) T o B S ( R e M 1. 2. M u N S o J May/June 2010 • 39 16_30Canoe_Prt1_11.indd 39 3/24/10 4:13 PM make the sides—double-checking to make sure you’ve placed the butt blocks on the inside faces (Photo 3). Wiring the Hull Together Wire the two completed bottom panels together irst. At the centerline seam, bore corresponding 3⁄32" holes in each panel about 3⁄16" away from the edges, spaced about every 3". Next, wire the completed two bottom panels together loosely, using 4" pieces of copper wire with the twist outboard. As you wire these slightly curved panels together, the bottom will take on a V-shape and the rocker will develop. Follow the same procedure to wire each side panel to its corresponding bottom panel (Photo 4). At the bow and stern, the side panels won’t come tight together; these gaps will later accommodate the stem and sternpost. Level the hull side-to-side and fore-and-aft and brace it on a couple of well-spaced sawhorses before installing any bulkheads. The bulkheads need to be in the right places and they need to be square to the longitudinal 3. axis of the boat, so take some care in aligning them. For each bulkhead in turn, measure to the bulkhead’s verti- cal forward face from the forward upper corner of the inside face of the side panel at the bow. Always measure from this same point; don’t measure from bulkhead to bulkhead, which would not only be less accurate but also allow errors to compound. Make sure that the measurements match the plan and that each bulkhead is plumb. Bore holes for wires along the bottom and side edges of each bulkhead before putting them in the boat, and bore holes in the side and bottom panels to correspond to the holes in the bulkheads. Once the irst two bulkheads are in the right places and plumb, square, and lightly wired into place (Photo5), you may want to add some longitudinal braces to keep every- thing in alignment. These can be made from 2×2s cut to it between the bulkheads and temporarily fastened with 4. screws driven through the bulkheads into each brace’s end. Stiffen the wide bulkheads amidships with a 2×4 temporar- ily screwed in place horizontally, inboard from the sheer. Once all of the bulkheads are loosely wired in place, start tightening all of the wires gradually, a turn at a time for each wire. Work around the hull and back and forth from one side to the other, too, to keep the overall tension even. Some small stitch-and-glue hulls, especially canoes and kayaks, dispense with the stem and sternpost, instead irming up the ends of the planks by pouring in thickened epoxy. You could build this boat that way, but I’d recommend using the stem and sternpost as shown on the plans. The bow can take a real beating, especially if you sail from a dock, and the outer stem makes a good sacriicial piece in the event of a too-fast landing. This hull has a very narrow “transom” block to which the stock stainless-steel gudgeons can be fastened by screws. e) If you’d prefer to have a true sharp stern, you’ll have to g A fashion your own gudgeons to it—but even then, I’d P hIS still recommend itting an internal sternpost to provide T S ( a good, solid hold for their fastenings. r e M uM 5. Checking Alignment N S After all of the wires are tightened, your hull should be h O pretty solid. Now is the time to make certain the hull J 40 • WoodenBoat 214 16_30Canoe_Prt1_11.indd 40 3/25/10 1:17 PM has no twist. To check the alignment, irst ind three or four straight pieces of 2x4 or other stock that is at least 2' longer than the boat is wide. Lay these across the hull perpendicular to the centerline and on the top edges of the side panels at equal intervals along the hull. Now, get down on one knee forward of the bow and sight down the boat across them. The tops of these “winding sticks,” as they’re called, should be parallel (Photo 6). If they are not, there’s a twist in the boat. Sight the boat from bow and stern, from close and far, and invite anyone who’s around to do the same. Adjust the tension in the wires as necessary to align the hull. Then go for lunch. After lunch, come back and sight it all over again. Make a inal check to see that all the wires are snug and that the bulkhead corners are tight against the plywood panels at the chines and also at the center- 6. line seam. Once you’re satisied, it’s time to glue in the stem and sternpost and inish off the seams inside. Stem and Sternpost The stem has two pieces. The inner piece goes in irst. Start with a hardwood block (or lamination) that is 3" longer than the inished dimension. Side bevels are shown in the plans and can be cut on a tablesaw, or marked off and cut with a handsaw. Trial-it the piece and trim it as needed to get a snug it. Then, trim the heel so it its lush against the bottom. Dry-it the piece once more, ensuring a good it and checking to see that the stem is plumb and that there is no distortion e) in the side panels, which should align equally side to g A P side. Drive two temporary screws per side to hold the S hI stem in place. Remove it once more, then coat its faying T S ( surfaces (and the planking, too) with epoxy. R e M (Whenever you glue wood together with epoxy, it’s 7. M U best to irst spread unthickened epoxy in the area to N S be glued, then mix up epoxy with illers meant for Oh J adhesive use—as opposed to fairing—and spread that, Taping and Filleting Inside Seams too, before clamping or fastening the pieces together. Throughout this article, references to gluing with epoxy Before mixing any epoxy, cut and organize all the iber- assume you’ll follow this technique.) glass tape (actually 3"-wide bands of iberglass cloth) Put the stem piece back into place, pressing it into the that you’ll need. Also check to see whether any of the epoxy, and drive the screws again, making sure to ind seam wires protrude too far into the interior, and, if your original holes. Use the squeeze-out inside to create they do, push them toward the joint with a screwdriver illets, but wipe away the excess on the outside. After the to make the illeting easier and cleaner. glue cures, remove the screws and cut the top of the stem Before illeting, spread unthickened epoxy on the lush with the side planking. panels to about 11⁄2" each side of the joint. For the illet, To it the outer stem, use your block plane to dress mix epoxy with thickener until it is the consistency of down the ends of the side panels to be lush with the thick peanut butter. Work one area at a time, between outer face of the stem, making a landing that is square bulkheads. Be sure not to block the centerline limber and has no concavity or convexity across its face. The holes at the bottom of each bulkhead. outer stem is shown in the plans, but you can adjust There are several ways to get the illet mixture into the its dimensions if necessary to assure a good it. Use joint, but my favorite is to put it into a heavy-duty one-pint duct tape to hold it in place temporarily, then drive freezer bag. Cut off one corner of the bag diagonally to two stainless-steel screws outward through the inner make a 1⁄2" opening. Twist the upper opposite corner of stem so that they drive about 1⁄2" into the outer stem. the bag with your right hand to generate some internal Remove, apply epoxy, and reinstall. After the epoxy has pressure, and, cradling the bag in your left hand, gently cured, plane the outer stem’s sides lush and fair with squeeze the mixture into the apex of the joint (Photo 7). the rest of the hull, trim its bottom and top ends lush, As the bag empties, give it another twist at intervals to and round-over its outboard edge to a 1⁄2" radius. keep up the pressure while your left hand guides the The sternpost installation follows the same method, mixture into the joint. When that mix runs out, start but it doesn’t have an outer piece, since its width is again with a fresh bag. By piping the illet mixture into needed for rudder hardware attachment. the apex this way and then making one pass with a May/June 2010 • 41 16_30Canoe_Prt1_11.indd 41 3/24/10 4:13 PM radiused illeting tool (which you can easily make out of scrap plywood), you’ll have a nearly perfect joint (Photo 8). Cooks use this “baker’s bag” technique, too, so you may also be ready to enroll in a cake-decorating class. Generally speaking, a second coat of epoxy can be put on before a previous coat has fully cured—during what’s called its “green” stage. (Check the manufac- turer’s instructions for your particular brand for their guidelines about this so-called “hot-coating.”) So while the illet is still green, you can lay the precut tape down along the seam and press it gently into place. Then wet it out with unthickened epoxy, illing the weave. As with the illeting, tape section by section between bulk- heads. After the illeting has been completed (Photo 9), but while the epoxy is still in the green stage, roll at 8. least two coats of unthickened epoxy onto the inside of the hull and then let it cure fully. After the interior coating has fully cured, invert the hull, clip all the wires off lush, and gently radius the chines, after illing any gaps in those seams or at the stem and sternpost with thickened epoxy. When the hull is smooth, drape 6-oz iberglass cloth over the entire hull, cutting it to overlap at the stem and sternpost. Flow unthickened epoxy over the cloth. Use enough coats of epoxy to ill the weave, allowing the epoxy to cure to the green stage between coats (Photo10). Before the inal coat has fully cured, trim the excess cloth along the sheer with a razor blade, being careful not to pull the cloth away from the hull. Preparing for the Deck After the exterior sheathing has fully cured, turn the boat right-side up again so you can it out the interior. Each of the bulkheads needs a pine strip along its upper edge, glued and ring-nailed to the bulkheads, to accept the deck nails and provide a suficient gluing surface (Photo 11). 9. Full-length gunwales also have to be glued and ring- nailed along the sheer. Make these from a nice, clear 10'-long piece of 1×6 pine, ripped into four 3⁄4"-wide strips. You’ll need two per side, and you can scarf them or butt them where they join. After installation, add a small illet of thickened epoxy where the lower edge of the gunwale meets the hull. Forward and aft of the cockpit, a pine 1×6 king- plank ties the upper edges of the bulkheads together, makes a landing for the middle of the deck plank- ing, and supports the mast tubes, the steering gear, and the deck hatches. At the tops of most bulkheads, both the plywood and pine nailing strip are notched to receive the kingplank. The exceptions are bulk- heads No. 3 and No. 4, which are at the forward and after ends of the cockpit; at these bulkheads, only the pine nailing strip is notched. Measure the notch E) AG thickness down from the centerline, not from the P hiS edges of the kingplank. This way, the kingplank can S (T be planed to match the crown of the bulkheads so as Er to solidly support the deck. M M 10. N SU Maststeps and Rudder Cross-Head Post h o Before installing the kingplank and shaping the J 42 • WoodenBoat 214 16_30Canoe_Prt1_11.indd 42 3/23/10 8:12 AM bulkhead tops, make and install the maststeps. These are solid hardwood blocks, bored with a 25⁄8" holesaw or Forstner bit to accept the aluminum tubes into which the masts will slip. These steps will have to be shaped to it the bottom of the boat. After making sure the hull is plumb and level, it the mast tubes into their steps, and place them in the boat so that the steps it snugly against the appropriate bulk- head. Sight the tubes to be certain they are plumb both to the centerline and fore-and-aft, and then mark the locations of the steps on the bottom panels. Repeat this process to make the rudder cross-head post. In this boat, the tiller is an athwartship dowel run- ning through a horizontal aluminum tube, or “cross- head,” which will be mounted to rotate on this vertical post. When the helmsman moves one end of the tiller fore-and-aft (from either side of the boat), the steering linkage is made to the rudder by way of a separate long 11. dowel that connects one arm of the cross-head to a yoke on the rudderhead. Using the same methods used in making the maststeps, make the step with a 13⁄8" bore to accept the heel of the cross-head post, and align it the same way you aligned the maststeps. Take the mast tubes and cross-head post out with- out moving their steps, and then put the kingplanks in place. Plumb up from the step blocks to establish the center of the kingplank holes, then bore 21⁄2" holes for the mast tubes in the kingplanks and a 11⁄4" for the cross-head post. Return the tubes, post, and kingplanks to the boat, and plumb and level everything again. Take the tubes and post out and glue the blocks to the bottom. Before the glue sets, reinsert the tubes and post, make a inal check for plumb and level, and then leave the boat alone until the epoxy has cured. Then, make a inal check on the it of the kingplanks and install them with glue and ring nails (Photo 12). 12. You’ll glue the tubes and post in place, too, but before you do, take them out and plane the kingplank to a cam- ber that matches that of the bulkhead tops. Also, cut the mast tubes to their inal lengths from the bottom of the steps to the top of the kingplank, plus 1⁄4" to allow for deck thickness, 1⁄2" for trim rings, and an additional 3" to support the masts above the deck. Leave the cross-head post long for now. Mix up a batch of thickened epoxy and ill the holes in the mast steps two-thirds full. Plunk the tubes into this mixture and make a inal check for vertical alignment before the glue sets. The Daggerboard Trunk With the kingplanks and tubes in place, it’s time to build the daggerboard trunk assembly on the bench (Photo 13). Before you cut any wood, measure the distance between bulkheads No. 3 and No. 4 on your boat. Whatever that e) measurement, add 1⁄2" and make that the overall length PAG of the daggerboard trunk assembly to allow for inal it- hIS ting later. Get out the plywood sides and precoat what will S (T become the inside of the trunk with two coats of unthick- eR M ened epoxy before assembling further. First attach each 13. M U side’s longitudinal pine pieces—the bedlogs at the bot- N S h tom and the nailing strips at the top—to the outboard o J May/June 2010 • 43 16_30Canoe_Prt1_11.indd 43 3/24/10 4:14 PM Speed Never Goes Out of Style I n the middle of the 19th century, an intrepid Scots army oficer named John MacGregor constructed a small decked canoe which he dubbed ROB ROY. An astute promoter as M u well as an intrepid adventurer, he wrote a series of popular E uS books about his travels in this tiny canoe (see WB No. 168). M Inspired by MacGregor, sportsmen formed canoe clubs in both AT O Europe and North America and staged annual meets where E B they assembled for camping, fellowship, and competition. qu Not long after recreational canoeists started to paddle NTI their craft, some added sails as well. At irst, these were an /A G addition to the paddle to be used on long cruises when the TIN wind was right: “Sail when you can, paddle when you must,” CH A was the rubric. Human nature being what it is, however, the Y canoeists soon began racing each other under sail, and this Kenneth Friede, in his sailing knickers, hikes out on the led to rapid development in hulls, rigs, and hardware. sliding seat and puts the helm hard to starboard in a The irst sailing canoes were cruising boats with sails added, circa-1930s photograph of his 16-30 canoe PRESTIGE. and the sailor sat down on the loorboards in the cockpit. Get- ting the skipper’s weight up on deck to windward allowed boats to carry more sail. An expert but small-of-stature sailor named as “16-30s.” Those dimensions (16' length × 30" beam with 90 Paul Butler took the idea one step further by creating a sliding sq ft of sail) were typical for boats built under Rule IV, “Sail- seat mounted above the deck, which allowed him to get his ing Canoes,” of the ACA’s classiication system. As published weight even farther out to windward. In the search for sail-car- in the ACA yearbook of 1930, that rule reads as follows: rying power, cockpits became smaller and side decks wider. “Maximum length 18', minimum beam 30". Beam in no Canvas liners were added to make cockpits waterproof in the case to be less than 5⁄32, nor more than 1⁄5, of length. Great- event of a capsize, and eventually the cockpits were completely est beam at waterline, with 150 lbs load aboard, shall be not enclosed and made self-bailing. By the late 1890s, recreational less than 88% of greatest beam wherever found. Minimum canoe design had diverged into three main branches: decked- depth amidship shall be not less than 51⁄4% of length. Mini- over canoes for racing under sail, all-round canoes for cruis- mum weight in pounds, exclusive of centerboard, rudder, ing under sail or paddle, and racing paddling canoes. Each steering gear, and deck seat, shall be not less than length was optimized for its particular use. in inches multiplied by beam in inches divided by 60. A The canvas spread by racing sailing canoes grew ever larger, centerboard shall be capable of being raised so as not to to more than 120 sq ft on some 16' hulls, and capsizes became project below the keel. On a canoe of length 16' and beam a constant feature of competition. In the early 20th century, in 30", sail area allowed is 90 sq ft. For each inch that beam is response to concerns that canoes were becoming “unhealthy” increased, sail area may be increased 3 sq ft. For each inch racing machines, the American Canoe Association (ACA) for- that length is increased, sail area must be decreased 1⁄2 sq ft. mulated a set of rules that governed the dimensions of all classes Maximum height in feet of any sail above the level of gun- of canoes, both paddling and sailing, and it was that rule that wale shall not exceed the square root of the total sail area produced the canoe that I’ll describe in this two-part series. plus 5.5. A paddle, at least 3' long, shall be carried through- Decked sailing canoes like this one were most often known out every sailing race.” —JS face of their respective sides, using glue and nails driven square. Bore 3⁄32" pilot holes from the inside of the hull from what will become the inside of the trunk. in the center of each of the resulting 7⁄8" squares. (You Cut the three 7⁄8"-thick vertical pieces to length, mak- can scribe lines from corner to corner in each of the ing sure to leave the two head ledges—the pieces that squares to ind the center.) Flip the boat upside down, will extend through the bottom of the hull—at least 3⁄4" and, using these pilot holes as a guide, it your drill long on the bottom to project through the daggerboard with a 7⁄8" Forstner bit and bore two clean, plumb holes slot for inal trimming after the trunk is installed. Glue through the bottom. Then, use a straightedge to scribe and ring-nail the two completed sides to the three parallel straight lines tangent to these two holes, one on upright pieces to complete the trunk assembly. each side of the hull’s centerline. Cut the resulting slot When the trunk is assembled and the epoxy has plumb with a jigsaw. cured, measure the exact distance between your bulk- The protruding lengths of the trunk’s head ledges heads again and cut the trunk to length for a irm it. will have to be rounded. Put the trunk upside down in a Set the trunk in the boat between the bulkheads and bench vise, and use a rasp to round the forward corners of on the centerline, keeping it plumb. Where the pro- the forward head ledge and the after corners of the after truding head ledges touch the hull at the centerline, one until they match the 7⁄8" radius of the holes you bored trace their perimeters onto the plywood bottom. You’ll earlier at each end of the daggerboard slot (Photo 14). use these marks in cutting the daggerboard slot. Slip the assembled trunk back into place to Take the trunk out of the boat. In the resulting check the it of the head ledges. After you’re satis- perimeter tracings, measure 7⁄8" toward amidships ied, scribe the pine bedlogs to it the boat’s bottom. from the outer extremity of each tracing, and square Remove the trunk again and plane the bedlogs to this measurement athwartships. This results in a 7⁄8" the scribe marks. Several dry-its may be necessary. 44 • WoodenBoat 214 16_30Canoe_Prt1_11.indd 44 3/23/10 8:12 AM When the trunk its snugly, epoxy it into place and make a tidy illet with the squeeze-out. Then turn the boat upside down and fasten through the plywood bottom planking into the bedlogs with countersunk screws. After the epoxy has set, add a screw from the forward side of bulkhead No. 3 and the after side of bulkhead No. 4 into the uprights just for insurance. Finally, trim the ends of the head ledges lush with the boat’s bottom on the outside, using a plane, rasp, and sandpaper. Remove any epoxy squeeze-out that crept into the trunk (Photo 15). 14. The next step is to install the deck—and that’s where we’ll take up the project in Part 2. John Summers has been fascinated by sailing canoes since he irst read a magazine article about the International 10 Square Metre Canoe in the mid-1980s. A curator, boatbuilder, and U.S. Sailing– certiied instructor, he is currently general manager of the Canadian Canoe Museum in Peterborough, Ontario. The development of this design was generously supported by the Antique Boat Museum, and complete building plans and instruc- tions, including detailed hardware and materials lists and sources, H) T are available for $125 (plus $10 shipping) from the museum, 750 o B Mary St., Clayton, NY 13624; 315–686–4104; www.abm.org. S ( R Encouragement, advice, troubleshooting, and moral support are e m available from the author at [email protected]. For infor- 15. m u mation about classes in which you can build your own 16-30, contact N S H Dan Miller, curator of the Antique Boat Museum, [email protected]. o J — — Plan Details —— S R e m m u N S H o J may/June 2010 • 45 16_30Canoe_Prt1_11.indd 45 3/23/10 8:13 AM