13th Australian Tunnelling Conference Proceedings 2008 4 - 7 May 2008 Melbourne, Australia The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Publication Series No 3/2008 Published by THE AUSTRALASIAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGY Level 3, 15 - 31 Pelham Street, Carlton Victoria 3053 Australia © The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 2008 All papers published in this volume were refereed prior to publication. The Institute is not responsible as a body for the facts and opinions advanced in any of its publications. ISBN 978 1 920806 80 4 Desktop published by: Kristy Pocock, Cassandra Ball and Robert Stove for The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Compiled on CD ROM by: Visual Image Processing PO Box 3180 Doncaster East VIC 3109 Foreword On behalf of the Australasian Tunnelling Society (ATS) and the Organising Committee, it is my great pleasure to welcome you to Melbourne and the 13th Australian Tunnelling Conference (jointly sponsored by The AusIMM and Engineers Australia). These ATS conferences are a triennial event and the pre-eminent meeting in Australia for discussion of what is happening in our industry. The theme of this conference – ‘Engineering in a Changing Environment’is to reflect the challenges and changes in the way we now work to meet the expectations of the community and our society. Combined with the very buoyant conditions in both the civil infrastructure and the mining sectors, which is expected to continue for some time, this conference is an opportune time to take stock, reflect and discuss and promote our work, products and learn from others. The Conference will endeavour to encourage debate and discussion. I hope that all delegates are able to fully participate and are able to meet and engage with new and old friends in this exciting industry of ours. I hope that some of the ideas, concepts and solutions will be of benefit. All papers have been peer reviewed and edited where necessary to ensure the highest quality and relevance. I would like to thank all authors, presenters and the keynote speakers for their time and contributions, the Organising Committee for their hard work and the sponsors and exhibitors for makingtheconferenceaneconomicreality.IwouldalsoliketothankthestaffofTheAusIMMfor their valuable assistance and contribution in planning and making this conference a great success. Russell Cuttler Conference Chair Contents Opening Address ShapingourFuture KMathers 3 Australian Tunnelling Projects DesignandConstructionoftheCityWestCableTunnel,Sydney JJAshley 7 Australia WhenthePortalisintheSea–DesignoftheMarineRisersand JGarnierandWAngerer 21 TunnelConnectionsfortheGoldCoastDesalinationPlant TugunBypassTunnelUsingTop-DownCut-and-CoverMethod JHsi,SLambertandMThomas 29 PerthCityRailTunnelProject–Overview,Geotechnical EHudson-SmithandMGrinceri 39 ConditionsandBuildingProtection TheDesignandConstructionofa‘Batcave’ DLeesandDDickson 51 DesignBasisandConstructionExperienceforaBoltand BShenandIChan 55 ShotcreteLinedTunnelfortheWamboRailSpur TrafficandEmissionModellingforSurfaceRoadsnearthe MVasilovska 59 LaneCoveTunnelCorridor Design and Development of Ground Support ShotcreteLiningDesignforUndergroundExcavationsinRock– SBarrett,LMcQueenand 63 TheCurrentStateofPractice BBendtsen UseofShotcreteArchasTunnelSupport–ACaseStudy IChanandBShen 71 DevelopmentsintheUseofSteelFibreReinforcedConcrete JGreenhalgh,CRobertsand 77 (SFRC)inPrecastSegmentsforTunnelLinings JBrown StaticTestingofShotcrete ECMorton,AGThompson, 83 EVillaescusaandDHoward EffectofthePatternisedPinDrainonReductionofPorePressure H-SShin,D-JYoun,Y-SJung, 89 BehindWaterproofShotcreteLiningsforTunnelling G-JBaeandJ-HShin Three-DimensionalModellingofConstructionTolerancein GSwarbrickandRBertuzzi 95 TrapezoidalSegments Developments in Tunnel Lining PredictingCarbonationofConcreteinTunnels MLBerndt 101 MicrotunnellingSolutionforBulimbaCreekTrunkSewer RBhargava,CJewkesand 109 ADomanti NorthernSewerageProject–LinerSelectioninaCorrosive GWDavidson,METrim, 115 Environment DGFranklin,JVMyersand PJHansen Design,InspectionandRehabilitationoftheNewCroton ANoble,DRobertsandAFareth 123 Aqueduct,NewYorkCity EastLink Tunnels ProjectOverview–EastLinkTunnel JGardiner 137 EastLinkTunnel–PermanentConcreteLiningand KAssi,FLebbingandETaylor 139 WaterproofingDesign SelectionofPrimarySupportintheEastLinkTunnels ABennett,PCampiand 149 MDodds FireandLifeSafety–TheEastLinkPerspective PSSmithandCMacDonald 157 Fire and Life Safety DelugeSystemOperatingEffectivenessinRoadTunnelsand MBilson,APurchaseand 167 ImpactsonOperatingPolicy CStacey OperationalManagementofFireSuppressionSystems ADix 175 RoadTunnelProtectionbyWaterMistSystems–Implementation SKratzmeir 181 ofFull-ScaleFireTestResultsintoaRealProject ResultsandExperienceswithNitrogenDioxide(NO ) CSeewald 187 2 MeasurementinRoadTunnels Geotechnical and Hydrogeological Developments AnalysisoftheCreepBehaviourofTunnelsinSandstone/Shale RChenandJCSmall 197 PredictionofRockMassPropertiesAheadofTunnelFace K-YKim,K-SKim,C-YKimand 203 UsingDrillingParameters D-GKim TunnelGroundwaterInflowMeasurement WMeynink,RWittandMLowing 209 ImpactofRockMassCharacteristicsonHardRockTunnel ARamezanzadeh,JRostami 213 BoringMachinePerformance andDTadic International Projects PeanutsandTunnelStuffing–TheBrightwaterConveyance DNAdams,JJJohnson, 223 SystemEastContract METrimandWCranston RecentAdvancesfromtheUnitedKingdomTunnellingIndustry– TIrelandandTRock 231 TheA3HindheadProject DesignofShallowCavernsinanUrbanEnvironment HLagger,AAmonandSPollak 239 NorthShoreConnectorTunnelProject,Pittsburgh,USA AJMiller,MDBoscardinand 247 PARoy AspectsoftheDesignandConstructionoftheChongMing FNg,BFrew,EWongand 253 TunnelShanghai GFerguson TheBosphorusRailTunnelProject VTelliogluandAUnlutepe 265 LowerLeaValleyCableTunnels–ACaseStudyofaProgram SWoodrow 273 CriticalProject Landmark Projects SoftGroundTunnellinginMelbourne–Investigationand PClark,MDixonand 281 DesignoftheMelbourneMainReliever TO’Shannessy BigDiameterTunnellingBeneathLowRockCover DMeyer,FBrodbeckand 297 NMcKenzie PlanningandInvestigationoftheAirportLinkTunneland DStewart,AdeAboitizand 305 NorthernBusway,Brisbane TPeglas Mining Projects ImprovingRoadwayDevelopmentinUndergroundCoalMines GLewisandGGibson 317 Polymer-BasedAlternativetoSteelMeshforCoalMineStrata CLukey,GSpinks,EBaafi, 327 Reinforcement IPorterandJNemcik StabilityofRaiseBoredShaftsinAustralianMines WAPeckandMFLee 331 GeotechnicalShaftReconciliationatOyuTolgoi,Mongolia PVoulgaris,MFLee,APurvee 339 andLJMollison New Zealand Focus ExcavatingaTunnelintheFoothillsoftheSouthernAlpsof JEdwardsandEGiles 351 NewZealand AnAppraisalofTunnellingintheAucklandRegionfor AHodgsonandandJStGeorge 361 InfrastructureDevelopment MicrotunnellingtheOceanOutfallPipeline,Christchurch,New JMoore,RFlemingandGJones 367 Zealand DesignandConstructionofTunnelsforNorthernGateway DSykes,BDHegan,MBehrens 377 Project,NewZealand andAMcPhee Risk Management in Tunnelling CreatingaGeotechnicalBaselineReportforProjectHobson, HAsche,MSheffieldand 387 Auckland MSheffield RiskManagementThroughDesign–Experiencesfromthe TIreland 393 UnitedKingdomTunnellingIndustry TheCodeofPracticeforRiskManagementofTunnelWorks– HMoll 399 FutureTunnellingInsurancefromtheInsurer’sPointofView RecentDevelopmentsinTunnelFireandLifeSafetyStandards JMunro 405 andGuidance TheUseofRiskAnalysistoAchieveConsistencyintheFire LPoon 413 andLifeSafetyDesignofRoadTunnels ManagingUndergroundRisksinSingaporeThrough JRozekandLNLoganathan 419 GeotechnicalInterpretativeBaselineReports ManagementofHydrogeologicalRiskinTunnellingProjects KSrivastava 423 Risk‘Thinking’forAustralianTunnelling PStandish 429 Tunnel Boring Machine (TMB) Tunnelling UrbanTunnellingChallenges–MechanisedTunnellingto MHerrenknechtandURehm 439 ImproveLifeQualityinCities TwinStackedTunnels–KDB200KowloonSouthernLink, DRHakeandIPWChau 445 HongKong TunnellingforBogongHydropowerDevelopment RRooneyandAKindred 453 Workshop – Concrete Segmental Linings for Tunnels and Shafts DesignofSteelFibreReinforcedSegmentalLiningfortheGold WAngererandMChappell 463 CoastDesalinationTunnels DesignofaSteelFibreReinforcedConcreteSegmentalTunnel LDrowleyandAKuras 471 Lining–CityWestCableTunnelProject,Sydney,Australia Shaping our Future 1 K Mathers ABSTRACT The presentation will address the following: • infrastructure trends in Australia, • learning from experience, • the challenge of urban congestion, • how industry can help bring infrastructure projects to fruition, and • funding models of the future. 1. CEO,SouthernandEasternIntegratedTransportAuthority(SEITA),VictoriaBuilding1,Level1,BrandonBusinessPark,540SpringvaleRoad,Glen Waverley Vic 3150. Email: [email protected] 13th Australian Tunnelling Conference Melbourne, VIC, 4 - 7 May 2008 3 Design and Construction of the City West Cable Tunnel, Sydney Australia 1 J J Ashley ABSTRACT 1.7km long and isaligned approximately north-south along the westernsideoftheCBDandtraversesbeneathDarlingHarbour EnergyAustraliaisastate-ownedcorporationinthestateofNewSouth before aligning with Sussex Street to the north. Three 132 kV Wales, whose responsibilityincludes ownership and managementof an feedercableswillextendfromtheTransGridBSPinthesouthto electricity distribution network. Expansion of the high voltage distribution network in the Sydney central business district (CBD) theCityNorthSubstationwithanadditional two132kVfeeder includes the requirementto run an additional five 132 kV feeders over cables entering the tunnel at the connection to City Central 1.7kmfromsouthoftheCBDtoanew132kVsubstationinthenorthern Substation and continuing to the City North Substation. Mary section of the CBD. A driven tunnel is currently being excavated in AnnStreetshaftprovidespersonnelaccesstothetunnelandsafe Sydney sandstone beneath Darling Harbourto contain the new 132 kV egress in the event of an emergency. Plant and equipment for feeders.Tunnelconstructionmethodsinvolvebothroadheaderandtunnel tunnelventilation andtunnelaccessandcontrolarealsolocated boring machine (TBM) excavation. This paper describes the design within the Mary Ann Street shaft. development of the cable tunnel, discusses the use of a geotechnical The main access to the CWCT both during construction and baseline report as an integral part of the contract documentation and provides an update of the current construction works. during subsequent operation of the facility is via the vertical shaft at the end of Mary Ann Street in Haymarket. Due to the tunnelaccessrestrictions,twoformsoftunnelconstructionhave INTRODUCTION been adopted, namely: EnergyAustralia(EA)isastate-ownedcorporationinthestateof • south from the base of the Mary Ann Street shaft, a New South Wales whose responsibility includes ownership and roadheader tunnel extends about 80m to basement level B3 management of an electricity distribution network. EA is in the of the TransGrid BSP; and process of upgrading its 132 kVdistribution network within the Sydney central business district (CBD) and as part of that • extendingabout1.6kmnorthfromtheMaryAnnStreetshaft upgradeanew132kVcabletunnelisbeingconstructedbetween base to the City North Substation, the tunnel design allows TransGrid’s Haymarket bulk supply point (BSP) and the for a tunnel boring machine (TBM) excavated bored tunnel proposed new City North Substation (CNS). The new tunnel is assuming a maximum 4.0 m diameter excavation. known as the City West 132 kV Cable Tunnel (CWCT). ThedesignoftheCityWestCableTunnelhasbeencontrolled The design of the civil works and tunnel services for the principally by the geotechnical conditions existing along the CWCT has considered EA’s main requirements for the cable proposed tunnel alignment and in particular the variation in tunnel, which include providing the following: depth to rockhead, the constraints imposed on the alignment by • an accessible cable tunnel and associated facilities and existing surface and underground infrastructure, the expected services to enable efficient installation and operation of tunnel construction methodologies, the spatial requirements to 132 kV feeders, installandtoaccommodate uptofive132kVfeedercablesand • infrastructure that will accommodate up to five 132 kV associated control cables and the over-riding requirement from feeders, EnergyAustralia for an essentially dry tunnel. These issues are • infrastructure which allows for future connection to the discussed in the following sections. Dalley Street and City East Substations, • an essentially dry tunnel with total groundwater inflow TUNNEL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS limited to 300 litres per day per 100 m length of tunnel, Geotechnical and hydrogeological conditions • a low maintenance environment suitable for continuous operation of feeders for their design life, ThegeotechnicalstudiescarriedoutfortheCWCTindicatethat • an environment suitable for personnel access during routine the geology along the tunnel alignment comprises slightly inspections/maintenance and emergencies, and weathered to fresh Hawkesbury Sandstone overlain by variable • infrastructure that can be constructed with minimum risk to depths of weathered bedrock and in some areas variably compacted fill and alluvium. Generally the sandstone has existing electrical and other infrastructure. saturatedcompressivestrengthsofbetween20and40MPawith This paper provides a general description of the cable tunnel quartz contents from 65 per cent to 80 per cent. project including the design of the main civil and tunnelling Both massive facies and sheet facies or cross-bedded works,thegroundconditionsexpectedandthetunnelservicesto sandstones make up what is described as Unit 6 in the be installed as part of the tunnelling works. The use of a geotechnical definitions of ground types. Major geological geotechnical baseline report,aspartoftheconstructioncontract features identified in the Sydney CBD are summarised in for the works, is also mentioned. Figure 2. These comprise a number of near vertical zones of faulting or closely spaced joints including the GPO Fault Zone, GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION whichisexpectedtointersecttheCWCTsouthoftheconnection totheCityCentralSubstation.Inaddition,thetunnelisexpected The alignment of the CWCT is shown in Figure 1 on an aerial tointersectatleasttwodoleritedykes;thePittmanLVIIDyketo photo background of the Sydney CBD. The tunnel is about the north of the Mary Ann Street shaft, and the Great Sydney Dyke at about chainage 370 on the western side of Darling 1. TechnicalDirector,MaunsellAustraliaPtyLtd,POBoxQ410,QVB Harbour.TheCWCTalignmentwillcrossthePittmanLVIIdyke Post Office, Sydney NSW 1230. Email: [email protected] atanangleofabout45degreesapproximately55mnorthofthe 13th Australian Tunnelling Conference Melbourne, VIC, 4 - 7 May 2008 7