PHD - Professional Hypnosis Databank Release: February 2008, 1371 abstracts Author: Dr Alberto Torelli (ITALY) Contact: www.altor.org, www.ipnosi.mobi Copyright (C) Alberto Torelli (2007-2008) Exclusive property: Alberto Torelli License: You can read it freely. You can't modify it. You can't sell it. [0001] [Effect of hypnosis and suggestion on the EEG-power spectrum in the preparatory interval (author's transl)] [Leistungsspektren des EEG bei Hypnose und Suggestion in der Vorreizperiode] EEG EMG Z Elektroenzephalogr Elektromyogr Verwandte Geb 9;4 Ehlers W; Kugler J Fourier-analysis of the EEG (P4 02, P3 O1, CZ A1) in the stimulation period (1 sec) before acoustic stimulation showed significant differences between hypnosis and waking. Diminished power was found in the slower spectrum (0-3 and 4-7 c/sec) over the right hemisphere (P4O2) during hypnosis. Increased power was found in the alpha-spectrum (8-13 c/sec) over the Vertex (CZA1) during suggestion. We interpreted this effect as inhibition of exteroceptive perception during suggestion. Power spectrum was averaged over 30 stimulation periods before acoustic stimulation with identic tones (sinus of 500 c/sec, 70 dB, duration 40 msec, stimulus interval 3-10 sec). The combination of experimental conditions (Hypnosis/Waking and Suggestions) were given in a balanced order to control serial effects. We examined 12 persons in a repeated measurement design. [0002] Changes in cerebral hemispheric lateralization with hypnosis Biol Psychiatry 1978 Dec;13(6):741-50 Frumkin LR; Ripley HS; Cox GB Cerebral hemisphere dominance was measured in 20 subjects before, during, and after hypnotic suggestion. During hypnosis, subjects demonstrated lower right ear/left hemisphere laterality scores on a dichotic listening task compared to pre- and posthypnosis periods. These results support the view that hypnosis facilitates greater participation of the right cerebral hemisphere in cognition and may partially account for several well known hypnotic effects. [0003] Self-hypnosis training in anxiety reduction Aust Fam Physician 1978 Jul;7(7):905-10 Davidson GP; Farnbach RW; Richardson BA Twenty three adult patients with problems of anxiety in a suburban general practice were invited to participate in a study to determine the effectiveness of self-hypnosis training in reducing anxiety levels. In an initial interview (T1), Experimenter 1 gave subjects two C-60 cassette tapes for home use. These contained the voice of Experimenter 2 who was unknown to the subjects, instructing them in self- hypnosis. After six weeks (T2), measures by Experimenter 1 of both psychological anxiety and blood pressure showed significant reduction (with the exception of systolic blood pressure), and in some cases subjects reduced their anxiolytic medication. A follow-up nine months later of as many subjects as were available (12) showed that these desirable effects were still detectable to a significant degree. It is suggested that audiotaped training in self-hypnosis represent a valid non-pharmacological method for anxiety reduction. [0004] Teaching self-hypnosis to patients with chronic pain J Human Stress 1978 Jun;4(2):18-21 (ISSN: 0097-840X) Sacerdote P For the past twenty years hypnotherapy and self-hypnosis have been utilized as valid tools for the successful management of severe protracted pain. Control often has been achieved in cases where other modalities of pain management had been inadequate. Hypnosis properly applied can bring some degree of improvement to 90 percent of patients. More remarkable degree of pain relief is achievable in the 25 percent of patients who have high hypnotic "talent," and with very limited expenditure of time and effort. The author discusses basic theories of pain, pain-control,pain-control and hypnosis, and he clarifies the effects of physiological, biochemical, and psychological variables which can affect the procedures and the results. Presentation of a clinical case with quoted excerpts of verbalization serves to illustrate the most important points. [0005] Hypnosis and related clinical behavior Am J Psychiatry 1978 Jun;135(6):664-8 Frankel FH The essential aspect in the experience of the hypnotized person is the altered or distorted perception that is suggested to him. Not all people are capable of the experience, but it is possible that spontaneous distortions occur in those with high hypnotizability. These distortions are frequently experienced as frightening symptoms. The author draws attention to the similarity between hysterical symptoms and events in hypnosis and to the high hypnotic responsivity in hysterical subjects reported in the clinical literature of the nineteenth century. Phobic patients have relatively high hypnotic responsivity. The author believes that it is sometimes possible to predict hypnotizability from clinical behavior, and that hypnotic responsivity can be utilized in psychodynamically sensitive therapy to teach such patients that they can learn to gain control of their symptoms. [0006] Relieving suffering--and pain--with hypnosis Geriatrics 1978 Jun;33(6):87-9 Ewin DM It is helpful to perceive pain and suffering as separate entities when planning therapy. The physical, anatomic, and electrochemical expression of pain is treated by physical therapy, medicines, nerve block, electric stimulators, and surgery. The suffering component involves the patient's (1) nonacceptance, (2) fear of the unknown, (3) pessimistic evaluation of the meaning of pain, (4) feeling of no time limit to suffering, and (5) often self-destructive feelings of guilt and resentment. These emotions and imaginings are quite amenable to good hypnotherapy. When suffering is removed, pain tends to become tolerable or may even disappear. [0007] Hypnotherapy in the management of childhood habit disorders J Pediatr 1978 May;92(5):838-40 Gardner GG Hypnotherapy may sometimes be helpful in treating childhood habit disorders, provided that it is used with the same caution as are other treatment modalities. This paper clarifies some common misconceptions about hypnosis with children, notes indications and contraindications, describes a patient in whom hypnotherapy was used to treat hair pulling, and offers information about training in hypnosis and locating qualified hypnotherapists. [0008] Treatment of anxiety: a comparison of the usefulness of self-hypnosis and a meditational relaxation technique. An overview Psychother Psychosom 1978;30(3-4):229-42 (ISSN: 0033-3190) Benson H; Frankel FH; Apfel R; Daniels MD; Schniewind HE; Nemiah JC; Sifneos PE; Crassweller KD; Greenwood MM; Kotch JB; Arns PA; Rosner B We have investigated prospectively the efficacy of two nonpharmacologic relaxation techniques in the therapy of anxiety. A simple, meditational relaxation technique (MT) that elicits the changes of decreased sympathetic nervous system activity was compared to a self-hypnosis technique (HT) in which relaxation, with or without altered perceptions, was suggested. 32 patients with anxiety neurosis were divided into 2 groups on the basis of their responsivity to hypnosis: moderate-high and low responsivity. The MT or HT was then randomly assigned separately to each member of the two responsivity groups. Thus, 4 treatment groups were studied: moderate-high responsivity MT; low responsivity MT; moderate-high responsivity HT; and low responsivity HT. The low responsivity HT group, by definition largely incapable of achieving the altered perceptions essential to hypnosis, was designed as the control group. Patients were instructed to practice the assigned technique daily for 8 weeks. Change in anxiety was determined by three types of evaluation: psychiatric assessment; physiologic testing; and self-assessment. There was essentially no difference between the two techniques in therapeutic efficacy according to these evaluations. Psychiatric assessment revealed overall improvement in 34% of the patients and the self-rating assessment indicated improvement in 63% of the population. Patients who had moderate-high hypnotic responsivity, independent of the technique used, significantly improved on psychiatric assessment (p = 0.05) and decreased average systolic blood pressure from 126.1 to 122.5 mm Hg over the 8-week period (p = 0.048). The responsivity scores at the higher end of the hypnotic responsivity spectrum were proportionately correlated to greater decreases in systolic blood pressure (p = 0.075) and to improvement by psychiatric assessment (p = 0.003). There was, however, no consistent relation between hypnotic responsivity and the other assessments made, such as diastolic blood pressure, oxygen consumption, heart rate and the self-rating questionnaires. The meditational and self-hypnosis techniques employed in this investigation are simple to use and effective in the therapy of anxiety. [0009] Hypnosis, suggestions, and altered states of consciousness: experimental evaluation of the new cognitive-behavioral theory and the traditional trance-state theory of "hypnosis" Ann N Y Acad Sci 1977 Oct 7;296:34-47 (ISSN: 0077-8923) Barber TX; Wilson SC Sixty-six subjects were tested on a new scale for evaluating "hypnotic-like" experiences (The Creative Imagination Scale), which includes ten standardized test-suggestions (e.g. suggestions for arm heaviness, finger anesthesia, time distortion, and age regression). The subjects were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups (Think-With Instructions, trance induction, and Control), with 22 subjects to each group. The new Cognitive-Behavioral Theory predicted that subjects exposed to preliminary instructions designed to demonstrate how to think and imagine along with the suggested themes (Think-With Instructions) would be more responsive to test- suggestions for anesthesia, time distortion, age regression, and so on, than subjects exposed to a trance-induction procedure. On the other hand, the traditional Trance State Theory predicted that a trance induction would be more effective than Think-With Instructions in enhancing responses to such suggestions. Subjects exposed to the Think-With Instructions obtained significantly higher scores on the test-suggestions than those exposed either to the traditional trance-induction procedure or to the control treatment. Scores of subjects who received the trance-induction procedure were not significantly different from those of the subjects who received the control treatment. The results thus supported the new Cognitive-Behavioral Theory and contradicted the traditional Trance State Theory of hypnosis. Two recent experiments, by De Stefano and by Katz, confirmed the above experimental results and offered further support for the Cognitive-Behavioral Theory. In both recent experiments, subjects randomly assigned to a "Think-With Instructions" treatment were more responsive to test-suggestions than those randomly assigned to a traditional trance-induction treatment. [0010] Hypnosis from the standpoint of a contextualist Ann N Y Acad Sci 1977 Oct 7;296:2-13 (ISSN: 0077-8923) Coe WC; Sarbin TR We set out to formulate a theory that makes counterexpectational conduct expectational. Our contextualist position has led us to the dramaturgical perspective. This perspective guided our examination of the hypnotic performance, and we noted that both the hypnotist and the subject are actors, both enmeshed in a dramatic plot, both striving to enhance their credibility. The dramatistic concepts of actor and spectator helped us make sense of the contradictory self-reports in Hilgard's analgesia studies. We underscore the proposition (long overlooked) that the counterfactual statements in the hypnotist's induction are cues to the subject that a dramatistic plot is in the making. The subject may respond to the cues as an invitation to join in the miniature drama. If he accepts the invitation, he will employ whatever skills he possesses in order to enhance his credibility in enacting the role of hypnotized person. This proposition emphasizes the need for analyzing the implied social communications contained in any interaction. [0011] A physiological and subjective evaluation of meditation, hypnosis, and relaxation Psychosom Med 1977 Sep-Oct;39(5):304-24 (ISSN: 0033-3174) Morse DR; Martin JS; Furst ML; Dubin LL Ss were monitored for respiratory rate, pulse rate, blood pressure, skin resistance, EEG activity, and muscle activity. They were monitored during the alert state, meditation (TM or simple word type), hypnosis (relaxation and task types), and relaxation. Ss gave a verbal comparative evaluation of each state. The results showed significantly better relaxation responses for the relaxation states (relaxation, relaxation-hypnosis, meditation) than for the alert state. There were no significant differences between the relaxation states except for the measure "muscle activity" in which meditation was significantly better than the other relaxation states. Overall, there were significant differences between task-hypnosis and relaxation-hypnosis. No significant differences were found between TM and simple word meditation. For the subjective measures, relaxation-hypnosis and meditation were significantly better than relaxation, but no significant differences were found between meditation and relaxation-hypnosis. [0012] Hypnosis in a treatment programme for alcoholism Med J Aust 1977 Apr 30;1(18):653-6 (ISSN: 0025-729X) Gabrynowicz J This is a report on a pilot study of the use of hypnosis in the treatment of alcoholism at an outpatient clinic. It describes the characteristic features of the sample of patients who seem to have responded to treatment and gives an account of the therapeutic programme. [0013] Preliminary observations on an intervention program for heavy smokers Int J Addict 1977 Apr;12(2-3):323-36 (ISSN: 0020-773X) Shewchuk LA; Dubren R; Burton D; Forman M; Clark RR; Jaffin AR Each of 571 smokers selected one of three methods of smoking cessation: group therapy, individual counseling, and hypnosis. One- year results suggest little difference between the three methods in producing ex-smokers. All methods produced an average success rate of approximately 20%. It should be noted, however, that with all types of verbal or verbally related therapy it is not known precisely how these techniques work or whether the outcomes are really a function of what is put into the therapy by the treatment agent and/or the recipient. It was generally found that younger, more educated smokers chose hypnosis; older, more educated smokers chose group therapy; and older, less-formally educated smokers chose individual counseling while the youngest and generally less educated smokers chose to become nonattenders and not take part in therapy. These results have important implications for designing optimal treatment programs which will be acceptable and effective for the greatest number of smokers. [0014] Hypnosis and suggestion for fitting contact lenses J Am Optom Assoc 1977 Mar;48(3):379-82 (ISSN: 0003-0244) Barber J; Malin AH Language is important in the creation of a painful or non-painful context for fitting contact lenses. This article discusses two types of language use and demonstrates the consequent experience each creates for the patient. The authors also emphasize the importance of acceptance and utilization of responses offered by the patient to further the goals of a comfortable fitting experience. Finally, this article provides an example of a reliable and successful technique for rapidly inducing hypnosis for the purpose of obtaining a comfortable lens fitting. [0015] Dynamics of hypnotic analgesia: some new data J Nerv Ment Dis 1977 Feb;164(2):88-96 (ISSN: 0022-3018) Chertok L; Michaux D; Droin MC Following two surgical operations under hypnotic anesthesia, it was possible, during subsequent recall under hypnosis, to elicit a representation of the past operative experience. It would seem that under hypnosis there is a persistence of the preception of nociceptive information and of its recognition as such by the subject. From an analysis of these two experiments in recall, it is possible to formulate several hypotheses concerning the psychological processes involved in hypnotic analgesia. In consequence of an affective relationship, in which the hypnotist's word assumes a special importance for the subject, the latter has recourse to two kinds of mechanism: a) internal (assimilation to an analogous sensation, not, however, registered as dangerous-rationalization); and b) external (total compliance with the interpretations proposed by the hypnotist), which lead to a qualitative transformation of nociceptive information, as also the inhibition of the behavioral manifestations normally associated with a painful stimulus. [0016] [The classification of hypno-analgesics (author's transl)] [Classification des hypno-analgesiques] Rev Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin 1977 Jan-Mar;7(1):112-6 (ISSN: 0370-4475) Kugler J; Doenicke A Experience collected by routine E.E.G. studies of narcosis, in volunteers in good health, serves as a basis for a classification of anaesthetic agents. In order to obtain this, we established a correlation between the electroencephalographic effects on the one hand and psychological, motor, sensory and vegetative changes on the other hand. Arguments emerged in favour of the existence of different points of impact for different substances or groups of substances. A distinction was made between holoencephalic hypno-analgesics (affecting the activity of practically all the neurone systems of the brain) and the neuroleptics, tranquilisers and analgesics which have only a limited effect on the telencephalon, neocortex and archicortex, the electroencephalographic actions of which also differ from the classical stages of narcosis. Using this classification based upon the principal points of action of these agents and their possible effects on other systems it is possible to explain the existence of adequate and inadequate associations of medications during so-called balanced anaesthesias. [0017] [Neurophysiological bases of hypnosis] [Las bases neurofisiologicas de la hipnosis] Neurol Neurocir Psiquiatr 1977;18(1):7-26 (ISSN: 0028-3851) Hernandex Peon R A neurophysiological hypothesis for hypnosis is suggested. Frequently, a hypnotic state is considered close to sleep. Experiments show that it is closer to wakefulness, that attention is present and, at times, increased. Physiological changes under hypnosis, changes in suggestibility, conditionability, memory, visceral and endocrine changes, are outlined. Four large neuronal groups with diverse functions are described: wakefulness system, sleep system, that of conscious experience and the executive system; these last two, localized in the midbrain, pons and medulla, are considered the structural basis for the hypnotic state which arises from their increased or decreased functions. In the hypnotic state, through functional variations in these groups, modifications are seen in the spinal chord, in afferent fibers such as the optic ribbon and in complicated cortical functions such as memory. [0018] Further studies of physiological concomitants of hypnosis: skin temperature, heart rate and skin resistance Biol Psychol 1976 Dec;4(4):249-58 (ISSN: 0301-0511) Tebecis AK; Provins KA Forehead skin temperature, heart rate and palmar skin resistance were recorded during passive hypnosis and compared with corresponding data obtained during the resting awake condition in a group of highly hypnotizable subjects experienced in self-hypnosis. Similar physiological measures were also monitored during experimental periods when subjects were experiencing suggested environmental conditions of cold and heat in hypnosis as compared with imagining the stress conditions. The data from these subjects were also compared with those obtained from a randomly selected group of people who were low in waking suggestibility and had never been hypnotized. The results indicate that the differences in mean physiological parameters were greatest between the two subject groups, although some noteable differences were also apparent between hypnosis and the awake condition within the experimental group. [0019] Hypnosis in surgery - why and when South Med J 1976 Nov;69(11):1466-8 (ISSN: 0038-4348) Khalil GA Hypnosis offers an excellent alternative to conventional anesthesia in certain selected or complicated cases. Ten different patients were selected from a group of 38 and were studied thoroughly. Good surgery and a smooth recovery were possible through hypnosis, alone or with conventional anesthesia. [0020] Hypnotizability and phobic behavior Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976 Oct;33(10):1259-61 (ISSN: 0003-990X) Frankel FH; Orne MT Hypnotizability ratings of 24 phobic patients interested in the therapeutic use of hypnosis were compared with those of an equal number of smokers keen to quit smoking through hypnosis. The mean Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale score of phobics was 8.08 on a 12- point scale. The mean of smokers was 6.08. The difference was significant beyond the .01 level (two-tailed). Thirty percent of smokers were essentially nonresponsive. No phobics were nonresponsive. Those with multiple phobias scored more highly than those with a single phobia. These findings are in accord with the view that among psychiatric patients whose hypnotizability is assessed in a treatment context, hysterics are most responsive. The implications both for theory and for a specific treatment strategy are discussed. [0021] Hypnosis in pedicle graft surgery Br J Plast Surg 1976 Jan;29(1):8-13 (ISSN: 0007-1226) Scott DL The use of hypnotherapy to modify the reactions of 13 patients undergoing pedicle flap operations is described. The morale and mental approach of these patients was improved. Premedication and hypnotic drug requirements were reduced to nil following hypnotic training. Analgesic medication was also reduced, not being required at all following nearly two-thirds of the operations. [0022] Hypnosis for monitoring intraoperative spinal cord function Anesth Analg 1976 Jan-Feb;55(1):42-4 (ISSN: 0003-2999) Crawford AH; Jones CW; Perisho JA; Herring JA In such procedures as the Harrington operation for idiopathic scoliosis, evaluation of spinal cord function is advisable immediately after the back is straightened. The authors have used hypnosis for this procedure, as an adjunct to anesthetic management. Patients are awakened on the table, given lower extremity tests, and are then reanesthetized. The incidence of postoperative pain and other discomfort is also reduced by hypnosis. [0023] [Human hypnosis and super-slow electrical activity of the brain] [Gipnoz cheloveka i sverkhmedlennaia elektricheskaia aktivnost' golovnogo mozga] Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 1976;76(5):704-9 (ISSN: 0044-4588) Aladzhalova NA; Rozhnov VE; Kamenetskiij SL The authors studied the transformation of infraslow oscillations of brain potentials in 15 patients with neuroses during 50 sessions of hypnosis. The results of such studies permitted to distinguish some important traits in the changes of infraslow oscillations of brain potentials in different stages of hypnosis. It is concluded that a study of these changes during hypnosis may establish some correlations between the physiological state of the brain and the unconscious mental processes. [0024] Hysteria, hypnosis, psychopathology. History and perspectives J Nerv Ment Dis 1975 Dec;161(6):367-78 (ISSN: 0022-3018) Chertok L A historical outline is given of the search for an explanation of the still elusive nature of hysteria and hypnosis, their mutual relationship, and that which they bear to psychopathology. Charcot regarded hypnosis as an artificially induced hysterical neurosis, and it was he who first introduced Freud to these two states. Freud was the first to see in hypnosis an experimental instrument for understanding psychopathological mechanisms. His subsequent conceptualization of psychoanalysis derived from these two phenomena at this decisive period. In 1895 Freud attempted to achieve a psychophysiological synthesis of the mental apparatus in his "Project for a Scientific Psychology", but then decided not to publish it. Whether or not recent advance in neurophysiology are sufficiently important to bring about this synthesis remains an open question. In recent years some psychoanalysts have become interested in hypnosis, which one of them described as a focus for psychophysiological and psychoanalytic investigations. Any theory of the psychical apparatus which does not account for such an obvious psychical phenomenon must necessarily be incomplete. Since Charcot, hysteria presents hardly any new openings for experimental work. It is suggested that the solution of psyche-soma interaction might be sought in the study of hypnosis. It is postulated that hypnosis is a "fourth organismic state," not as yet objectifiable (in contradistinction to the waking state, sleep, and dreaming): a kind of natural or inborn mechanism which acts as one of the regulators of man's relationships with the environment. The author discusses briefly the aims and methodology of future interdisciplinary research on hypnosis, and the study of the transition from one state of consciousness to another, and their potential application to a wide range of subjects, namely, wherever man's relations with the environment are involved. [0025] [Hypnosis and moral doctrine] [Ipnosi e dottrina morale] Minerva Med 1975 Nov 7;66(75):3952-7 (ISSN: 0026-4806) Perico G Patients undergoing hypnosis are free subjects in the sense that they possess a particular dignity and entitlement to respect. They are, in fact, "not available" for examination except insofar as there is an expected or auspicable improvement in their personal condition. This means that they are open to "experiment" solely to the extent that the following conditions are respected: certain control if situations involving risk to the person arise, "consent" of the patient (this may be only assumed in certain instances), the adoption of a "prudent" and "scientific" manner that avoids any suggestion of a spectacle or cheap publicity. [0026] [Bimanual antalgic maneuver on the parturient conditioned with hypnosis: delivery without medical assistance] [La manovra antalgica bimanuale su partoriente condizionata con l'ipnosi: "partorire da sola"] Minerva Med 1975 Nov 7;66(75):3940-5 (ISSN: 0026-4806) Minella E A personal bimanual antalgic manipulation on hypnotized parturient is proposed as a normal method of delivery assistance since it is quicker and takes less emotionally out of the physician than "delivery under hypnosis". The question of "childbirth without medical assistance" is also discussed, reference being made to an exceptional case of post-hypnotic control. This compared to all those cases of patients who deliver without the preparatory hypnotist being present. [0027] [Hypnosis in labor] [L'ipnosi in travaglio di parto] Minerva Med 1975 Nov 7;66(75):3921-5 (ISSN: 0026-4806) Andreoli C The aetiology of labour pains remains obscure and it is not certain that improper conditioning is the cause. Fear of pain is innate, while other fears are acquired. The employment of hypnosis during labour is discussed and it is pointed out that the paucity of qualified hypnologists makes its systematic use problematical. [0028] [Hypnosis in dentistry] [L'ipnosi in odontoiatria] Minerva Med 1975 Nov 3;66(74):3902-6 (ISSN: 0026-4806) de Rysky S Hypnosis is defined as that branch of science which studies the application of controlled suggestion and hypnosis in stomatology. Its indications and usefulness at various stages of dental practice are examined. Emphasis is laid on the basic psychological and physiological advantages, and contraindications, including the impossibility of using hypnosis as a routine application, are discussed. A number of deontological problems connected with hypnosis are dealt with and the practical aspects discussed. [0029] [Hypnosis in ophthalmology] [L'ipnosi in oculistica] Minerva Med 1975 Nov 3;66(74):3898-901 (ISSN: 0026-4806) Bucalossi A Hypnosis is able to induce a state of total psychological calm in very many subjects, including maintenance or even enhancement of their ability to cooperate. A smaller number of more receptive subjects may even achieve ocular anaesthesia, though this is not suitable for the performance of operations because the Dagnini-Aschner reflex persists and hypotonia is not attained. It is considered, therefore, that the association of hypnosis, retrobulbar pharmacological anaesthesia, and akinesia offers the best conditions for the performance of operations involving major opening of the eyeball, such as those associated with cataract, i.e. psychological tranquility with the ability to cooperate, anaesthesia with neurovegetative areflexia, hypotonia, and a postoperative course undisturbed by coughing and vomiting. The results of several years' experience have shown the complete suitability of the method and its wide possibilities of application. [0030] [Hypnosis in anesthesia] [L'ipnosi in anestesia] Minerva Med 1975 Nov 3;66(74):3894-7 (ISSN: 0026-4806) Zaffiri O After a review of the history of the subject, it is pointed out that Mason's deep trance hypnosis, were it employable in all cases and not just in 10-15% of them, would be the ideal anaesthetic. "Narco-hypnosis" is described as a method employable by the anaesthetist and advantageous in a certain number of operations. Present-day techniques of pharmacological anaesthesia have reached such a level of perfection, however, that hypnotic anaesthesia is really only indicated in certain well-defined situations: in obstetrics, in plastic surgery, in burn cases, in dentistry and in ophthalmology. Hypnosis is also useful in the postoperative course (as it re-establishes intestinal and vesical function and eases respiratory exercises), and in a number of painful conditions, especially long-standing ones. [0031] [Neurophysiology of hypnosis. The suggestive process and contributions of the learned control of brain waves] [In tema di neurofisiologia dell'ipnosi. Il processo suggestivo in terapia ed i contributi del "Learned control of brain waves"] Minerva Med 1975 Oct 31;66(73):3835-43 (ISSN: 0026-4806) Pinelli P The contribution that neurophysiological examination, subordinate to psychodynamic analysis, can bring to the investigation of facts and results in the therapeutic application of hypnosis is discussed. Phenomena with a suggestive background are analysed, particularly those of ideomotor transformation with reference to prereflective though (Polanyi & Dyer). A special case is represented by phobic- obsessive disturbances. Here analysis of the process of ideative reinforcement must take account of the untranslatability of certain linguistico-syntactic connotations at this level. The part played by sensorimotor EEG biofeedback training in practical therapeutics is also examined. [0032] [Hypnosis and experimental psychology] [Ipnosi e psicologia sperimentale] Minerva Med 1975 Oct 31;66(73):3829-34 (ISSN: 0026-4806) Cesa-Bianchi M Experimental psychology contributes to hypnology and vice versa and it is pointed out that this mutual relationship should be looked at as a function of the significance of methodology in psychology and of the way in which such methodology has been developing. After reviewing the distinguishing features of the experimental, clinico-social and statistico-probabilistic approaches, the possibilities of using hypnosis as a technical tool for investigating general psychological problems or for throwing light on the diagnostic situation of a particular patient are investigated. The possibilities of using experimental psychological methodology for examining the hypnotic state in rigorous terms are then analysed and the need to systematize basic scientific research is stressed. [0033] [Role of hypnosis in psychosomatic medicine] [Il ruolo dell'ipnosi nella medicina psicosomatica] Minerva Med 1975 Oct 31;66(73):3818-24 (ISSN: 0026-4806) Antonelli F In Italy, the attitude displayed by psychosomatists towards hypnosis and A.T. is decidedly favourable, since they are considered as forms of short-term psychotherapy, this being primarily indicated in the management of psychosomatosis. While some reservations may be expressed with regard to the employment of hypnosis solely for the suppression of psychosomatic symptoms before their full significance is assessed, support may be given for the insertion of hypnosis in a wider psychotherapeutical context that is psychodynamically oriented. Psychogenesis may have different degrees of depth and not all forms of psychosomatosis are open to hypnotic attack, or even to short-term psychotherapy. Psychological therapy is only effective in cases where it releases the patient for his neurotic, infantile way of life and allows him to mature in a suitable manner. A result of this kind can hardly be reached in a short period of time. Hypnosis is, on the other hand, strongly indicated in a number of situations; these are listed. [0034] [Hypnosis in history and at present] [L'ipnosi nella storia e nell'attualita] Minerva Med 1975 Oct 31;66(73):3811-7 (ISSN: 0026-4806) Servadio E The principal stages in the history of hypnosis are reviewed, from the forerunners of Mesmer to the founder of "animal magnetism" himself, to Braid, and the entire hypnological movement of the nineteenth century. The work of Freud and the then and later relationships between hypnosis and psychoanalysis are discussed. A personal interpretation is offered for the phenomenon of the ups and downs of the popularity of hypnosis and reasons given for why its application should never decline again. After a brief review of modern theories of hypnosis and hypnotic techniques, the importance of the subject, over and above its uses in medical treatment, is emphasized, for hypnosis can be used as an invaluable tool for investigating the extraordinary reconstructional and creative possibilities inherent in the outer reaches of the human psyche. [0035] Hypnosis in medical practice Med J Aust 1975 Sep 20;2(12):467-70 (ISSN: 0025-729X) Burrows GD Hypnosis has a role in medical practice as an adjunct to many therapies. A brief review of the history, theory, induction procedures, phenomena and practice of hypnosis is given. The use of hypnosis in the therapy of anxiety is illustrated by a report of a 44-year-old woman suffering from an aeroplane phobia. [0036] Cognitive flexibility in hypnosis: response to change communication from the hypnotist J Pers Soc Psychol 1975 Sep;32(3):547-55 (ISSN: 0022-3514) Sheehan PW; Bowman L It was predicted that modification of response as it indexes cognitive flexibility in the hypnotic subject is related to susceptibility to hypnosis and the difficulty of the hypnotic task attempted. Experiment 1 isolated two distinct hypnotic tasks (easy and difficult); alternative forms of each item conveyed either clear or unclear structure concerning the response that was perceived as most appropriate. In Experiment 2, 101 subjects were administered hypnotic induction procedures and tested for modification of response on both items; for each subject, the hypnotist posed a conflict in communication by plausibly requesting an alteration in response from the behavior that the subject had chosen to indicate previously. Change data demonstrated that hypnotic subjects modified their behavior in hypnosis, but their cognitive flexibility was much more relevant to easy than to difficult tasks. Results highlight a further dimension of role enactment as well as the special role cognitive skills in play in our understanding of performance on hypnotic test items. [0037] The use of hypnosis in the treatment of a case of multiple personality J Nerv Ment Dis 1975 Aug;161(2):138-42 (ISSN: 0022-3018) Howland JS The literature regarding the use of hypnosis in the therapy of multiple personality is reviewed. Cautions of other authors are noted which intend to protect the patient from further "splitting" of the personalities involved. A case of a 25-year-old woman is described in which, several months after leaving therapy abruptly, a second personality appeared and prompted her re-entry into treatment. Hypnosis was employed several weeks after restarting therapy on four separate occasions. Therapeutic outcome was favorable with coalescence of the personality into a new whole. A rationale for the use of hypnosis in this case is presented. [0038] Hypnosis and eye movements Biol Psychol 1975 Jul;3(1):31-47 (ISSN: 0301-0511) Tebecis AK; Provins KA Eye movements (with closed lids) were studied in a group of highly hypnotizable experimental subjects experienced in self-hypnosis, and compared with a random sample of control subjects that had never been hypnotized and were low in waking suggestibility. Approximately half the experimental subjects rolled their eyes upwards to a greater extent when hypnosis was induced than during eye closure while awake. In some subjects eye flutter occurred during hypnosis, but not in the awake condition. During passive hypnosis the mean rates of rapid eye movements were lower, but those of slow eye movements were higher than during the resting awake condition of the same subjects or the random control subjects. The mean rates of horizontal eye movements during suggestions about begin in a train and watching passing telephone poles were higher for the experimental subjects in the hypnosis and 'imagination' sessions than that of the random control group in the imagination session. A proportion of the experimental subjects made more lateral eye movements during hypnosis than during the imagination session, but an equal proportion did not differ between the two conditions. The mean rates and durations of horizontal eye movements during dreaming about a tennis match were greater during hypnosis ('hypnotic' dream), than during the awake condition a few minutes later ('natural' dream), or the awake condition in the imagination session ('imagination' dream) of the same subjects or random controls. The performance and subjective involvement of the experimental subjects during the Barber suggestibility scale, 'nystagmus' suggestions and 'dreaming' did not differ significantly between the two hypnosis sessions, but in most cases were significantly greater during hypnosis than during the imagination session of the same group or the random control group. [0039] Implications of the behavioral approach to hypnosis Am J Psychother 1975 Jul;29(3):402-8 (ISSN: 0002-9564) Starker S The findings of behaviorally oriented research regarding the importance of cognitive-motivational variables in hypnosis are examined and some clinical and theoretical implications are explored. Hypnosis seems usefully conceptualized as a complex configuration or gestalt of interacting variables on several different levels, for example, cognitive, motivational, social, physiologic. [0040] Hypnosis and the EEG. A quantitative investigation J Nerv Ment Dis 1975 Jul;161(1):1-17 (ISSN: 0022-3018) Tebecis AK; Provins KA; Farnbach RW; Pentony P A quantitative investigation of the EEG during hypnosis was made by analyzing the analogue power frequency spectrum of one group of subjects in the awake and hypnotized conditions, and another group (random sample) in the awake condition. Individuals of the first group were thoroughly experienced in self-hypnosis and highly hypnotizable, whereas those of the second group had never been hypnotized and were low in waking suggestibility. There were no statistically significant differences in mean power of the whole EEG spectrum between the awake and hypnotized conditions of the experimental group, although a trend toward increased theta (4 to 8 Hz) density during hypnosis was apparent. This group, however, exhibited significantly more theta activity during both the hypnotized and the awake conditions than the random sample of controls in the awake condition, irrespective of whether the eyes were closed or open. We suggest that this increased theta density in the EEG is related to frequent experience of self-hypnosis, high hypnotizability, or both. [0041] Involvement in everyday imaginative activities, attitudes toward hypnosis, and hypnotic suggestibility J Pers Soc Psychol 1975 Mar;31(3):594-8 (ISSN: 0022-3514) Spanos NP; McPeake JD One hundred male and 83 female subjects were assessed on absorption (i.e., involvement in everyday imaginative activities), attitudes toward hypnosis, and hypnotic suggestibility. Significant positive correlations were obtained for both sexes between absorption and attitudes and between each of these variables and hypnotic suggestibility. Multiple regression analyses indicated that most of the predicted variance in hypnotic suggestibility scores was accounted for in both sexes by the absorption variable. [0042] [Hypnosis: logic and cybernetics] [Ipnosi: logica e cibernetica] Minerva Med 1975 Jan 27;66(6):285-90 (ISSN: 0026-4806) Hollanda L Fundamental notions concerning cybernetics, as derived from the systematic application of logic to questions of communication and control, are illustrated. Particular attention is given to the concepts of "system" "structure" and "dynamics" and it is shown that these concepts ensure that better and more exact understanding and forecasting of reactions in organised beings can be obtained. Turning to hypnosis, it is made clear that a trance is the execution of a momentarily proposed programme; it is not the result of a generalised mechanical action, but is preordained and geared to various situations. The difficulty that the hypnotised subject finds in acting against his own interests, or against moral priniciples, can be seen, for example, as a consequence of pre-programming. Another result is given moment and a given type of person. Since cybernetis has proved useful in psychology, the hope is expressed that it can be included as a teaching subject for those who learn, practise and teach hypnotism. [0043] [Hypnosis: fundamentals of futuro-genesis] [Ipnosi: fondamenti della futuro-genesi] Minerva Med 1975 Jan 27;66(6):281-4 (ISSN: 0026-4806) Hollanda L The future lies continously in the womb of the present. In every "today" one of the critical factors on which the configuration at any given conjuncture is the creativity of the intellectual and managerial elite. This creativity is to a great extent dependent on the fluidity of unconscious associative processes. These, in their turn, are decisively influenced by affective factors in the widest sense. Since, as will be shown later, hypnosis can be conceived in the manner of a "quid" identical with emotion, it inevitably follows that it must be treated as a basic element that is always present in and intimately bound up with the continous process that, at every moment, are producing the future. [0044] [The role of hypnosis in present-day obstetrics] [Il ruolo dell'ipnosi nell'ostetricia moderna] Minerva Med 1975 Jan 27;66(6):276-80 (ISSN: 0026-4806) Di Bernardo G There is a present need for the insertion of psychology in teaching and medical practice so that full value and respect can be given to the patient's human side. Psychological assistance during pregnancy is reviewed and a brief account is given of early hypnotic techniques in the Soviet Union. Here, however, note is taken of the fact that attention was initially paid to symptoms alone and not their causes. As these techniques spread throughout Europe, they gradually lost touch with hypnosis and moved into the realm of teaching thus becoming completely ineffective. At present, more complete and more advanced hypnotic techniques are used. These throw particular light on the psychological causes of tension in pregnancy and are suitably backed up by instruction relating to the various problems encountered during gestation. [0045] Auto-hypnosis in haemophilia Haematologia (Budap) 1975;9(1-2):103-10 (ISSN: 0017-6559) La Baw WL A pilot study to determine the use of adjunctive trance therapy in the treatment of haemophiliacs has been carried out. Over a period of forty months, twenty randomly selected males were assigned to a control and an experimental group. All received due haematologic care. The ten patients in the experimental group utilized medical hypnosis as well, in group suggestive sessions to train and sustain them, but primarily in self-induced trance states (self-hypnosis). Results were compared at intervals on the basis of the amount of transfused blood and blood products. This provided an objective measure of the efficacy of trance therapy. Statistical analysis of the data confirmed the clinical observation of a greater improvement among patients in the experimental group. [0046] Hypnosis as a treatment method in psychosomatic medicine Int J Psychiatry Med 1975;6(1-2):75-85 (ISSN: 0091-2174) Frankel FH Recent research findings are used to illustrate the areas of uncertainty and controversy in the understanding of hypnosis. Despite similarities, hypnosis is presented as more than and different from relaxation, suggestibility, and the placebo response. An overview of the clinical use of hypnosis includes the three main methods of application, namely: relaxation or mild hypnosis, symptom removal, and hypnotherapy. A few brief case reports are included. As a means of narrowing the gap between laboratory research and clinical experience, the author recommends the assessment of hypnotizability in all patients treated with hypnosis. [0047] Hypnotherapy in the treatment of oro-facial pain Aust Dent J 1978 Dec;23(6):492-6 (ISSN: 0045-0421) Gerschman J; Burrows G; Reade P A continuing study at the Oro-Facial Pain Clinic. The Royal Dental Hospital of Melbourne has demonstrated that hypnotherapy is a useful tool in the management of previously resistant, chronic facial pain disorders, discomfort conditions and dental phobic illness. [0048] [Anti-smoking therapy (author's transl)] [Raucherbehandlung.] Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr Grenzgeb 1978 Nov;46(11):613-24 (ISSN: 0015-8194) Buchkremer G This is a comprehensive survey of the different anti-smoking therapies indicating the difficulty of comparing one method to another. It points out the minimum standard to be set for anti-smoking therapies. Reference is also made to advantages and disadvantages of the different kinds of treatment. The account of anti-smoking therapies includes hypnosis, aversion therapies, anti-smoking clinics, medical treatment, polyeclectrical and other methods of therapy. Detailed description is especially to be found of the behavior therapy. Eleven different techniques of the multimodal behavior treatment are presented. Finally consideration is given to the need of anti-smoking therapies, prevention from smoking as well as prophylaxis against relapse. [0049] The running meditation response: an adjunct to psychotherapy Am J Psychother 1978 Oct;32(4):583-92 (ISSN: 0002-9564) Solomon EG; Bumpus AK The physical technique of slow, long distance running and the mental centering devices of T. M. are combined, using hypnosis in some cases, to enhance a "peak experience," or altered state of consciousness. Indications and contraindications to this technique are described for various psychiatric, psychosomatic and somatic syndromes, and its use as an adjunct to formal individual and group psychotherapy is discussed. [0050] Hypnotherapy for the child with chronic eczema. A case report S Afr Med J 1978 Sep 2;54(10):410-2 (ISSN: 0038-2469) Mirvish I Chronic eczema in a child usually produces much discomfort and distress. Associated behaviour problems further complicate the issue. A comprehensive approach to treatment is therefore essential. Hypnotherapy may be a useful adjunct in the overall management. An illustrative case history is presented. Combining hypnotherapy with child guidance and medical treatment led to the relief of symptoms and improved behavioural pattern in a boy aged 10 years. [0051] Some guidelines for uses of hypnotherapy in pediatrics Pediatrics 1978 Aug;62(2):228-33 (ISSN: 0031-4005) Olness K; Gardner GG Hypnotherapy has many uses in pediatrics, and its value, not only as a adjunct but also as a primary therapy for certain conditions, justifies its inclusion in pediatric training programs. Suggestion and expectation have long been related to therapeutic outcomes in medicine, but not all physicians know how to apply them constructively and systematically in communication with patients. In pediatrics there is a tendency to overlook opportunities in which hypnosis might be the treatment of choice. Because children engage in imagination and fantasy easily without the cognitive inhibitions of adults, they are able to use hypnosis more readily than adults. More research into the imaginative skills of children may facilitate understanding of learning mechanisms and make it possible for professionals to prevent the loss of the natural imaginative capacities in children and, therefore, enhance the ability of mature members of society to use these skills. In addition to reduction of specific symptoms through hypnotherapy, children benefit by the sense of mastery which they acquire, a sense which is surely needed to overcome the feelings of hopelessness, loss of control, and depression induced by many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in medicine. [0052] The effects of mood upon imaginal thought J Pers Assess 1978 Jun;42(3):277-32 (ISSN: 0022-3891) Blum GS; Green M The effects of mood upon imaginal thought were explored with a highly trained undergraduate female hypnotic subject. She was hypnotically programmed to experience free-floating anxiety or pleasure in varying degrees just before the exposure of combinations of three Blacky Pictures, and to produce dreamlike imagery in response to the Blacky stimuli while under sway of the mood. Data from 98 dream trials, separated by amnesia, indicated that the affective states clearly influenced imaginal processes. Blind ratings by a psychoanalyst showed anxiety moods to be more closely associated with primary-process features characteristic of nocturnal dreams, whereas pleasure had a relatively higher incidence of daydreamlike ratings. Empirical analysis of themes yielded significant relationships of anxiety to physical injury to the self and verbal aggression toward others; pleasure was associated with circular movements and overt sex themes. [0053] An investigation of the role of 'hypnosis', hypnotic susceptibility and hypnotic induction in the production of age regression Br J Soc Clin Psychol 1978 Jun;17(2):165-71 (ISSN: 0007-1293) Fellows BJ; Creamer M In response to criticisms of the methodology of Barber's (1969) experiments, a 2x2 factorial design, varying hypnotic susceptibility and hypnotic treatment, was used to study the role of 'hypnosis' in the production of age regression by suggestion. Twenty subjects of high hypnotic susceptibility and 20 subjects of low hypnotic susceptibility were randomly allocated to one of two treatment conditions:hypnotic induction procedure or motivational instructions. Both treatments were followed by suggestions to regress to the age of seven years. Two measures of age regression were taken:the Draw-A-Man-Test and a subjective rating of the reality of the experience. The results showed significant effects of both variables, with high suceptibility and induction treatment producing better regression on both measures than low susceptibility and motivation treatment. Hypnotic susceptibility was the stronger of the two variables. The ranking of the four conditions corresponded with predictions of hypnotic depth from the state theory of hypnosis, but the findings were not inconsistent with the non-state theory. The drawings of all regressed groups were more mature than the norms for the age of seven and the drawings of a group of seven year old children. [0054] Hospital phobia: a rapid desensitization technique Postgrad Med J 1978 May;54(631):328-30 (ISSN: 0032-5473) Waxman D The less disabling phobias do not normally present a problem in that the stimulus may be avoided. This would also apply to hospital phobia until an acute medical or surgical problem might arise, when avoidance could constitute a direct threat to life. Although phobic illness is a common problem the small number of cases of hospital phobia recorded may represent the tip of the iceberg beneath which could be many phobic patients who deny their symptoms and risk their health because of their irrational fear. A case of hopsital phobia in a pregnant patient with suspected disproportion was treated by a rapid desensitization technique using hypnosis. After five sessions of 30 min each, the patient was symptom free. This simple method of desensitization, if more widely known would considerably minimize the risk caused by concealment of the phobic problem. [0055] A smoking satiation procedure with reduced medical risk J Clin Psychol 1978 Apr;34(2):574-7 (ISSN: 0021-9762) Tori CD Tested the efficacy of a smoking satiation procedure with reduced medical risk. As predicted, experimental taste satiation (holding smoke in the mouth with occasional inhalations) suppressed habitual smoking as effectively as rapid smoking satiation. In view of the extensive relapse problems that follow the singular application of aversive conditioning procedures, follow-up hypnosis and counseling treatments were applied in order to assist Ss in maintaining smoking cessation. At the time of the 6-month follow-up contact, confirmed abstinence reports for 66% of all Ss who received treatment were obtained. [0056] [Medicine-man practice. Ritual therapy and drugs used by the Digo in Tanzania] [Medizinmann-Praxis. Ritual-Therapie und Heildrogen bei den Digo in Tansania.] Naturwissenschaften 1978 Apr;65(4):188-93 (ISSN: 0028-1042) Maler T The strong activity of the patient is significant in traditional Digo ritual therapy. In contrast to Shamanism, he, and not the healer, plays the main role. The Digo healer applies hypnosis, somatic exercises, stimulating music, and drugs in his three-day ritual performed mainly for psychosomatic and chronic illness. [0057] Effects of cannabis intoxication on primary suggestibility Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1978 Mar 1;56(2):217-9 (ISSN: 0033-3158) Kelly SF; Fisher S; Kelly RJ Thirty-five subjects of known hypnotizability were tested for primary suggestibility in the waking state with and without marijuana intoxication. The drug caused an increase in suggestibility similar to that produced by the induction of hypnosis. The effect did not persist when subjects were retested one week later in their normal waking state. [0058] Hypnotic elucidation of isolation and displacement following a sexual assualt Dis Nerv Syst 1977 Nov;38(11):934-5 (ISSN: 0012-3714) Schneck JM A 19 year old girl was physically beaten and her life endangered during an abortive sexual assault. The repressed emotional components of the experience were retrieved during hypnosis 10 years later, and displacement of affect in relation to the event was also clarified. The psychological issues involved in these circumstances were related to weight reduction efforts by the patient and for which she was seeking help. [0059] An experimental study of compliance and post-hypnotic amnesia Br J Soc Clin Psychol 1977 Sep;16(3):225-8 (ISSN: 0007-1293) Wagstaff GF A procedure was devised to test the hypothesis that the traditional measure of post-hypnotic amnesia, which involves determining the number of items recalled before and after a 'release' signal, may be significantly biased by compliance. One group of subjects (group B) was given an opportunity to 'own-up' to compliant behaviour before being tested for post-hypnotic amnesia. Another group (group A) was only given the opportunity to own-up after being tested for amnesia. Results indicated a very strong compliance effect, group A showed significantly more post-hypnotic amnesia than group B. [0060] [Hypnogenic action of a modulated electromagnetic field] [O gipnogennon deijstvii modulirovannogo elektromagnitnogo polia] Biull Eksp Biol Med 1977 Aug;84(8):146-9 (ISSN: 0365-9615) Sudakov KV; Antimoniij GD Behavioristic and electroencephalographic changes in rats under long-lasting modulated electromagnetic field (frequency of 40 MHz, modulation frequency 50 Hz, intensity 100-120 V/m) were studied. Some phasic disorders in the conditioned feeding and defense reactions were observed, including cataleptic state as a result of the action of modulated electromagnetic field. These behavioristic disorders are determined by the changes in the normal cortico-subcortical relationships. [0061] [Acupuncture analgesia] [Akupunktur-Analgesie] Fortschr Med 1977 Jul 7;95(25):1613-8 (ISSN: 0015-8178) Berger D The possibility of abolishing pain during operations by needling acupuncture points was detected in China 20 years ago. During the last years the Western World showed great interest in this method, which was tested in a great number of surgical operations. Acupuncture was successful, especially when it was introduced by a short conventional anesthesia. Of special importance seems the possible reduction of anesthetic agents. Though the mode of action of acupuncture cannot yet be explained completely, there exist three different hypotheses: Hypnosis and suggestion, neurophysiological and humoral mechanisms. An actual review on experiments concerning these theories is given. [0062]