1000 Buddhas of Genius Author: T. W. Rhys Davids, Ph.D., LLD. Victoria Charles Layout: Baseline Co. Ltd 61A-63A Vo Van Tan Street Nam Minh Long Building, 4th Floor District 3, Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam © Confidential Concepts, Worldwide, USA © Parkstone Press International, New York, USA © Liu Xiao Xian copyright reserved © Solias Mendis copyright reserved © Jeremy Richard/ Dreamstime.com © Donald L. Sanders copyright reserved © Michael Tong copyright reserved © Joachim Wendler – Fotolia.com All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced or adapted without the permission of the copyright holder, throughout the world. Unless otherwise specified, copyright on the works reproduced lies with the respective photographers. Despite intensive research, it has not always been possible to establish copyright ownership. Where this is the case, we would appreciate notification. ISBN: 978-1-78310-463-5 2 1000 Buddhas G e n i u s G e n i u s of Contents THE LIFE OF THE BUDDHA 8 INDIA, SRI LANKA AND CENTRAL ASIA 110 THAILAND AND SOUTHEAST ASIA 158 HIMALAYAN COUNTRIES 298 CHINA 354 KOREA AND JAPAN 456 APPENDIX 513 BIBLIOGRAPHY 538 INDEX 540 1 1. Seated Buddha on Altar, date unknown, location unknown, painted and gilt bronze. (cid:1)2. Seated Buddha, date unknown, location unknown, paint and gold. 2 6 3 The Life of the Buddha The Life of Gautama, Down to the Time of his unexpectedly born. The mother and child were carried back Appearance as a Teacher: to Suddhodana’s house; there, seven days afterwards, the Around 500 BCE, at a place called Kapilavastu on the banks mother died. The boy, however, found a careful nurse in his of the river Rohini in what is now Nepal, there settled a tribe mother’s sister, his father’s other wife. named the Sakyas. The river rose thirty or forty miles to the north of their settlement in the spurs of the mighty Asita, the seer, visits the newborn prince (from the Himalayas, whose giant peaks loomed up in the distance Pali Canon, the standard collection of scriptures against the clear blue of the Indian sky. The Sakyas had for Theravada Buddhism): penetrated further to the east than most of their fellow tribes, [Date: -80 BE] but beyond them in that direction was the powerful Asita the seer, in his mid-day meditation, confederation of the Licchavis and the rising kingdom of saw the devas of the Group of Thirty Magadha, while behind them to the west lay those lands – exultant, ecstatic – which the Brahmans held most sacred. Their nearest dressed in pure white, honouring Indra, neighbours to be feared were the subjects of the king of holding up banners, cheering wildly, Sravasti, the rival of the king of Magadha. It was this rivalry and on seeing the devas so joyful and happy, more than their own strength that secured for the Sakyas a having paid his respects, he said: precarious independence; but their own hand was strong “Why is the deva community enough to protect them against the incursions of roving so wildly elated? bands from the hills, and to sustain them in their quarrels Why are they holding up banners with neighbouring clans of the same standing as themselves. and waving them around? They lived from the produce of their cattle and their rice- Even after the war with the Asuras fields; their supplies of water being drawn from the Rohini, – when victory was the devas’, on the other side of which lived the Koliyans, a kindred tribe. the Asuras defeated – The Sakyas sometimes quarrelled with the Koliyans for even then there was no excitement like this. the possession of the water supply, but at this moment the Seeing what marvel two clans were at peace, and two daughters of the raja, or are the devas so joyful? chief, of the Koliyans were the wives of Suddhodana, the They shout, raja of the Sakyas. The story tells us that both were childless, they sing, a misfortune great enough in other times and in other play music, countries, but especially then and in that culture where it clap their hands, was firmly believed that the state of a man’s existence after dance. death depended upon ceremonies to be performed by his So I ask you, who live on Mount Meru’s summit. heir. The rejoicing, therefore, was great when, at the age of Please dispel my doubt quickly, dear sirs.” 45, the elder sister promised Suddhodana a son. In “The Bodhisattva, the foremost jewel, accordance with custom, she started off with the intention of being confined to her parents’ house, but it was on the way under the shade of some lofty satin trees in a pleasant grove called Lumbini that her son, the future Buddha, was (cid:2)3. Head of Buddha, date unknown, Shwedagon Pagoda, Yangon, Burma, gold. 9 to the seer named Asita their son, the prince, like gold aglow, burnished by a most skilful smith in the mouth of the furnace, blazing with glory, flawless in colour. On seeing the prince blazing like flame, pure like the bull of the stars going across the sky – the burning sun, released from the clouds of autumn – he was exultant, filled with abundant rapture. The devas held in the sky a many-spoked sunshade of a thousand circles. Gold-handled whisks waved up and down, but those holding the whisks and the sunshade couldn’t be seen. The matted-haired seer 4 named Dark Splendor, seeing the boy, like an ornament of gold on the red woollen blanket, unequalled, a white sunshade held over his head, has been born for welfare and ease received him, happy and pleased. in the human world, And on receiving the bull of the Sakyans, in a town in the Sakyan countryside, longingly, the master of mantras and signs Lumbini. exclaimed with a confident mind: That’s why we’re all so wildly elated. “This one is unsurpassed, He, the highest of all beings, the highest of the biped race.” the ultimate person, Then, foreseeing his own imminent departure, a bull among men, foremost of all people, he, dejected, shed tears. will set turning the Wheel [of Dharma] On seeing him weeping, in the grove named after the seers, the Sakyans asked: like a strong, roaring lion, “But surely there will be the conqueror of beasts.” no danger for the prince?” Hearing these words, Asita quickly descended [from heaven] and went to Suddhodana’s dwelling. There, taking a seat, he said to the Sakyans: 4. Sakyamuni Buddha signaling fearlessness with right hand and the gift-giving “Where is the prince? sign with his left hand, date unknown, China. I, too, want to see him.” (cid:1)5. Two Buddhas, one reclining and one seated, date unknown, The Sakyans then showed Shwedagon Pagoda, Yangon, Burma. 5 10