32311_INDX_Albrecht.qxd 11/8/06 9:01 AM Page 256 100 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS ABOUT BIPOLAR (MANIC-DEPRESSIVE) DISORDER Trileptal (oxcarbamazepine), 98, 142 WW side effects with, 101t webmed.org, 224 Twins Weight gain, 169 bipolar disorder, concordance rate and, atypicalantipsychoticmedicationsand,141 63, 64 Depakote (valproate) and, 137, 141 bipolar I and, 59–60 polycystic ovary syndrome and, 172 lithium and, 141 UU medications and, 108–110 older antidepressants and, 109 Ultradian bipolar disorder, 42 reduced, in infants of mothers with Unconscious meaning, 26 untreated depression, 178–179 Understanding, 74 second-generationantipsychoticsand,143 Unipolar depression, 31, 49 Weinmann, Scott mood stabilizers and, 145 biography of, ix–x University-affiliated programs, 55 comments by, 25, 50, 84, 122, 135, 149, Up-regulation, 24 189 U.S. Department of Health and Human Wellbutrin (bupropion), 143 Service, website sponsored by, 224 adverse effects with, 103t Wellness, cultivating, 69 White Europeans, 62 VV White matter, in brain, 14 Valproate, 81, 98 Wine, mood stabilizers and, 133–135 breastfeeding and, 178 Withdrawal symptoms, 105, 106 polycystic ovary syndrome and, 169, Women 171–172 pregnancy,treatmentforbipolar pregnancy and, 174 disorderand,173–175 thyroid gland dysfunction in, 190 reduced suicidality and, 181 Writers, creativity, bipolar disorder and, 72 sideeffectsinyoungwomenand,169–170 side effects with, 10t YY weight gain and, 108, 141 Valproate (sodium valproate), 40 Yoga, 69, 114 Valproate (valproic acid), 127 Valproic acid, 127, 146, 172 ZZ Van Gogh, Vincent, 70–71 Ziprasidone, 108, 142 Vegetative activities, 22 side effects with, 102t,138 Venlafaxine, 99 weight gain and, 141 adverse effects with, 103t Zoloft (sertraline), breastfeeding and, 177 Viagra (sildenafil), 124 Zyban, 143 Violence,youthsuicideandwitnessingof,165 Zyprexa or Zydis (olanzapine), 142 Vioxx, 135 side effects with, 101t,138 Visceral functions, 6, 7 weight gain and, 108, 141 256 32311_INDX_Albrecht.qxd 11/8/06 9:01 AM Page 255 100 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS ABOUT BIPOLAR (MANIC-DEPRESSIVE) DISORDER bipolar disorder and potential adverse types of, 82–84 I n effects from, 117t Tantrums, in children, 163 d e Stabilization, medication regimen and, 209 Tapering, to avoid switching, 180 x Steroids, 106 Tarasoff case, 197 mania and avoidance of, 179 Tardive dyskinesia, 139, 143 multiple bodily effects from, 192 Taurine, 115 prescription of, as medicine, 191–192 TCAs. SeeTricyclic antidepressants risks with use of, 181–182 Teen suicides, risks for, 164–165 Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 137 Temporal lobe seizure, 66 Stigmatization, 9, 50 Teratogenic effects, pregnancy and, 173 Stimulants, 99, 106, 182 Testosterone, 181 Stress Therapeutic index, 136 bipolar disorder and, 60, 64 Therapeutic privilege, 200 reducing levels of, 69 Therapeutic range or dose, 119 Stressful life events, childhood and teen sui- building up to, 100 cide and, 165 Therapist, choosing, 85–86 Stressors, 17 Therapy,medicationcombinedwith,intreat- Substance abuse, 20, 150–151 mentofbipolardisorder,111–112 bipolar disorder and, 60, 210 Therapy approach, choosing, 85–86 early-onset, bipolar disorder and, 163 Thinking, errors in, 86 teen suicide and, 164 Thioridazine, SSRIs and, 125 Subsyndromal symptoms, 50 Thoughts, feelings distinguished from, 3–4 Suicidal behavior, recurrent, 156 Thought stopping, 87 Suicidal ideation, in manic individuals, 30 Thrombocytopenia, Depakote and, 137 Suicidality, hospitalization and, 132 Thyroid, 181 Suicidal thinking, 212 Thyroid dysfunction, bipolar disorder and, depression and, 31 189–191 Suicide, 68 Thyroid hormone, 99 anxiety associated with any psychiatric Tiagabine, side effects with, 10t condition and, 39 Topamax (topiramate), 142 guilt in family members and, 213–214 side effects with, 101t hospitalization and risk of, 79 weight gain and, 109 maintenance treatment with lithium and TPO.SeeTreatment,payment,oroperations Depakote and, 209 Trade name medications, generic medica- preventing, 75 tions vs.,143–145 risk of, in children and adolescents, Training, for therapists, 85 164–165 Transference, 82, 88 risk of, with bipolar disorder, 211–213 Trazodone, adverse effects with, 103t serotonin levels and, 23 Treatment Sun-downing, 186 employers and information related to, Symbyax(olanzapine/fluoxetine),44,99,127 207–208 family members and, 205–206 side effects with, 101t rights of refusal and, 199–202 Symmetrel (amantadine), 142 Treatment,payment,oroperations,203,204 Sympathetic nervous system, 182 Treatment avoidance, 75 Sympathomimetics,deliriumand/orpsychosis Treatment plan, 13, 78, 81 ingeriatricpopulationand,186 Treatment settings, types of, 78 Synaptic cleft, 15, 15,16, 23 Tricyclic antidepressants, 168, 183, 228t adverse effects with, 103t TT breastfeeding and, 177 Talk therapy dependency and, 106 for children and adolescents, 168 switch rate with, 180 255 32311_INDX_Albrecht.qxd 11/8/06 9:01 AM Page 254 100 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS ABOUT BIPOLAR (MANIC-DEPRESSIVE) DISORDER SS Sexual identity issues, suicide risks and, 165 Sexualrelationships,betweentherapist Safety,involuntarycommitmentand,198,199 andpatient,88 SAM-E, 115 Sexual side effects, with antidepressants, Sarafem (fluoxetine), 144, 146, 169 123–124 breastfeeding and, 177 SGAs.SeeSecond-generationantipsychotics weight loss and, 109 Shields, Brooke, vii Schemas, 86 Sickle cell anemia, 61 Schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder Side-effect profiles, 98 vs.,40–41 Side effects Schizoaffectivesyndromes,geneticrisk withatypicalantipsychoticmedica- factorsand,63 tions,138–139 Schizophrenia, 42, 130 with Depakote (valproate), 137 bipolar disorder vs.,40–41 with Equetro (carbamazepine), 137–138 genetic risk factors and, 63 with lithium, 135–136 Secondary mania with medications for bipolar disorder, brain-based disorders and, 184 100, 101–102t,102, 103t,104 in geriatric population, 185, 186 with selective serotonin reuptake Second-generation antipsychotics, 142–143 inhibitors, 139 Sedatives, delirium and/or psychosis in geri- Sildenafil, 124 atric population and, 186 Sleep, 69, 163 Seizures, 66 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 93, bipolar disorder and, 116 94, 146, 183, 228t stages of, 188 adverse effects with, 103t Sleep apnea breastfeeding and, 177–178 bipolar disorder comorbid with, 187–189 sexual side effects with, 123, 124 risk factors for, 188–189 side effects with, 139 types of, 188 studiesof,inchildrenandadolescents,168 Sleep deprivation suicidality in children and adolescents mania and, 24 and warnings about, 170 mood disorders and, 187 switch rate with, 180 Sleep laboratories, 187–188 treatment of anxiety disorders with, 148, Sleep medications, rebound insomnia and, 149 107 weight gain and, 109 Socialanxietydisorder,therapycombined Self-esteem, 69 withmedicationintreatmentof,149 exercise and, 118 Social phobia, 37, 148 Self-medication, with substances, 150, 151 Social service agencies, 55 Seroquel (quetiapine), 99, 127, 146 Social skills training, 87 side effects with, 102t,138 Social workers weight gain and, 141 credentials for, 52–53 Serotonin, 21, 22, 23, 39 training levels for, 85 Serotonin syndrome, 125, 126 treatment of bipolar disorder and, 52 Seroxat, 143 Socioeconomicstatus,bipolardisorderand,60 Sertraline, breastfeeding and, 177 Somatic treatments, for bipolar disorder in Serzone (nefazodone), adverse effects with, children or adolescents, 166–167 103t Somnambulism, 65 Sexual abuse Specific phobia, 37 false memory syndrome and, 89 Splitting, 157 suicide risk and, 211 SSRIs. SeeSelective serotonin reuptake suiciderisksinchildrenandadoles- inhibitors centsand,165 St. John’s wort, 115, 126 254 32311_INDX_Albrecht.qxd 11/8/06 9:01 AM Page 253 100 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS ABOUT BIPOLAR (MANIC-DEPRESSIVE) DISORDER Primary mania, in geriatric population, 185, QQ I n 186 d Quetiapine, 99, 127, 146 e Privacy, rights to, 202–205 side effects with, 102t,138 x Projection, 85 weight gain and, 141 Prophylaxis, 194 Prozac, 139, 143 RR “Pseudoneurotic schizophrenics,” 157 Psyche, 2 Race, bipolar disorder and, 61–62 Racing thoughts, 30, 163 Psychiatric Clinics of North America,48 manic episode and, 33 Psychiatric nurse specialists Rapid-cycling bipolar disorder, hypothy- credentials for, 54 roidism and, 190–191 treatment of bipolar disorder and, 52 Rapid cycling episodes, medication choice Psychiatrists and, 98 antidepressant treatment and, 126 Rapid cycling qualifier, 35 credentials for, 54–55 “Rational brain,” 7 educational path of, 27 Rational polypharmacy, 99 training levels for, 85 Rebound, 106, 107 treatment of bipolar disorder by, 52 Receptors, 16 Psychiatry Reckless activities, mania and, 43 off-label use in, 129–132 Recovery, 39 psychology vs.,25–27 cyclothymia and, 47–49 Psychoanalysis, 26 recurrence after, 208–210 Psychodynamic therapy, 82–83 Recurrence, 106, 107, 110, 111 Psychoeducation, 79, 86 after recovery, 208–210 Psychologists depressive, in bipolar disorder, 45 credentials for, 53–54 during post-partum period, 173 educational path of, 27 Recurrent suicidal behavior, 156 training levels for, 85 Reeve, Dana, 58 treatment of bipolar disorder and, 52 Re-experiencing phenomenon, with post- Psychology, psychiatry vs.,25–27 traumatic stress disorder, 154 Refractory depression, 210 Psychomotoragitation,manicepisodeand,33 Refractory mania, electroconvulsive therapy Psychomotor retardation, 34 and, 99 Psychopathology, 26 Relapse, 43 Psychopharmacologists, 126–127 Relative risk, 64 Psychopharmacology, changing chemistry Relaxation training, 86 and structure of brain and, 91 REM (dream) sleep, 188 Psychosis, steroid-induced, management of, Remeron (mirtazapine), adverse effects 193–194 with, 103t Psychosocial treatments, 78 Remission, 110 Psychotherapy, 26, 69, 82 Resistance, 82 bipolar disorder, chemical imbalance and Response, to medication, 48–49 helpfulness of, 90–92 Responserates,moodstabilizersand,119–121 changing chemistry and structure of Restraint usage, 199 brain and, 91 Rightsofrefusal,hospitalizationand,196–199 for children and adolescents, 166 Rights to privacy, 202–205 risks associated with, 87–90 Risk, concept of, 58 Psychotic depression, electroconvulsive Risperdal (risperidone), 127 therapy and, 113 side effects with, 101t,138, 139 Psychotropic medications, 21, 78 weight gain and, 141 adolescent treatment, and risks associated Risperidone, side effects with, 138, 139 with, 168–171 Ruminations, 155 253 32311_INDX_Albrecht.qxd 11/8/06 9:01 AM Page 252 100 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS ABOUT BIPOLAR (MANIC-DEPRESSIVE) DISORDER NYU Child Study Center website, on child Partial remission, 110 mental health, 223 Patient’s bill of rights, 199 Pauley, Jane, vii OO Paxil (paroxetine), 143 breastfeeding and, 177 Obesity weight gain and, 109 metabolic syndrome and, 140 Payment authorizations, 205 sleep apnea and, 188 PCOS. SeePolycystic ovary syndrome Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 37, 146, 149 PCP, 152 co-occurrence of, with bipolar disorder, Pediatric bipolar disorder, attention-deficit 210 hyperactivity disorder and, 160 therapy combined with medication in Pepcid, 142 treatment of, 149 Personality disorders, 10 Obstructive sleep apnea, 188 cutting behaviors and, 165 Off-label medications, 94, 129–132 Pharmacological intervention, 48 childhood bipolar disorder and, 169 Pharmacological treatment, 78 weight control strategies and, 142 PhD. SeeDoctorate degree Olanzapine, 44, 127, 142 Phenylalanine, 115 side effects with, 10t,138 Phenylpropanolamine, 182 weight gain and, 108, 141 Phobias, types of, 37 Olanzapine/fluoxetine, side effects with, 10t Physical abuse Omega-3-fatty acids, 115 suicide risk and, 211 Opiates suiciderisksinchildrenandadoles- delirium and/or psychosis in geriatric centsand,165 population and, 186 Physical restraint, 199 dependency on, 105, 106 Physicians, 3 A’s of, 216 Oppositional-defiant disorder, bipolar dis- Physiological activity, 17 order vs.,in children, 162 Physiological withdrawal, 106 OSA. SeeObstructive sleep apnea Placebos, 94, 102 Otolaryngologists, 189 Polycystic ovary syndrome Overgeneralization, 86 Depakote (valproate) and, 169, 171–172 Over-the-counter medications, 182–183 weight gain from Depakote (valproate) Oxcarbamazepine, 98, 142 and, 108 side effects with, 10t Polysomnography, 187–188 Pope, Harrison, vi PP Postpartum depression, 181 Pancreatitis, Depakote and, 137 Postpartum period Panic, symptoms associated with, 37–38 bipolar spectrum illness and, 60 Panic disorder, 37, 146, 148 recurrence and, 173 co-occurrence of, with bipolar disorder, Posttraumatic stress disorder, 37, 146, 149 210 active duty and, 154–155 therapy combined with medication in co-occurrence of, with bipolar disorder, treatment for, 149 210 Paranoia, borderline personality disorder Practitioner, choosing, 51–55 and, 157 Prednisone, 192, 193 Parasympathetic nervous system, 182 Pregnancy Parens patriae,involuntary commitment bipolardisordermedicationsand,173–175 and, 196–197 mood stabilizers and, 175–176 Paresthesias, 37 treatment for bipolar disorder and, Parkinson’s disease, 146 173–175 Paroxetine, 143 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, 181 breastfeeding and, 177 Pressured speech, 45 weight gain and, 109 Prevalence, of bipolar disorder, 18 252 32311_INDX_Albrecht.qxd 11/8/06 9:01 AM Page 251 100 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS ABOUT BIPOLAR (MANIC-DEPRESSIVE) DISORDER Memories, long-term, 5 MRI. SeeMagnetic resonance imaging I n Menstrual irregularities, in women with MRSI. SeeMagnetic resonance spectro- d e bipolar disorder, 171–172 scopic imaging x Mentaldisorders,happy,productivefeel- MSW. SeeMaster’s of social work ingsand,41–43 Multiple sclerosis, bipolar disorder and, 184 Mental health specialists, choosing, 52 Mental hygiene laws, 133 NN Mental illness, 6 NAMI. SeeNational Alliance for the Men- defining, 7–9 tally Ill major, 9–12 Narrow therapeutic index, 145 political, legal, or economic definitions National Adolescent Suicide Hotline, 223 of, 11 NationalAlliancefortheMentallyIll, popular terminology related to, 10 217,218,222 specific operational criteria about, 12 Mental status, 32 National Association of Cognitive-Behav- Metabolic syndrome ioral Therapists website, 224 atypical antipsychotic medications and, National Association of Social Workers 108–109, 138 website, 224 description of, 140–141 National Drug and Alcohol Treatment mood stabilizers and, 141–142 Hotline, 223 Metabolize, 125 NationalInstituteofMentalHealth,18,222 Metformin, 142 National Mental Health Association, 222 Middle insomnia, 187 National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, 223 Mirtazapine, 123 National Youth Crisis Hotline, 223 adverse effects with, 103t Natural philosophy, 25 Mixed sleep apnea, 188 Nefazodone, 123 Monoamine oxidase, 130 adverse effects with, 103t Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, 168, 228t Negative thinking, 84 alcohol and, 134 Neural tube defects Mood disorders, 18, 20 Depakote (valproate) and, 174 alcohol use and, 150–151 Equetro and, 174 hormonal levels and, 181 Neuroanatomy, 5 tardive dyskinesia and, 143 Neurological disorders, secondary mania writers and, 72 and, 186 Mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms, 62 Neurological studies, 4 Mood stabilization, antidepressants and, Neuronal plasticity, 6 180–181 Neurons, brain, 14, 14 Mood stabilizers, 23, 78, 92, 93, 94, 98, 111 Neurontin (gabapentin), 94, 95 alcohol consumption and, 133–135 side effects with, 101t with antidepressants, 127–129 Neurophysiology, 5 children and adolescents and side effects Neurosyphilis, mania and, 184 related to, 169 Neurotransmitters, 15, 16, 21 metabolic syndrome and, 141–142 NIMH. SeeNational Institute of Mental pregnancy and, 175–176 Health reasons for prescribing, 145–146 Noncompliance, 214–218 response rate to, 119–121 reasons for, 215t for various conditions, 146t Noradrenalin, 182 Mood swings, 17 Norepinephrine, 21, 22, 23, 39, 183 depression and, 45–46 Nortriptyline, breastfeeding and, 177 substance abuse and, 152–153 NTI. SeeNarrow therapeutic index Morbidity, 17 Numbing process, with posttraumatic stress Mortality, 17 disorder, 154, 155 Motor cortex, 15 Nutrition, 69, 108 251 32311_INDX_Albrecht.qxd 11/8/06 9:01 AM Page 250 100 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS ABOUT BIPOLAR (MANIC-DEPRESSIVE) DISORDER Kindling, 66, 180 Major depressive disorder, 42, 45 Klonopin, 149 Majordepressiveepisode,definitionof,33–34 Kraeplin, Emil, 71 Males, sleep apnea in, 187 Kramer, Peter, 72 Malignant hypertension, 134 Mania, 17, 25, 32, 45 LL antidepressant medication and, 67–68 anxiety vs.,38–39 Laboratory testing, as part of screening, 183 in children, 162–163 Lamictal(lamotrigine),44–45,93,99, in geriatric population, 185–186 142,181,209 hyperthyroidism and, 189–190 pregnancy and, 174 impulse control and, 212 side effects with, 101t medical causes of, 183–184, 184t weight gain and, 109 medications to avoid, if diagnosed with, Lanacort, 193 179 Learning disabilities, depressive and manic recognizing early signs of, 69 episodes comorbid with, 167 recurrence of, after recovery, 208–210 Legal needs, of child, evaluation process secondary, 184, 185, 186 and, 167 signs and symptoms of, 30 Lessard, Alberta, 196 sleep deprivation and, 24 Lessard vs.Schmidt,196 steroid-induced,managementof,193–194 Lethargy, 65 switching from depression into, 180 Leucopenia, 137 Manic-depressive disorder, 16. See also Liability, Tarasoff case and, 197 Bipolar disorder Limbic system, 6 Manic episode Linehan, Marsha, 159 definition of, 33 Lipinsky, Joseph, vi medication choice and, 98 Lithium, 24, 44, 81, 98, 128, 181, 209 Manic patients with psychotic features, blood monitoring and, 36 medication choice and, 98 breastfeeding and, 178 Manicsyndromes,geneticriskfactorsand,63 hypothyroid function and, 191 Marijuana, 152 pregnancy and, 173–174 Master’s of social work, 52, 53 reduced suicidality and, 181 McCormack, Leslie risk factors with, 135–136 biography of, x side effects with, 10t comments by, 18, 20, 32, 36, 50–51, study of, in children, 169 69–70, 74, 75, 90, 99–100, 108, weight gain and, 108, 141 122–123, 129, 206 Lithium carbonate, 93 Medical conditions, as cause of mania or Lithobid, 145 depression, 183–184 Long-term memories, 5 Medical necessity, 205 Luvox(fluvoxamine),breastfeedingand,177 Medication Lyme disease, mania and, 184 addiction issues and, 104–108 compliance with, 73 MM concernswithlong-termdangers Magnesium, 115 relatedto,135–139 Magnetic resonance imaging, 23 fears of zombie-like appearance while on, Magneticresonancespectroscopicimaging,23 121–123 Ma Huang, bipolar disorder and potential length of treatment with, 110–111 adverse effects from, 117t rights of refusal and, 199–202 Maintenance treatment, goals of, in bipolar therapycombinedwith,111–112,118–119 disorder, 210 Meditation, 69 Major depression, 181 Melatonin, bipolar disorder and potential bipolar depression vs.,43–45 adverse effects from, 117t inyouth,andmania/bipolardisorder,163 Mellaril (thioridazine), SSRIs and, 125 250 32311_INDX_Albrecht.qxd 11/8/06 9:01 AM Page 249 100 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS ABOUT BIPOLAR (MANIC-DEPRESSIVE) DISORDER Geriatric population, bipolar disorder and, Hydrocortisone, 192 I n 185–186 Hyperarousal, with posttraumatic stress dis- d e Geriatric psychiatrists, 127 order, 154, 155 x Gingko biloba, bipolar disorder and poten- Hypersexuality, 163 tial adverse effects from, 117t Hypersomnia, 34 Ginseng, bipolar disorder and potential Hyperthyroidism, mania and, 189–190 adverse effects from, 117t Hypomania, 30, 32, 45, 124–125 Glutamate, 21, 66 family members with, 74–76 Graded exposure, 87 Hypomanic episodes, 33 Grandiosity, 163 Hypopnea, 187 manic episode and, 33 Hypothyroidism Grave disability, 196 depression and, 189, 190 Gray matter, in brain, 14 lithium and, 136 Group therapy, for children and adoles- cents, 166 II Guilt, in family members, suicide and, Illness, boundaries between disease and, 7 213–214 Imitrex (sibutramine), SSRIs and, 125 Guns, access to, teen suicide and, 164 Impulse control, mania and, 212 Impulsive aggression, vii HH Impulsivity, borderline personality disorder Haldol (haloperidol), 145 and, 156 pregnancy and, 175 Indoleamines, 21 Half-life, 177 Infants Hallucinations, 98 lithium-exposed, 173–174 Hallucinogens, 106, 183 untreated maternal depression and mania and avoidance of, 179 reduced weight gain in, 178–179 HDL. SeeHigh-density lipoprotein level Informed consent, 199–200 Healing, 8 Insanity, court determination of, 11 Health Insurance Portability and Account- Insight-oriented therapy, 78 ability Act, 202, 203, 204 Insomnia, 31, 38 Hemingway, Ernest, 71 anxiety vs.mania and, 38–39 Hepatitis, Depakote and, 137 bipolar disorder and, 187 Herbal remedies, 114, 115, 179 Interpersonal social rhythm therapy, 79, mood disorders and avoidance of, 183 83–84 Heroin, 105, 152 Interpersonal therapy, 79, 83, 112 High-density lipoprotein level, 140 for children and adolescents, 166 HIPAA. SeeHealth Insurance Portability Involuntary commitment to psychiatric hos- and Accountability Act pital, history behind, 196–198 Hispanics, 62 IPSRT. SeeInterpersonal social rhythm HIV, mania and, 184 therapy Homeostasis, 24 Irritability, antidepressants and, 46–47 Hopelessness, suicidal thinking and, 31 Hormonal levels, mood disorders and, 181 JJ Hormones, 21 Jamison, Kay Redfield, 72 Hospitalization, 79 Jet lag, mood disorders and, 187 indications for, 132–133 of manic children, 164 KK for manic individuals, 78–79, 81 noncompliance and, 216 Kaufman, Andy, 58 rights of refusal and, 196–199 Kava kava, bipolar disorder and potential Hospital psychiatry departments, 55 adverse effects from, 117t human-nature.com, 224 Kernberg, Otto, 157 249 32311_INDX_Albrecht.qxd 11/8/06 9:01 AM Page 248 100 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS ABOUT BIPOLAR (MANIC-DEPRESSIVE) DISORDER Electroencephalography, 188 FDA. SeeFood and Drug Administration Emotional states, brain and, 4–7 Feelings, thoughts distinguished from, 3–4 Emotions Female adolescents, Depakote (valproate) defining and reason for, 2–3 and, 169–170 thoughts distinguished from, 3–4 Females,sleepapneain,187.SeealsoWomen Employee assistance programs, 55 Fetal malformations, bipolar disorder med- Employers, treatment information and, ications and, 173–175, 176 207–208 “Fight or flight” response, 6, 7 Endocrine disorders, 184 steroids and, 181–182, 192 Endocrine glands, 181 First-degree relatives, 59, 63 Environment, changing chemistry and Flight of ideas, 163 structure of brain and, 91 manic episode and, 33 Environmental effects, 64 Flonase, 192 Environmental inputs, 4, 5 Flooding, 87 Enzymes, 16 “Floppy baby syndrome,” 174 Ephedra, 182 Fluoxetine, 44, 143, 146, 169 bipolar disorder and potential adverse breastfeeding and, 177 effects from, 117t weight loss and, 109 Epilepsy Fluvoxamine, breastfeeding and, 177 bipolar disorder and, 64–66 Folic acids, 115 polycystic ovary syndrome in women Food and Drug Administration, 94, 95, 222 with, 171 bipolar disorder medications approved Epinephrine, 181, 182 by, 99t Equetro (carbamazepine), 40, 81, 98, 127, breastfeeding information and, 176 145, 172 off-label medications and, 129–132 breastfeeding and, 178 SSRIs,adolescenceandsuicidality pregnancy and, 174 studiesby,170 risk factors and, 137–138 Free association, 26, 82 Eskalith, 145 Freud, Sigmund, 26, 65, 82 Estrogen, 181 Friends, sharing information about bipolar Ethnicity, bipolar disorder and, 61–62 disorder with, 49–51 Evaluations, 78 Full remission, 110 for children and adolescents, 165–166 Functional impairment, 17 Exercise, 69 benefits with, 118 mood and, 116 GG weight management and, 108, 109, 142 GABA. SeeGamma-aminobutyric acid Extrapyramidal effects, 139 GABA/glutamate neurotransmitter, 66 Gabapentin, 40, 94 FF side effects with, 10t False memory syndrome, 89 Gabitril (tiagabine), side effects with, 101t Families for Depression Awareness, 222 Gamma-aminobutyric acid, 22, 24, 39, 149 Family, bipolar disorder and sharing infor- Gender, bipolar I and, 59 mation about, 49–51 Generalized anxiety disorder, 37, 146, 148 Family history co-occurrence of, with bipolar disorder, bipolar disorder in, 59–60 210 risk for bipolar disorder and, 67 Generic medications, 95 Family members trade name medications vs.,143–145 helpingthosewithbipolardisorder,73–74 Genes, 5 with hypomania, 74–76 Geodon (ziprasidone), 108, 142 treatment and involvement of, 205–206 side effects with, 102t,138 Family therapy, 79 weight gain and, 141 248