Book of Abstracts st 1 World Congress of Agroforestry Working Together for Sustainable Land Use Systems 27 June − 2 July 2004 Orlando, Florida, USA Congress website: conference.ifas.ufl.edu/wca/ 1st World Congress of Agroforestry FOREWORD This Book contains the abstracts of papers that were selected for presentation at the 1st World Congress of Agroforestry (WCA), 2004. Except for the abstracts of 29 invited presentations for seven symposia included in the beginning of the book, all were voluntary submissions for oral or poster sessions. In preparation for the Congress, we solicited potential participants to submit abstracts for presentation during oral and poster sessions. The response vastly exceeded our expectations: we received more than 800 voluntary submissions from all over the world. The abstracts were sent to the respective WCA session organizers for their scrutiny and decision on their acceptability for oral or poster presentations. Although the session organizers were requested to be as accommodative as possible in making their decisions, quite a few abstracts had to be rejected as they were deemed unrelated to agroforestry even by the broadest definition of the term. The authors were then given the opportunity to submit revised and updated abstracts. The final selected abstracts were then edited for uniformity in length (maximum 250 words), presentation format, and language. Because of the volume of work that had to be accomplished within a tight time schedule, the edited versions could not be sent back to the authors for their approval; we request the authors’ understanding and forbearance for this. At the time of sending this to the press, some authors’ attendance in the Congress and presentation of their work are still uncertain because of financial and administrative reasons. Nevertheless, all abstracts processed as above are included in this book with the authors’ approval. Undoubtedly, this Book of Abstracts represents the current state of information and knowledge in agroforestry worldwide. Several of these presentations will be developed as full-length journal articles for the special issues of thematic journals that will feature Congress presentations (at the time of this writing, arrangements have been confirmed for special issues of seven scientific journals). But, for the majority of the abstracts that may not be published as professional and academic publications, this Book of Abstracts will remain the only source of reference. Thus, we believe that this book will be a valuable resource for future use. The book will also be made available to Congress participants as a CD, and the abstracts will be posted on the Congress Web-site (http://conference.ifas.ufl.edu/wca), and retained for several months after the Congress. Compiling this Book of Abstracts involved the efforts of a number of individuals. I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my colleague Dr. Samuel Allen of the Center for Subtropical Agroforestry (CSTAF), University of Florida (UF), who edited the final abstracts for technical language, length, content and style. Other CSTAF colleagues, notably Dr. Michael Bannister and Ms. Julie Clingerman, provided considerable support and assistance to Dr. Allen in accomplishing this task. Special thanks are due to the Congress Coordinator, Ms. Mandy Stage, who with the assistance of Ms. Tracy Nininger and others at the UF Office of Conferences and Institutes, has handled effectively and tirelessly the myriad of logistics and communication associated with the development of this Book, including the final proofing and printing. Finally, I sincerely thank all the authors and session organizers, without whose cooperation and timely inputs this publication would not have been possible. P. K. Ramachandran Nair Distinguished Professor of Agroforestry, University of Florida Chair, Global Organizing Committee for the 1st World Congress of Agroforestry, 2004 Gainesville, Florida, USA April 2004 ii 27 June − 2 July 2004 • Orlando, Florida, USA PREFACE This Book of Abstracts represents the collective endeavor of hundreds of researchers, extensionists, landowners, students and others interested in agroforestry around the world. We trust that it will be useful as a source for the state-of-knowledge and practice of agroforestry. The Congress program consists of eight symposia (with invited contributions) and 32 sessions (with voluntary presentations). Each session and symposium has four oral presentations (except for the symposium on “Public/Private Partnership in Agroforestry,” which is a panel discussion with no formal presentation planned). Therefore, the arrangement of this Book is as follows: Symposia abstracts (29) are arranged alphabetically by the first author’s last name in the following topic categories: I. Agroforestry and Food Security II. Biodiversity III. Carbon Sequestration IV. Ecological Basis of North American Agroforestry V. Technology Transfer VI. Trees and Markets VII. Water Issues Additionally, the 717 voluntary abstracts of oral and poster presentations at the 32 sessions are arranged alphabetically by the first author’s last name within each of the following six broad groups: I. Adoption, Food Security and Poverty Alleviation (Includes topics related to sessions on: Agroforestry Adoption (Tropical and Temperate), Agroforestry and Food Security, Agroforestry for Health and Nutrition (AIDS/HIV), and Poverty Alleviation and Sustainability) II. Biodiversity, Ecoagriculture and Homegardens (Includes topics related to sessions on: Biodiversity, Ecoagriculture, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Agroforestry, and Tropical Homegardens) III. Biophysical Aspects (Includes topics related to sessions on: Biophysical Interactions, Carbon Sequestration and Landscape Ecology in Western Europe, Carbon Sequestration and Environmental Benefits, Decision Support Tools, Environmental Amelioration, and Climate Change) IV. Economic and Social Aspects (Includes topics related to sessions on: Economic Analysis, Land Tenure and Gender Issues, Local Agroforestry Knowledge in Global Context, Policy and Institutions, Scaling up of Agroforestry Benefits, and Mechanization) V. Semiarid Regions, Soil Fertility and Agroforestry Education (Includes topics related to sessions on: Agroforestry in Semiarid Regions, Land Owners’ Session, Small Farm Soil Fertility Management Strategies, and Agroforestry Education) iii 1st World Congress of Agroforestry VI. Tree Domestication and Management (Includes topics related to sessions on: Managing Genetic Diversity, Short-rotation Woody Crops, Phytoremediation, Tree and Component Management, Tree Domestication, and Trees in Fragmented Landscapes) As mentioned in the Foreword, the authors’ original abstracts were edited for uniformity in format, 250- word limit, spelling, scientific nomenclature, and overall readability. Making these modifications, and that too without having the opportunity of discussing them with the authors (for reasons of time constraints) has been a difficult and at times painful task. In doing so, I have tried to retain the technical content and ensure readability of each abstract as much as possible; for any inadvertent deletions or other deficiencies in this process, I beg the understanding and forbearance of the authors. In spite of the above difficulties, I have enjoyed the task and gained considerable insight into the current state of agroforestry in the world. I thank Professor Nair, the Congress Chair, for entrusting me with this task; and Dr. Michael Bannister and Ms. Julie Clingerman of CSTAF and Ms. Mandy Stage, the Congress Coordinator, for their constant assistance and support in fulfilling this task. Samuel C. Allen, Ph.D. Center for Subtropical Agroforestry University of Florida Gainesville, Florida, USA April 2004 iv 27 June − 2 July 2004 • Orlando, Florida, USA CONGRESS COMMITTEES Global Organizing Committee Chair P. K. Nair, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA Co-Chairs Dennis Garrity, World Agroforestry Centre/ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya Gregory Ruark, USDA-FS, National Agroforestry Center, Lincoln, NE, USA Howard-Yana Shapiro, Mars, Incorporated, Hackettstown, NJ, USA Members Michael Bannister, University of Florida/ IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA Catalino Blanche, USDA-CSREES, Washington, DC, USA Craig Elevitch, Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, HI, USA Pedro Ferreira, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica H. E.“Gene” Garrett, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA Andrew Gordon, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada Russell Haines, RIRD Corp., Kingston, ACT, Australia Reinhard Hüttl, Technical University of Cottbus, Cottbus, Germany James Lassoie, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Bjorn Lundgren, International Consultant, Stockholm, Sweden Felipe Manteiga, IICA, Washington, DC, USA Eric Rosenquist, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA Syaka Sadio, FAO of the United Nations, Rome, Italy Panjab Singh, ICAR, New Delhi, India Wayne Smith, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA Neal Van Alfen, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA Hiroyuki Watanabe, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Symposia Organizers Agroforestry and Food Security - Syaka Sadio, FAO of the United Nations, Rome, Italy Biodiversity - Jeff McNeely, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland; Goetz Schroth, CIFOR, Alter do Chao Santarem, Brazil Carbon Sequestration - Florencia Montagnini, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Ecological Basis of North American Agroforestry - Andrew Gordon, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario, Canada Public/Private partnership in Agroforestry Research and Development - Eric Rosenquist, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA and Howard-Yana Shapiro, Mars, Incorporated, Hackettstown, NJ, USA Technology Transfer - Michael Gold, Missouri Agroforestry Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Trees and Markets - Diane Russell, World Agroforestry Centre/ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya Water Issues - Greg Ruark, National Agroforestry Center, USDA-FS, Lincoln, NE, USA v 1st World Congress of Agroforestry Session Organizers Agroforestry Adoption - Evan Mercer, USDA Forest Service, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA Agroforestry and Food Security - Michael Bannister, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA Agroforestry, Carbon Sequestration, and Landscape Ecology in Western Europe - Reinhard Huettl, Technical University of Cottbus, Cottbus, Germany Agroforestry Education - August Temu, World Agroforestry Centre/ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya; Michael Jacobson, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA Agroforestry for Health and Nutrition (AIDS/HIV) - Brent Swallow, World Agroforestry Centre/ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya, Christine Holding Anyonge, Forest Policy and Institutions Service (FONP), Forest Department, FAO, Rome, Italy Agroforestry in Semiarid Regions - Amadou Niang, World Agroforestry Centre/ICRAF, Bamako, Mali Biodiversity - Goetz Schroth, CIFOR, Alter do Chao Santarem, Brazil; Jeff McNeely, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Biophysical Interactions - Shibu Jose, University of Florida/IFAS, Milton, FL, USA Carbon Sequestration and Environmental Benefits - Louis Verchot and Brent Swallow, World Agroforestry Centre/ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya Climate Change - Louis Verchot, World Agroforestry Centre/ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya Decision Support Tools - Eddie Ellis, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA Ecoagriculture - Sara Scherr, Forest Trends, Washington, DC USA Economic Analysis - Janaki Alavalapati, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA Environmental Amelioration - Vimala Nair, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA Land Owners’ Session - Craig Elevitch, Agroforestry Net, Inc. Holualoa, HI, USA; Michael Bannister, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA Land Tenure and Gender Issues - Frank Place, World Agroforestry Centre/ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya Local Agroforestry Knowledge in Global Context - Fergus Sinclair, University of Wales, Bangor, UK; Laxman Joshi, World Agroforestry Centre/ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya Managing Genetic Diversity - Kwesi Atta-Krah, IPGRI, Nairobi, Kenya; Frank Place, World Agroforestry Centre/ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya Mechanization in Agroforestry - Manfred Denich, Center for Development Research, University Bonn, Bonn, Germany Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Manuel Palada, University Virgin Islands, Kingshill, St Croix, US Virgin Islands, USA Policy and Institutions - Oghenekome Onokpise, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA Poverty Alleviation and Sustainability - Gerald Murray, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA Scaling up of Agroforestry Benefits - Steven Franzel, World Agroforestry Centre/ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya Short Rotation Woody Crops, Phytoremediation - Donald Rockwood, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA Small Farm Soil Fertility Management Strategies - Bashir Jama, World Agroforestry Centre/ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya Tree and Component Management - Bruce Wight, USDA- National Agroforestry Center, Lincoln, NE, USA; Samuel Allen, University of Florida//IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA Tree Domestication - Roger Leakey, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia Trees in Fragmented Landscapes - Fergus Sinclair, University of Wales, Bangor, UK; Celia Harvey, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica Tropical Homegardens - B. Mohan Kumar, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, India vi 27 June − 2 July 2004 • Orlando, Florida, USA Local Organizing Committee University of Florida/IFAS • Janaki Alavalapati • Vimala Nair • Shibu Jose • Mandy Stage • Alan Long • Sarah Workman Pre-Congress Workshop Organizer • Shibu Jose, University of Florida/IFAS, Milton, FL, USA Pre-Congress Field Tour Organizer • Julie Rhoads, University of Missouri Center for Agroforestry, Columbia, MO, USA Wednesday Field Trip Organizers • Alan Long, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA • Don Rockwood, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA • Sarah Workman and Michael Bannister, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA vii 1st World Congress of Agroforestry We gratefully acknowledge the support, involvement and interest of the following organizations • Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration (PFRA), Shelterbelt Centre • Agroforestry Net, Inc., Hawaii • Association for Temperate Agroforestry (AFTA), USA • Canadian Forest Service (CFS), Canada • Center for Development Research (ZEF Bonn), University of Bonn, Germany • Center for Subtropical Agroforestry, SFRC, IFAS, University of Florida • Conservation International (CI) • FAO Forestry Department, Rome, Italy • Federal Ministry of Research and Education, Germany • Ford Foundation • Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida • Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) • MARS Incorporated • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), USA • Office of the Vice President for Research and Graduate Education, University of Florida • Rural Industries Research & Development Corporation (RIRDC), The Joint Venture Agroforestry Program – (JVAP) –Australia • School of Forest Resources and Conservation (SFRC), IFAS, University of Florida • Technical University of Cottbus, Germany • United States Agency for International Development (USAID) • United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS) • University of Missouri Center for Agroforestry (UMCA) • USDA Cooperative State Research, Education, & Extension Service (CSREES) • USDA Forest Service, International Programs (IP) • USDA Forest Service - Rocky Mountain Research Station (RMRS) • USDA National Agroforestry Center (NAC) • USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) • World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) viii 27 June − 2 July 2004 • Orlando, Florida, USA Table of Contents Symposia Abstracts I. AF and Food Security Agroforestry for Improved Livelihoods and Food Security for Diverse Smallholders in Latin America and the Carribean - Peter E. Hildebrand and Marianne Schmink, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA...................................5 Agroforestry for Asian Food Security - B. Mohan Kumar, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala, India; Muhammed G. Miah, BSMR Agricultural University, Saina, Ghazipur, Bangladesh.............................................................................................................................................5 Agroforestry & Food Security: Challenges in the Developing Countries – D. Mead, FAO of the United Nations, Golden Bay, New Zealand; S. Sadio, FAO of the United Nations, Rome, Italy..........................6 Agroforestry & Food Security in Africa - S. Sadio, FAO of the United Nations, Rome, Italy; J. C. Dagar, FAO of the United Nations......................................................................................................6 II. Biodiversity Agroforestry and Biodiversity Corridors - Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca1,2 and Claude Gascon1, 1 Conservation International, Washington, DC, USA, 2 Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil........................................................................................9 The Contribution of Shifting Cultivation Landscapes to the Conservation of Tropical Biodiversity: A Forest Ecologist’s Viewpoint - Bryan Finegan,Tropical Agricultural Centre for Research and Higher Education (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica; Robert Nasi, Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia............................................................................................................9 Fitting the Pieces Together: The Role of Agroforestry Systems in Conserving Biodiversity in Modified Forest Landscapes - Stewart Maginnis, Ed Barrow and Bob Fisher, IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland...................................................................10 Tree Biodiversity, Land Dynamics and Farmers’ Strategies in Southwestern Burkina Faso - Emmanuel Torquebiau and Xavier Augusseau, CIRAD TERA, Montpellier, France; Paul Nikiéma, INERA, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.........................................................................................10 III. Carbon Sequestration Carbon Sequestration in Tropical Agroforestry Systems: Opportunities and Trade-offs Alain Albrecht1, Patrick Mutuo2, Serigne Kandji1, Georg Cadisch2, Cheryl Palm3, Tom Tomich1, Frank Place1, Meine van Noordjwik4 and Louis Verchot1, 1 ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya, 2 Imperial College at Wye, Wye, UK, 3 University of Columbia, New York, USA, 4 ICRAF, Bogor, Indonesia ....................13 Agroforestry Systems and Carbon Sequestration: Potential and Perspectives Markku Kanninen, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Indonesia............................................13 Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration in Tropical Forest Ecosystems - R. Lal, Carbon Management and Sequestration Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA......................................14 Carbon Sequestration: An Underexploited Environmental Benefit of Agroforestry Systems – Florencia Montagnini, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; P. K. R. Nair, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA..........................................................................................................................14 Symposia ix 1st World Congress of Agroforestry IV. Ecological Basis of North American Agroforestry Some Ecological Aspects of Intercropping and Silvopastoral Systems in North America - Andrew M. Gordon and Naresh V. Thevathasan, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada...................................................................................................17 An Ecological Approach to the Study, Development and Implementation of North American Agroforestry Systems - J. P. (Hamish) Kimmins, Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada...................................................................................17 Ecological Design, Development and Function of Shelterbelt Systems in North America – Carl W. Mize, Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA; James R. Brandle, School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA......................................................................................................................................18 Ecological Processes in Integrated Riparian Management Systems in North America Maren Oelbermann, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Andrew M. Gordon, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada..............................18 V. Technology Transfer The Role of National and State Policy in the Adoption of U.S. Agroforestry H. E. “Gene” Garrett, University of Missouri, and UM Center for Agroforestry, Columbia, Missouri, USA................21 Linking Agroforestry Research with Technology Transfer, Science with Practice Michael A. Gold, University of Missouri, and UM Center for Agroforestry, Columbia, Missouri, USA.......................21 Engaging Landowners and Producers to Transfer Agroforestry Technologies in the Midwestern United States - Scott J. Josiah, State Extension Forester, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA....................................................................................................................................22 Subsidies: The Sacred Cow of Agroforestry Extension? - Rowan Reid, Institute of Land and Food Resources, University of Melbourne, Australia........................................................................................22 Agroforestry in BC: Technology Transfer for Development of an Emerging Industry Lisa M. Zabek, Richard D. Hallman and E. L. “Ted” Moore, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries, BC, Canada................................................................................................................23 VI. Trees and Markets Scaling Up the Impact of Agroforestry: Lessons from Three Sites in Africa and Asia S. Franzel, G. L. Denning and J. P. B. Lilisøe, ICRAF; A. Mercado, Queensland University and ICRAF.....27 Progress and Prospects for Strengthening the Tropical Tree Seed Sector - C. E. Harwood, Australian Tree Seed Centre (CSIRO); P. Sigaud, Food and Agriculture Association (FAO); J. P. B. Lilisøe and A.J. Simons, ICRAF.............................................................................................27 Mobilizing Markets for Agroforestry Products in Developing Countries - D. Russell and S. Franzel, ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya..........................................................................................................28 Tree Domestication and the Market - A. J. Simons, ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya; R. R. B. Leakey, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD Australia; Z. Tchoundjeu, F. Akinnifesi, J-M Boffa and J. Cornelius, ICRAF............................................................................................................................28 x Symposia