REMINISCENCES OF AN OCEANOGRAPHER Gordon Arthur Riley Dept of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Original format was a 161 pp. manuscript. Circa 1982-1983 PREFACE A good many of my younger friends have expressed curiosity about what oceanography was like in the days when I just entered the field and about some of the grand old men whom I knew in those days and who have since departed on that long cruise. Bob Fournier, in particular, has often urged me to jot down some of my reminiscences, and he more or less convinced me I should do so. Of course, my elders in the field were few in number in those days, and in most cases I didn't know them well enough to do more than describe my limited associations with them and my personal impressions. As time passed, there were obituaries by their peers, which were more informative than I could be. So this is mainly an account of my own career and my close associates, who initially were of my own generation, more or less. To be sure, some of them have become grand old men in their own right and some have departed. As time passed, there were younger associates coming in, and stories about the beginning of their careers may not be well known and may be of interest. An added impetus to this dredging up of old memories was the volume of selected reprints which Joe Wroblewski organized and edited together with essays by other friends who discussed my work and their associations with me. [Selected Works of Gordon A. Riley. Wroblewski, J.S. (ed.) With introductory essays by G.E. Hutchinson, E.L. Mills, R.O. Fournier, P.J. Wangersky, and closing remarks by E.S. Deevey, Jr., Dalhousie University Printing Centre, Halifax. 1982. 489 p.] I was complimented and deeply gratified by their efforts, and I felt that if other people were interested enough to welcome that kind of volume, perhaps I should add an informal supplement. Only about a third of my total scientific output had been included. A little about the purposes and results of the other papers would be in order, as well as the "human side" of the work -- the personal experiences along the way that are never included in a scientific publication but often are important in shaping the development of a particular paper and the general course of one's career. There was a little of that sort of thing in the essays that my friends wrote but much more could be added. Also the impression one gets from the essays is occasionally quite different from the way things seemed at the time. This is not a disagreement as to facts but rather a matter of perspective and personal reactions. For example, Eric Mills bracketed the period from 1938 to 1946 as a time when I made my best contributions to ecological theory. This is probably so, but heavens to Betsy, it was no triumphal march. I was doing what I wanted to do and was deeply interested in the results I was getting, but few other people were. 1 Evelyn Hutchinson and a few other relatively young scientists were strongly supportive, but virtually all of the older and well established men in both limnology and oceanography had no respect for the kinds of things I was doing and some were quite outspoken in their disapproval. I was frequently discouraged and resentful. I really did not feel I was building a secure reputation in the field until I was fortyish and a little over the hill and not doing such revolutionary things any more. I have never intended to write an autobiography, and this is not one. There is a lot of scientific discussion that will not be very interesting to anyone except fellow scientists and only a limited amount about family and other non-professional matters. To this small audience, I have been more frank in expressing my personal opinions -- perhaps prejudices -- than I would be if I were writing for the general public. The account is hampered a little by the fact that I have never kept a diary or journal or even a voluminous vitae. There are some events that I cannot date precisely, and probably there are some mistakes in chronology. Also, in some cases, I have deliberately violated strict chronology to give continuity to a series of related events that occurred over a period of several years. Where does one chop off something like this? Originally, I intended to terminate it at the time when I left Yale and came to Dalhousie. There was no reason to write about people and event here that everyone knows about. That is a job for some junior staff member somewhere way down the road. However, when I got to that point there were some things that seemed worth saying -- bits and pieces of history about the development of the department and some personal items that probably are not common knowledge. It is a bit like the proverbial snake that doesn't stop wiggling until sundown. I let it wiggle. Finally, I want to say that I have written this pretty much as I would write a letter to a friend, just sitting down and letting he thoughts flow, without much attempt to be either well organized or literary, but just informative. As I looked it over afterward, I thought of other reminiscences that might have been included, and I did add a few more here and there. They are like those bubbles that keep rising to the surface of an old swamp. So be it. This is enough to give a flavour of what it was like during those years. End preface, on with the rest of it. For a beginning, I suppose I should say something about the steps along the way toward an oceanographic career. Or should I call it a random walk? 2 I really didn't intend to become an oceanographer until I became one. In fact, most of my career decisions have been opportunistic, choosing what seemed at the moment to be the best option and neither looking back nor fully committing myself to the chosen option on a long-term basis. To be sure, a young man preparing for a career during the depression of the Thirties had to be somewhat opportunistic. Options were limited. Growing up as I did in the hill country of southern Missouri, I knew nothing about the ocean except what I read in books, and if I read anything about oceanography, I don't recall it. Sea stories --yes. That unknown world was intriguing, but I doubt that I ever thought it might be a significant part of my life. School was boring as hell and seriously interfered with my education. The elementary schools I went to were stiff and uncompromising. Each year there was a small pile of texts to be mastered-- no less and no more. Other books were forbidden. If time hung heavy on our hands-- well, my poorest grades were in something that was then known as deportment. Outside of school, I read voraciously-- literature, good and bad, and science, mainly. Natural history was a favourite subject when I was in elementary school but gave way to broader studies as I got older. In high school, my interests were about equally divided between literature and science. I was doing a lot of writing and toyed with the idea of a writing career. However, aside from the financial insecurity of that kind of life, I had developed enough critical faculties to know that my best efforts were poor by comparison with really good literature. The alternative option that I chose was to major in biology in college, although at that time, I was looking no higher than a bachelor's degree and a teaching job in high school. So on to Drury College, a small liberal arts college in my home town of Springfield, Missouri. James Cribbs was the biology professor. Roland Neil was the chemistry professor, each carrying the whole bloody department course load. I don't know how they did it. Of course I realized later that they didn't do it the way it is done in universities. It was pretty much standard stuff out of the textbooks. They couldn't keep up with the recent literature and bring things up to date every year. Still, I think they provided a pretty good general background. However, in that kind of situation, one poor teacher could wreck a whole department. I have no compliments for the dodo who was supposed to be teaching physics at that time. My parents were intelligent and liberal minded people but by no means affluent. They made some sacrifices to help provide a college education for my sister and me, luxuries they had been unable to afford for themselves. My sister Mildred, five years older than I, was out of college and teaching Latin in the local high school before I graduated. She, too, was generous. So with summer jobs and some help from the family, I was able 3 to pay tuition and other school expenses during the first two years, and of course I was saving money by living at home. The last two years, I was able to get teaching assistantships that took care of tuition. That was fortunate, for by that time, we were deeply into the depression, and I was unable to get any summer jobs. The beginning of the third year was another moment of decision. If I was going to be a high school teacher, I would have to take some education courses, which were reputed to be a complete waste of time, and this would be at the expense of some science course that I wanted. The alternative was a gamble-- skip the education courses, take the science, and later apply for a scholarship or fellowship to go on to graduate school. I took the gamble. All the other biology majors were premedical students, and they tried to tempt me to go that way. There were no scholarships available for medical students in those days, and there was no way I could find that kind of money. I knew one student who had worked his way through med school with a part time hospital job, but I doubted I had the endurance to do that. Then during the summer after my third year, and again jobless, I did volunteer work at a local hospital as a lab technician and orderly, and that finished any lingering desire that I might have to become a doctor. The patients' pain was too painful to me for me to want to spend my life that way. So I went back to college and continued to stuff in all the science I could get-- every biology course in the curriculum, most of the chemistry, general geology and invertebrate paleontology, and one course each in math and physics. What little smattering of liberal education that I've had was in high school and off-the-job reading later. The time came in my senior year to apply for graduate work. I had decided to specialize in embryology and applied for admission and financial assistance at several universities where there were professors who could supervise that kind of work. Washington University came through with a scholarship for tuition and twenty dollars a month. Mind you, dollars went a lot further in those days. A generous sister gave me another ten dollars a month. That saw me through, and I ended the year only ten pounds lighter than when I started. Caswell Grave, head of the Biology Department at Washington University, was an elderly gentleman near retirement age who had done classical work on descriptive embryology of a number of invertebrates. He gave me some paraffin-mounted material of a series of stages of a particular Ascidian larva and asked me to work out the development of the sense organs-- light sensitive filaments and statocysts-- which appeared to be quite different from those of related species. I did. It was fun. There was only one hitch in an otherwise successful year. I flunked both of my mid-term tests the first semester. Big deal. Small town boy from itsy-bitsy cow college washes out as soon as he hits the big time. In a way, it was the fault of those Drury profs. Overworked as they were, they gave high marks for well organized answers that stated general principles in brief terms. University profs wanted that plus as many details as could be 4 crammed into an hour of mad scribbling. As soon as I got that straight, I began to pass exams. Dr. Grave felt that there was no future in descriptive embryo- logy any more and that I ought to get into experimental work. He helped me get a teaching assistantship at Yale to work with Ross Harrison, one of the top men in experimental embryology at that time. The assistantship, incidentally, paid tuition and sixty dollars a month. I could live on that without losing weight and even save enough money to take a trip home for a visit once or twice a year--on the bus, of course. Dr. Harrison was a busy man, head of the department and supervising six or eight graduate students who saw him only by appointment. In my preliminary interview on arrival, I thought he seemed cool and aloof and rather forbidding. He wasn't really that way, but only after several years had passed did I realize that he was basically kindly and friendly but was very shy. Anyway, he told me to read the literature and see if I could come up with a thesis proposal. So I read the literature and came up with no bright ideas at all. In fact, I got the impression that other people had run out of bright ideas, too. Earlier, experiments with limb or neural crest transplants in amphibian larvae had yielded interesting results, but now it seemed that they were trying all sorts of things, not with any particular problem in mind, but just to see what would happen. The season for experimental operations on amphibian eggs and larvae was of course a short one, only a few weeks in spring, and I realized that if I came up with a suitable problem, I probably wouldn't accomplish much unless I learned something about operating techniques. By way of practice, I went out and collected some hydra and planarians and tried to repeat some of the experiments that had been done on these animals to examine problems of regeneration and reversal of metabolic axes by grafting. I quickly discovered that my operating technique was lousy. I didn't enjoy the work and was unable to complete any grafting experiments successfully. The only enjoyable part of it was going collecting. I was floundering. Otherwise, I was having rather an exciting experience. This was my first time out of the midwest, and I was in a new and very different environment. I saw the ocean for the first time-- well, Long Island Sound, anyway. Those huge masses of igneous rock were very different from the limestone bluffs that I was used to. I saw trees and birds that I had only read about. People talked differently. Accustomed to the slowly articulated drawl of southern Missouri, I found some of the speech, particularly the foreign accents, difficult to understand. The first semester ended and the second began, and I still had nothing remotely resembling a thesis proposal. A lot of the courses were rather dull, too, things like vertebrate and invertebrate morphology, which simply were rehashes in more detail of things I had studied earlier. However, one course was a real departure. It was a one-semester course in limnology, taught by a young assistant professor named Evelyn Hutchinson. One lecture was enough to make me begin to sit up straight and bright-eyed and to struggle to assimilate every word of his 5 thick British accent. He was dynamic and obviously very bright, full of new ideas, and was dissecting the literature with keen and frequently witty comments. Within a week, I knew that limnology was where I wanted to be. Unsolved problems stuck up all over the place. One didn't have to search for some little unfilled chink. And being a naturally outdoorsy person, I welcomed the idea of a career in which field work would be a significant part of the effort. I didn't go to talk with him about it immediately. I was concerned about what Harrison's reaction might be if I changed supervisors, but after a month I could postpone it no longer. In that nice introductory essay to the volume of my selected works, Evelyn described his excitement about that meeting. It could hardly have equalled mine. In the course of a half hour, my future was channelled into a very different direction, and the floundering of the previous few months was ended. During the discussion, he asked about my chemical background. When he learned that I had an undergraduate minor in chemistry and was currently taking the medical school course in biochemistry, which of course included the use of colorimetric techniques, he immediately started promoting a thesis topic on the copper cycle in some Connecticut lakes. I really would have preferred a biological problem, but there was an appeal in doing something that no one had tried before. Evelyn undertook the job of making my apology to Harrison and also making sure that an oddball chemical thesis would be acceptable in a Zoology Department. That proved to be no problem. There were several methods in the literature for measuring copper. During the next month, I tested them all and chose the one that I thought was most suitable. Evelyn's essay tells about our preliminary exploration of Linsley Pond, but it doesn't tell all. We went out in an inflatable rubber boat that he had used a few years earlier in an expedition to some high-altitude lakes in northern India. We went out as soon as the lake was ice-free. The boat leaked. We managed to get a few samples and a rough idea of the morphometry of the lake and get back before the boat collapsed completely, but two very cold, wet tails emerged from the boat. Before we started our regular collecting program, we got a pretty little yacht tender, second hand and quite cheaply. We kept that at Linsley Pond. At the other two lakes, we were able to rent boats, only I well remember one time at Lake Quassapaug when all the boats were in use, and the only craft available was a canoe. I assured Evelyn that I knew how to paddle a canoe and that it was stable enough for our purpose. Little did I know. There came a moment when he leaned far out to one side, pointing into the water and saying, "I wonder what that is." I didn't know, I couldn't see it. I was desperately leaning out the other side to keep us from joining the unknown object in the water. I remember one other occasion that was really perilous. It was in early winter. The ice was new and thin and rubbery, too thick to use the boat and dangerous to walk on. It clearly 6 wasn't strong enough to support two people. Evelyn insisted on going out, and I was too chicken to volunteer doing it myself. But I suffer- ed, hoping he would not go through and wondering if I could somehow help him if he did. Generally speaking, the field work was pleasant, although standing around a hole in the ice in midwinter sometimes was bitterly cold. The best part of course was that Evelyn was collecting samples, too, so that most of the time we went together, and this was a rare opportunity for me to further my education in leisurely association with a man whom I have always regarded as having the keenest and best informed mind of any scientist I have known. We talked at length about the new papers that were coming out and about limnological problems in general. His course, fine though it was, was little more than an introduction to a new field that I had entered in complete ignorance. Ed Deevey and I, his first students, had the best of it in the old days when he could afford to be generous with his time. This was not true later, as departmental duties and the number of students multiplied. He became almost as hard to see as Harrison had been. Ed occasionally went with us, although his program was not directly connected with ours. He was studying pollen distribution in lake and bog cores. He had an able assistant on a good many of his field trips, a lively young lady named Georgiana Baxter, who started graduate school the same year we did. He apparently liked her. She later became Georgiana Deevey. Another member of our little group at that time was W. Thomas Edmondson. Tommy's mother had given him a toy microscope for Christmas. He looked at some samples of pond water, was entranced by the rotifers, and somehow found his way to Evelyn's office to get more information. And stayed there. Evelyn gave him a corner of his lab, a pile of literature, and the use of a good microscope. Tommy was publishing papers on rotifer systematics before he graduated from high school and went on from there to a distinguished limnological career. I'm sure he must have been the youngest charter member of the old Limnological Society of America. A few years ago, there was a gathering of the old dodos, as his wife Yvette called us, at one of the ASLO meetings, and Tommy was certainly the youngest looking and liveliest of the lot. There was one summer when Evelyn went on a visit to England, and Tommy helped me with field collections in the meantime. Evelyn left his decrepit old Buick with me for the trips to the lakes. It ran-- sort of. In fact, it tended not to stop running. There was so much carbon in the cylinders that when we arrived at the lake on a warm summer day, it went on dieseling as long as I would let it do so. I had to nudge it gently against a tree while it was still in gear to stop it. Evelyn lived in that magnificent, well-ordered mind, which was a good place for him to be, for he was surrounded by chaos. His clothes were shabby, his cars decrepit. Every surface in his office was piled high with books and papers, although he could instantly locate anything he wanted. His performance in the lab was a disaster, frequently accompanied by crashes of glassware and a fervent, "Oh blast!" Broad English--"Oh Blahst!"--his very worst swear word. One day, he came to my lab to borrow some Nessler tubes--those long test tubes with optically 7 ground glass on the bottom that were used in visual colorimetry. He stuck a half dozen in his jacket pocket. They went through a hole in his pocket and smashed on the floor. "Oh Blast!" Oscar Richards was another young professor in the department to whom I owe a considerable debt of gratitude. Basically, he was a kind person, but superficially, he had a rather abrasive personality and was disliked by a good many students. One of his departmental duties was supervision of graduate teaching assistants in the elementary biology labs, and he rode us pretty hard. He also taught graduate courses in growth and in statistics, which few students took. I took them and liked them. The abrasion vanished, and we became good friends. Some work that I did in the growth course expanded into a joint paper on the growth of amphibian larvae, and I also became interested in trying to apply statistics to limnological analyses. In the mid-Thirties, oceanography was a livelier and more progressive field than limnology, primitive as it may seem by modern standards. Evelyn and I were particularly interested in the work at the Plymouth Laboratory in England where a bright and innovative group of investigators had developed a variety of quantitative methods and had applied them to good effect in ecological analyses. One of the methods that appealed to me as a possibly useful tool in limnology was a plant pigment analysis developed by H.W. Harvey. It was ultra-simple, consisting merely of filtering the phytoplankton from a known volume of water, extracting the pigments with acetone, and measuring them against an arbitrary color standard. It was quick and easy and seemed likely to provide a better estimate of total phytoplankton than cell counts, though not entirely supplanting the need for the latter. I hoped to use this method later when I got into biological problems. Unfortunately, though, I found that it was not very satisfactory for freshwater plankton, which contained variable and often large amounts of carotenoids which, in those days of visual colorimetry, could easily mask the chlorophyll. I dug up an old method for chemical separation of carotenoids and chlorophyll and adapted it for phytoplankton purposes. This made the job a little more laborious, but it seemed to be worthwhile, and I submitted a short paper on the method for publication. In the third and last year of graduate work, I was finishing field work, doing some experiments on copper tolerance, and beginning to write the thesis. Of course, I was looking for job prospects, too, but they weren't plentiful or promising. There was an opening at the Iowa University field station on Lake Okeboje and another for work on Lake Tanganyika. I applied for both and didn't get either. I wasn't concerned about being jobless, for Evelyn wanted me to stay on for a postdoctoral year, but I would have preferred a more permanent job. In the meantime, Albert Parr invited me to join him for a brief oceanographic cruise in the spring. Parr was an ichthyologist and physical oceanographer, the latter I think largely self-taught. He was Director of the Bingham Oceanographic Laboratory, a small group attached to Yale's Peabody Museum, and he also taught a one-semester course in oceanography. I had taken that, of course. More often than not, he went cruising for several months in the late winter and spring in the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. That year, he was operating on the Woods Hole ship Atlantis, and the schedule called for two weeks' work off the mouth of the Mississippi 8 in March. He wanted me to do plant pigments and nutrient chemistry in an attempt to find out whether river outflow had a significant biological effect on Gulf waters. In order to do this, I had to finish my thesis-- the first draft-- a month before the due date and then go cruising while my poor committee picked it to pieces. That is confidential information, not to be used to needle students who drag their heels around thesis time. So on an evening in early March, I headed south. I recall standing on a street corner waiting for a bus to the railroad station. I was wearing a summer suit and a raincoat, suitable for where I was going, but hardly for New Haven, where a late winter snowstorm was swirling around me and flapping my trouser legs around my ankles. I shivered with the cold and perhaps a little with nervousness. I was excited by this venture into a new world that I knew so little about, but never having been to sea, I couldn't help wondering if I would be able to do a satisfactory job. I knew that Parr's two assistants on this cruise were frequently seasick and hated the whole thing. A day and a half later, I stepped off the train in Mobile, Alabama, into lovely spring weather. There was a wharf right across the tracks from the station, and there, unmistakably, was the Atlantis, a 140-foot ketch with towering masts, beautiful despite the need for a paint job after several months at sea. As I trudged onto the wharf with my bag, I passed a small group of interested onlookers. I heard one of them say, "I reckon she's a rich bastard's yacht. She ain't noways a fisherman." He would have been astonished, as indeed was the scientific world, at some of the fishes that came aboard, for Parr's particular interest was in those marvellous little midget-sized monsters that he dragged out of the deep sea. I walked aboard to a hearty greeting from Albert Parr, who was certainly not rich and probably wasn't a bastard, although I didn't enquire about that. Albert was a large and handsome Norwegian with that delight- fully liquid and lilting accent that Norwegians have. He had trained at Bergen as an ichthyologist and fisheries biologist with little physical oceanography thrown in. Opportunities for advancement there were limited. He came to America, landing almost penniless, and got a job in New York at the Aquarium on the Battery. This job, according to his account, amounted to little more than sweeping floors and feeding the fishes. However, somehow he happened to meet a wealthy yachtsman and sportsman named Harry Payne Bingham and persuaded Bingham to set up a program and collection of deep-sea fishes on his yacht, the Pawnee. The collection grew. Parr persuaded him to set up a foundation known as the Bingham Oceanographic Foundation, which supported a small lab, an appendage to the Peabody Museum, and publication of the scientific results. I don't know the details about all this, but the essential facts are a matter of record, and admittedly, Parr could be a super-salesman. A little later, Parr obtained the use of the Atlantis for winter cruises. At that time, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution was heavily booked for summer cruises by visiting investigators from universities but had few resident scientists and minimal need for the ship in winter. Parr conveniently stepped into the gap, and that brings us to where we were on that March morning in 1937. 9 The other two members of the scientific party were Yngve Olsen and Martin Burkenroad. Yngve, the son of Swedish immigrants who had settled in New Haven, had an undergraduate degree in biology and was Albert's assistant in the fish work. Although he was a competent man in the lab, he was often seasick and hated the winter cruises. He was greatly relieved when Albert later became Director of the museum and no longer had time for cruising. After all the fish collections had been worked up, Yngve turned to editorial work on the two lab publications-- the Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collections and the Journal of Marine Research. Martin was a native of New Orleans, of Spanish-Jewish descent. He shared Yngve's dislike of the sea, but the resemblance ended there. Yngve was an easy-going plodder. Martin was brilliant, erratic, and somewhat paranoid. He was sophisticated and could be a suave and charming companion when he chose to be, which was not by any means all the time. Although he had been kicked out of Tulane, short of getting his bachelor's degree, he had managed, on his own, to become a respected shrimp systematist. The Atlantis had quarters for six scientists, a small complement for a ship of that size by modern standards, but the oceanographic population was small in those days. At a later time, they managed to squeeze in a few extras by installing pipe berths. I shared the starboard cabin with Martin. There were two inboard bunks, one above the other, and there was an outboard one of intermediate height, with drawers beneath for clothes. There was also a tiny closet. Yngve warned me, with a bitter tone in his voice, to be careful how I hung my suit up. He had ruined a suit by hanging it flat against the thwartship wall of the closet. As the suit swung with the roll of the ship, holes had been worn in the back of each shoulder. Martin had the lower inboard bunk, where he claimed there was minimum of motion. Disregarding that, I took the outboard one. I wanted to be able to look out the porthole and see everything there was to be seen. The ship was due to sail the next day, and that evening Martin, Albert, and I went ashore to stretch our legs for the last time. There was no tour of the bars. Alabama at that time was bone dry, although I dare say the sailors managed to find some friendly purveyors of "white lightnin" as well as girls. If such were to had, they would find them. We strolled up the main street and had some strawberry shortcake at a hotel restaurant. After that, Martin and I walked on, while Albert returned to the ship. We found an oyster bar-- big, fat Gulf oysters, twenty-five cents a dozen. I stopped after a mere two dozen, quite unaware of what a bargain they were, compared with how much they would cost before I ended my oceanographic career. We walked on up into the residential area, and I don't remember much about it except that a lot of the houses had that pleasing old New Orleans style-- stone or stucco and balconies trimmed with delicate and ornate ironwork. We finished the evening with a spaghetti supper near the waterfront. Martin said he was making up for all the meals he had missed at sea. I had no such excuse, although I suppose my eating had been a little irregular during the last frantic 10