NOTE OF UNIT: II NATIONAL AND GLOBAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEMS Compiled by Dr. Narendrasinh B. Chauhan Professor and Head Department of Extension Education B.A.College of Agriculture, AAU, Anand Content 1. Instruction for the assignment to be submitted for this unit. 2. The present agricultural research systems of India.  The ICAR System  The Agricultural Universities System  Other Agencies  Linkages among the Sub-Systems  International Co-Operation 3. Global Agricultural Research System 4. International Agricultural Research Centres (15 centers supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) 5. Other International Centers 6. Site for International fellowship for scientific mobility. 7. Short Questions with answer INSTRUCTION FOR THE ASSIGNMENT TO BE SUBMITTED FOR THIS UNIT 1. 1. Followings are the questions for assignment to be answered and submitted to the course teacher in the handwritten form compulsorily on or before 15th April, 2012. 2. List of components of National Agricultural Research System 3. Write in detail on the following systems  The Agricultural Universities System  Other Agencies in research system  The ICAR System 4. Prepare a list of project directors working under ICAR system. 5. Prepare a list of SAUs of India with their head quarters. 6. List out National Bureaux working under ICAR system. 7. Enumerate Crop Science Institutes working under ICAR system. 8. List out Horticulture and Plantation Crops Institutes working under ICAR system. 9. List out Resource Management Institutes working under ICAR system. 10. Enumerate Technological Institutes working under ICAR system. 11. List out Animal Science Institutes working under ICAR system. 12. Enumerate Fisheries Institutes working under ICAR system. 13. List out Social Science Institutes working under ICAR system. 14. Write major avenues of international research collaboration. 15. Write short note on the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. 16. List out organizations working under the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research with their area of major research and headquarter. 17. Write short note on CIMMYT. 18. Write short note on Dr. Norman Borlaug. 19. Write in detail on ICRISAT. 20. Write short note on International Rice Research Institute. 2. At the end of this unit, objective types of questions with correct answers in multiple choice forms have been given for the semester end examinations. Students are informed to study them carefully. INTRODUCTION Agriculture continues to remain a major sector of the Indian economy. It contributes considerable per cent of GNP, provides 60 per cent of employment and continues to be the primary source of living for 70 per cent of the population. Technological progress in agriculture is, therefore, crucial for the overall economic development of the country.  The total geographical area of India is estimated at 328.8 million hectors.  The gross cropped area is about 180 m.ha, of which 35 m.ha are under double cropping.  Rice is the most important crop followed by wheat, pulses, oilseeds, sorghum, and maize. Cotton and sugarcane are the principal commercial crops.  India has one-half of the buffalo and one-sixth of the cattle population of the world.  India ranks first in goat  India ranks sixth in sheep population.  It has a vast potential of fishing resources comprising 2.02 m.sq.km of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ),  India has 7,517 km of coastline  29,000 km of rivers  1.7 m.ha of reservoirs,  0.902 m.ha of brackish water areas, and  0.753 m.ha of tanks and ponds The climatic setting is highly diverse, ranging from tropics in the south to warm, temperate subtropics in the north. The extreme east receives very high rainfall while, in the extreme west, the rainfall is very low and erratic. Nearly one-third of the country receives an annual rainfall of less than 75 cm. Two- thirds of the agriculture is rainfed and is prone to vagaries of monsoonal aberrations like drought. The arid zones occupy nearly 320,000 sq. km mainly in the States of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Haryana. In addition, a cold desert of 84,000 sq. km exists in cold regions like in Ladakh. Nearly one-sixth of the land area has serious limitations for crop production such as erosion, aridity, water logging, acidity, salinity, and alkalinity. It is estimated that nearly 80 m. ha of cultivated area require soil conservation measures. The problems of salinity and water logging have appeared within a few years of the introduction of irrigation. An estimated 7 m. ha of land are affected by salinity and alkalinity, the majority of which occur in the potentially fertile irrigated areas of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plains. India has an estimated 176 million hectors of surface water and 57 m. ha of ground water potential. As against an ecologically safe level of 30 per cent, only about 20 per cent of the land area is under forest cover. About 2 million people, mostly in the North- Eastern Hill Region, follow shifting cultivation involving 11 million hectors of land causing serious environmental degradation and ecological imbalance. Indiscriminate destruction of forests coupled with irrational use of soil and water resources have resulted in land degradation at an alarming rate of 1.5 m.ha every year. THE PRESENT AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEMS OF INDIA India has one of the largest agricultural research systems in the world with the largest number of scientific personnel of any developing country except China. The research system includes approximately 30,000 scientists and more than 100,000 supporting staff actively engaged in research related to agriculture. Although the total number of scientists engaged in agricultural research in India looks very impressive, it compares less favorably with many developed countries. The present agricultural research system comprises essentially two main streams, the ICAR at the national level and the Agricultural Universities at the State level. Besides, several other agencies such as General Universities, Scientific Organizations, and various Ministries/Departments at the Centre, as also Private or Voluntary Organizations participate directly or indirectly in research activities related to agriculture. NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEM 1. THE ICAR SYSTEM 2. THE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITIES SYSTEM 3. OTHER AGENCIES 4. LINKAGES AMONG THE SUB-SYSTEMS 5. INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION 1. THE ICAR SYSTEM The ICAR has the following major objectives: (i) to undertake, aid, promote and coordinate agricultural, animal husbandry and fisheries education, research, and its application; (ii) to act as a clearing house of research and general information relating to agricultural and veterinary matters; (iii) to maintain a research and reference library; (iv) to do other things considered necessary to attain the above objectives; and (v) to provide consultancy services in the fields of education, research and training in agriculture and allied sciences. Among the major scientific organizations in the country, ICAR is unique in having concurrent responsibility for both research and education. As an apex body at the national level, ICAR is mainly responsible for the promotion and coordination of agricultural research in the various branches of agricultural and allied sciences in the country. In addition to its promoting and coordinating roles, ICAR is also directly involved in undertaking research at the national level, basic as well as applied, on diverse problems facing production of crops, animals, fisheries, etc., with the objective of evolving new production technologies suited to different agro-climatic conditions. Just as the University Grants Commission (UGC) plays a major role for the general education in the country, ICAR plays a similar role in the area of agricultural education. The Charter of the ICAR also includes extension education, which is carried out through a network of projects and other mechanisms. Research Infrastructure of the ICAR Although agriculture is a State subject, ICAR has established many Central Research Institutions over the years to meet the agricultural research needs of the country. These are essentially meant for: (i) implementing research mandates extending beyond the administrative boundaries of the States; (ii) pursuing basic research not undertaken by most Agricultural Universities; (iii) evaluating research results through multi - locational testing; and (iv) developing manpower for Agricultural Universities and other agricultural institutions. A. Central Research Institutes: ICAR directly administers 49 research institutes in the areas of crop, animal and fishery sciences. They are: (a) Research Management Academy: National Academy of Agricultural Research Management (NAARM) originally started as Central Staff College for Agriculture, at Hyderabad provides research management training to the agricultural scientists in the country. In addition, it organizes seminars, conferences and workshops, both national and international, based upon the scientific studies and reviews undertaken on the management problems encountered in the research system. It publishes training materials and functions as a repository of information in the field of agricultural research and education management. Besides meeting national needs as a premier management institution, the Academy has now developed an institutional capability to act as a Regional Training Centre in this part of the World .(b) National Bureaux: In order to collect, conserve and initiate such measures as would lead to long-term productivity of basic resources like plants, animals, fish, soil, and water, ICAR has established four national bureaux. They are: 1. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) at New Delhi undertakes research and coordinates activities in germplasm collection; introduction and exchange of seeds and plant materials; and characterization, documentation, maintenance, and conservation of genetic resources for utilization in crop management. 2. National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning (NBSS&LUP) at Nagpur is engaged in the preparation of soil map of India; preparation of district level soil resource inventories; soil correlation and classification at national level; research in soil genesis and classification; imparting training in soil survey and mapping; soil taxonomy, land use planning, etc; and establishment of a soil data bank for use in agricultural research and extension. 3. National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR) at Karnal is engaged in the collection, maintenance and conservation of animal genetic resources for utilization in livestock improvement. 4. National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (NBFGR) at Lucknow is engaged in the collection, conservation and efficient utilization of fish genetic resources. (c) Crop Science Institutes: There are nine crop science institutes carrying out basic and applied research on specific crops and transferring the results thereof. They are: 1. Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) at New Delhi is the premier agricultural institution engaged in basic and applied research in crops, postgraduate education and training, extension education, and transfer of technology. It has a Deemed University status, and awards postgraduate degrees in various disciplines of crop science. 2. Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI) at Cuttack is engaged in basic and applied research in all disciplines of rice culture; in the generation of information for planning adaptive research; and serves as a centre of information on all matters concerning rice production, protection and conservation. 3. Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibers (CRIJAF) at Barrackpore is engaged in developing varieties of jute suitable for different jute growing areas; in developing appropriate crop management and crop protection technology including broad types of farm tools and implements for jute and allied fibers; and in the production of breeder and foundation seeds of jute. 4. Central Tobacco Research Institute (CTRI) at Rajahmundry is engaged in varietals improvement of FCV tobacco; in pest and disease management; in the improvement of curing technology; in the utilization of tobacco wastes; and in extension education. 5. Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute (IGFRI) at Jhansi carries out basic and applied research on grasses, grass lands and fodder crops including all aspects of forage seed production and its protection for producing high quality forage. It also attempts to develop and evaluate various crop/tree species combinations for silvipasture and agroforestry systems. 6. Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI) at Coimbatore is engaged in evaluating important sugarcane varieties for different agro-climatic regions in the country. It conducts research on breeding methodologies by taking advantage of its situational factor favourable for the flowering of sugarcane crop. It also imparts postgraduate training. 7. Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research (IISR) at Lucknow has the mandate to standardize the sugarcane production and protection technologies; to devise and develop prototype of machines and implements required to promote the interest of sugarcane cultivation for maximum economic benefits to the farmers; to provide advisory services; and to impart training in sugar crops and agro-techniques. 8. Central Institute of Cotton Research (CICR) at Nagpur is engaged in basic and applied research to improve cotton production; in the collection and conservation of germplasm for cotton improvement programmes; and in imparting training in advanced cotton protection technology. 9. Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Shala (VPKAS) at Almora is engaged in the development of improved high yielding and disease resistant varieties of different cereals, millets, pulses, vegetables, and fodder crops grown in hills; collection, evaluation and maintenance of germplasm resources of hill crops and identification of suitable improved cropping systems for these areas; and conduct research on soil and water management problems and transfer research results for the benefit of farmers of hill areas. (d) Horticulture and Plantation Crops Institutes: There are six horticulture and plantation crops institutes conducting and coordinating research on the crops they deal with. They are: 1. Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR) at Bangalore has the mandate to conduct cytogenetical studies to improve horticultural crops; standardize propagation techniques; nutritional growth regulators in horticulture; physiology and biochemistry of flower and fruit development; control of weeds, viral, fungal and bacterial diseases, mites and pests; postharvest technology; design of tools and implements; and conservation of germplasm. 2. Central Institute of Horticulture for Northern Plains (CIHNP) at Lucknow is engaged in the investigation of major production problems of fruit and vegetable cultivation for the northern plains with special reference to mango. 3. Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture (CITH) at Srinagar has the mandate to carry out basic and applied research relating to temperate fruits and vegetables in the country. 4. Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI) at Shimla has the mandate to conduct and coordinate potato research in India; to serve as a centre of information on all aspects of potato research and development; and to produce breeder seed required by the country. 5. Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (CTCRI) at Trivandrum conducts and coordinates research on all tropical tuber crops other than potato, viz. cassava, sweet potato, amorphophallus, aroids, yams, arrowroot, etc. 6. Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI) at Kasargod has the mandate to improve the genetic potential of plantation crops; conduct basic and applied research; serve as an information centre on all matters relating to these crops; and produce genetically superior planting materials. (e) Resource Management Institutes: There are eight resource management institutes which are primarily responsible for undertaking research on soil and water conservation for optimizing production of crops under different conditions. They are: 1. Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute (CSWCR&TI) at Dehradun has the mandate to study erosion problems, and conservation of land and water resources; evaluation of hydrological barriers and management of watersheds; identification of suitable plant materials for different land use; development of suitable technology for increasing production from arid lands; development of techniques for rainfed farming and efficient water management; imparting training to state and central officers in soil and water conservation; and monitoring of changes in environment affected by integrated water management. 2. Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI) at Karnal has the mandate to collect information on the extent, characteristic, genesis, and classification of salt affected soils; study soil and water dynamics in irrigated agriculture; conduct detailed hydrological survey; evolve methods to check deterioration of water due to pollution, and utilization of different qualities for agricultural purposes; study salt tolerance for reclamation of salt affected land; and impart postgraduate education and training. 3. Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI) at Jodhpur has the mandate to evolve location- specific technologies for optimizing production of arid lands based on ecological principles by judicious utilization of natural resources; and to train and to conduct workshops for adopting the new technologies. 4. Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA) at Hyderabad has the mandate to carry out basic research in conservation, management and utilization of natural resources in dryland ecosystem; to study the phenomenon governing crop growth and development under dryland conditions; to develop technology for exploitation of natural resources at farm level for increasing and stabilizing crop production in dryland; and also to act as a repository of knowledge on dryland farming in the country. 5. ICAR Research Complex for North-Eastern Hill Region (ICAR-NEH) at Shilling caters to the needs of agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries, soil and water conservation, etc., for the hill areas of the north-eastern region with a major research focus on shifting cultivation, horticultural crops, pest management, livestock improvement, arid soil management, and postharvest technology. 6. ICAR Research Complex for Goa (ICAR-GOA) at Ela is engaged in research related to horticultural and other crops, livestock improvement, fisheries, etc. in the region. 7. Central Agricultural Research Institute (CARI) for Andaman and Nicobar Islands at Port Blair conducts research on high value cash and plantation crops; develops silvipastoral system and appropriate land use pattern through cropping systems; develops effective health coverage and livestock production systems; and conducts studies on capture and culture fisheries including coastal aquaculture. 8. Indian Institute of Soil Science (IISS) at Bhopal has the mandate to study the fundamental aspects of soils, particularly those that are basic to develop agricultural expertise and generate information on various basic aspects of soil research; to collaborate with other organizations to identify gaps and provide direction for further research; and to have collaboration with similar international research institutions. (f) Technological Institutes: The technological and engineering problems in crop production and quality of commercial crops are handled by five institutes. They are: 1. Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (CIAE) at Bhopal has the mandate for research and development of improved farm equipment related to crop production; postharvest technology; development of energy resources and power units for agriculture; to liaise with industry for the manufacture of improved implements; and to train farmers on modern agricultural technology. 2. Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology (CIRCT) at Bombay has the mandate to improve the production of quality cotton; and to find ways and means for better utilization of cotton and its by-products. 3. National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fiber Technology (NIRJAFT) at Calcutta has the objectives of improvement of fiber quality; preparation of textiles by blending jute and other fibers; basic research on fibers and products; and transfer of technology for application in agriculture and industry. 4. Indian Lac Research Institute (ILRI) at Ranchi carries out research towards effecting improvements in cultivation, modification and standardization of lac, and studies its constitution and modifications so as to intensify its production and utilization; and to impart training in improved methods of lac cultivation and its industrial use. 5. Central Institute of Postharvest Engineering and Technology (CIPET) at Ludhiana undertakes research on various aspects of postharvest technology related to agricultural produce. (g) Animal Science Institutes: Eight animal science institutes have the mandate of breeding animals for higher productivity and suggest better management practices. They are: 1. Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) at Izatnagar, a Deemed University, has its objectives to conduct basic and applied research on all aspects of livestock health, production, and nutrition; and impart postgraduate education in veterinary sciences and animal husbandry. 2. National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) at Karnal, a Deemed University, has the mandate to meet the manpower needs for research, teaching, and dairy development through undergraduate and postgraduate instructional programmes; study of dairy production, milk and milk processing, dairy economics and management; and conduct of transfer of technology programmes. 3. Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute (CSWRI) at Avikanagar has the mandate to improve productivity of indigenous breeds of sheep through selection or cross breeding, superior exotic breeds well adapted to the tropical conditions to improve the carpet, wool and meat production. 4. Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG) at Makhdoom undertakes research for developing superior strains of goats for high productivity of meat, milk and fiber; to develop package of practices for feeding, management, and disease cover; and to study various aspects of goat meat, milk and pashmina. 5. Central Avian Research Institute (CARI) at Izatnagar has the objectives to develop avian species of economic importance with their optimum productivity; to conserve, evolve and improve indigenous and exotic germplasm; to impart training at various levels; to transfer the technology developed; and to undertake studies on various aspects of management to evolve environmental and ecological factors of postharvest technology. 6. Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes (CIRB) at Hissar carries out research on all aspects of buffalo production; co-ordinates research on buffalo in the country; functions as a clearing house of information on all aspects of buffalo development; establishes a nucleus breeding herd of important buffalo breeds for genetic studies on improvement of milk, meat, and draught potential; builds up adequate germplasm of improved breeds; and organizes training programmes in buffalo management. 7. National Institute of Animal Genetics (NIAG) at Karnal provides scientific support to the NBAGR and takes up research work of very fundamental nature not ordinarily taken up at the existing ICAR Institutes and Agricultural Universities. 8. National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology (NIANP) at Bangalore conducts research related to nutritional and physiological aspects of livestock and management. (h) Fisheries Institutes: Six fisheries institutes conduct studies for assessing the production of fish, conduct training programmes and undertake research. They are: 1. Central Inland Capture Fisheries Research Institute (CICFRI) at Barrackpore has the mandate to develop systems for monitoring of fish population in rivers, fresh water reservoirs, estuaries, and to study factors influencing these population and systems for optimum exploitation; and to conduct postgraduate and specialized training and extension programmes. 2. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) at Cochin conducts research for assessing and monitoring exploitable marine fishery resources for rational exploitation and conservation; to assess the exploited and under-exploited fishery resources; to understand the fluctuation in abundance of marine fishery resources; to develop suitable mariculture technology for fun fish and shell fish in open seas; and to conduct transfer of technology and postgraduate and specialized short-term training programmes. 3. Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE) at Bombay has the Deemed University status. It conducts undergraduate and postgraduate degree programmes in fishery sciences; undertakes research in basic disciplines related to fish and conducts short-term and long-term training programmes for different disciplines of fishery sciences. 4. Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, (CIFT) at Cochin conducts research for the improvement of indigenous crafts and gears, and develops suitable designs for them; develops technologies for handling, processing, preservation, product development, quality control, packaging and transportation of fish and fishery products; and conducts transfer of technology and training programmes in fishery technology. 5. Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture (CIBA) at Madras conducts multidisciplinary, mission-oriented applied research to develop appropriate technologies for the aquaculture organisms in the estuaries, brackishwater and salt intrusion areas; and to provide an information base for sustained growth and accelerated development of these fisheries through training, education and research linkages. 6. Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA) at Dhauli conducts research for developing low input aqua-farming to benefit small and marginal farmers and also system of industrialized aquaculture for entrepreneurs; to improve existing technologies for carps and air-breathing fish culture, and develop culture technology for cat fish, freshwater prawns and mussels; to increase freshwater fish production through genetic upgrading, increased pond productivity and evolution of cheap and balanced diet; to conduct nutritional and disease aspects of fish culture; and to conduct postgraduate education and training programmes. (i) Social Science Institutes: Two institutes come under this category. They are: 1. Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute (IASRI) at New Delhi conducts research in experimental design, surveys, statistical genetics, computer and data processing; imparts postgraduate courses for training professional statisticians; and provides advisory and consultancy services to agricultural scientists in the country. 2. National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (NCAP) at New Delhi has the objectives to undertake research related to the economic aspects of agricultural production process including the associated policy issues. The ICAR institutes vary greatly in age, size, and scope. Some are old (IVRI) while some are new (IIAEPR); some are big (IARI) while some others are small (CIRG); some have a narrow problem area (ILRI) while others have an extremely wide mandate (NBSS&LUP). They have a network of regional stations covering diverse agro-ecological areas to serve as a testing ground for the developed technologies. They are guided and serviced, both technically and administratively, by the ICAR headquarters. For ensuring greater effectiveness, from time to time, ICAR has taken steps to decentralize the decision-making process through delegation of powers to the institutes. The individual institutes, under the supervision of a Director, are organized into well-defined divisions. On technical matters, they are assisted by scientific bodies like the Research Advisory Committee (RAC) represented by external experts, with Director as a member, and headed by an eminent person; and the Staff Research Council (SRC) which is represented by the institute scientists and headed by the Director. They meet once in a year and is charged with the responsibility to provide broad policy guidelines, and to plan, monitor, and evaluate research projects. All institutes have Management Committees except those with Deemed University status which have Management Boards. These Committees represented by the research and developmental personnel under the chairmanship of the Director, assist the institutes on broad policy formulation and financial matters. Once in five years, the performance of each institute is evaluated through a system of Achievement Audit Committees known as Quinquennial Review Teams. These teams, through a peer group review, play an important role in projecting the institutes' programmes in accordance with national policies and priorities. Besides, the Directors' Conferences, held regularly in the headquarters under the chairmanship of the Director General, consider problems common to the institutes. B. Project Directorates: Because of the importance and magnitude of the work involved in a single commodity like rice, wheat and poultry, or a group of commodities like oilseeds, pulses and vegetables, ICAR has upgraded some of its research infrastructure/projects with added responsibilities, and designated them as Project Directorates. Except for the size and magnitude of work involved, these are basically the same as the Coordinated Research Projects. Additionally, they do undertake some research besides playing such national service roles like maintenance and supply of germplasm, organizing off-season nursery to promote and speed up research interests, monitoring pests and diseases, forecasting and issuing clearly warning about the pests and diseases outbreak, and performing such duties as a lead centre in relation to their respective subject matter, and so on. There are now ten of them under operation. They are: 1. Directorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad; 2. Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal; 3. Directorate of Pulses Research, Kanpur; 4. Directorate of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad; 5. Project Directorate on Vegetables, Varanasi; 6. Directorate of Cropping Systems Research, Modipuram; 7. Project Directorate on Water Management, Patna; 8. Project Directorate on Cattle, Meerut; 9. Project Directorate on Poultry, Hyderabad; 10. Directorate of Maize Research, New Delhi. C. National Research Centres: The National Commission on Agriculture recommended setting up of `Centres of Fundamental Research' headed by eminent scientists in particular areas. Consequently, the ICAR conceived the idea of setting up a number of National Research Centres (NRCs). The concept of NRCs revolves around the need for concentrated attention with a mission approach by a team of scientists from different disciplines. They work under a senior leader on selected topics which have direct or indirect relevance to resolving national problems in a particular crop or commodity or a problem area of research. These centres are designed to concentrate on those crops and commodities not well served by the research institutes. Unlike the institutes, these centres do not have divisional set-up for individual disciplines nor have regional stations. They feed the national network of research with new materials, technology and information for subsequent adoption in the different production-oriented research programmes. The NRC for Groundnut was the first to be organized in 1979, and the NRC for Cashew is of the more recent ones established. There are now 31 such Centres, covering a wide range of areas like crops, horticulture, animal species, fisheries, resource management, etc. Five more approved centres are yet to be established. Some of the NRCs may grow into full-fledged institutes once their standard of work is established and if the subjects assume greater national importance. D. Research Schemes/Projects: In addition to its institute-based research, ICAR promotes research schemes/projects in agriculture and allied areas to resolve location-specific problems. It is involved in a cooperative endeavor with other research organizations in carrying out multidisciplinary research programmes. Such promotional schemes fall under the following categories. E. All India Coordinated Research Projects (AICRPs): These projects have been essentially conceived as an instrument to mobilize available scientific resources to find effective solutions for the national problems of agricultural production through inter-institutional interactions. The projects are developed as multidisciplinary and problem-oriented projects with major emphasis on multi-locational testing of new materials/production systems. They provide opportunities for scientists working on similar problems in different institutions to come together, discuss and exchange ideas, information, and materials for mutual benefit. They also provide them with facilities for multi-locational testing of improved technologies developed by various subsystems in different agro-climatic regions. The projects constitute an effective national grid of coordinated experiments by integrating different institutions and disciplines. The All India Maize Improvement Project, launched by the ICAR in 1957 to improve maize production using hybrids, was the forerunner of this approach. Its remarkable success led to the extension of this approach to all the major crops and other areas like animal science, fisheries, soils, agricultural engineering, horticulture, etc. Subsequently, many such coordinated projects were initiated. Each project is generally sanctioned for a period of 5 years and is headed by a full-time Project Coordinator with a Coordinating Unit to assist him. These Units are located either in the ICAR Institutes or the Agricultural Universities depending upon the location of the project. They are responsible for all the technical, financial and administrative matters as well as for organizing regular workshops. The technical programmes of the individual projects are carried out by