ZOO ANIMAL AND WILDLIFE IMMOBILIZATION AND ANESTHESIA Second Edition ZOO ANIMAL AND WILDLIFE IMMOBILIZATION AND ANESTHESIA Second Edition Edited by Gary West, DVM, Dipl ACZM Phoenix Zoo Darryl Heard, BSc, BVMS, PhD, Dipl ACZM College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida Nigel Caulkett, DVM, MVetSc, Dipl ACVA College of Veterinary Medicine University of Calgary This edition first published 2014 © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapters 29 and 39 remain with the US Government. First edition, 2007 © Blackwell Publishing Professional Editorial offices: 1606 Golden Aspen Drive, Suites 103 and 104, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. 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No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Zoo animal and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia / [edited by] Gary West, Darryl Heard, Nigel Caulkett. – Second edition. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8138-1183-3 (cloth) I. West, Gary (Gary Don), 1969– editor of compilation. II. Heard, Darryl J., editor of compilation. III. Caulkett, Nigel, editor of compilation. [DNLM: 1. Anesthesia–veterinary. 2. Animals, Wild. 3. Animals, Zoo. 4. Immobilization–veterinary. SF 914] SF914 636.089'796–dc23 2014004707 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Cover images courtesy of the authors Cover design by Modern Alchemy LLC Set in 9.5/12 pt StoneserifStd-Medium by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited 1 2014 Dedication The second edition of Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia is dedicated to our dear friend and colleague, Dr. Greg Fleming (March 13, 1966–March 9, 2013). How miserably things seem to be arranged in this world. If we have no friends, we have no pleasure; and if we have them, we are sure to lose them, and be doubly pained by the loss. —Abraham Lincoln (Photo credit: Department of Animal Health, Disney’s Animals, Science, and Environment.) Contents Contributors xi 13. Human Safety during Wildlife Capture 181 Nigel Caulkett and Todd Shury Preface xvii I. General II. Invertebrates, Fish, Reptiles, and Amphibians 1. Clinical Pharmacology 5 Leigh A. Lamont and Kurt A. Grimm 14. Invertebrates 191 Cornelia I. Mosley and Gregory A. Lewbart 2. Monitoring 43 Larissa Ozeki and Nigel Caulkett 15. Bony Fish (Lungfish, Sturgeon, and Teleosts) 209 Natalie D. Mylniczenko, Donald L. Neiffer, and 3. Airway Management 53 Tonya M. Clauss Jonathan Cracknell 16. Elasmobranchs and Holocephalans 261 4. Thermoregulation 65 Natalie D. Mylniczenko, Tonya M. Clauss, and Jeff C. Ko and Rebecca A. Krimins M. Andrew Stamper 5. Oxygen Therapy 69 17. Amphibians 303 Åsa Fahlman Eric Baitchman and Mark Stetter 6. Analgesia 83 18. Crocodilian Capture and Restraint 313 Douglas P. Whiteside Kent A. Vliet 7. Physical Capture and Restraint 109 19. Crocodilians (Crocodiles, Alligators, Caiman, Todd Shury and Gharial) 325 Gregory J. Fleming 8. Zoo and Wildlife CPR 125 Søren Boysen 20. Venomous Reptile Restraint and Handling 337 Frederick B. Antonio 9. Field Emergencies and Complications 139 Jon M. Arnemo, Alina L. Evans, Åsa Fahlman, 21. Squamates (Snakes and Lizards) 351 and Nigel Caulkett Mads F. Bertelsen 10. Euthanasia 149 22. Chelonia (Tortoises, Turtles, and Terrapins) 365 Murray Woodbury Alessio Vigani 11. Remote Drug Delivery 155 III. Bird Anesthesia Ramiro Isaza 23. Avian Anatomy and Physiology 391 12 Capture Myopathy 171 Ashley M. Zehnder, Michelle G. Hawkins, and Jessica Paterson Peter J. Pascoe vii viii Contents 24. Cagebirds 399 42. Procyonids and Mustelids 607 Michelle G. Hawkins, Ashley M. Zehnder, and George V. Kollias and Noha Abou-Madi Peter J. Pascoe 43. Viverrids 619 25. Penguins 435 Anneke Moresco and R. Scott Larsen Kate Bodley and Todd L. Schmitt 44. Hyenidae 627 26. Ratites 445 Nina Hahn, John M. Parker, Gregory Timmel, Jessica Siegal-Willott Mary L. Weldele, and Wm. Kirk Suedmeyer 27. Raptors 459 45. Felids 635 Patrick T. Redig, Michelle Willette, and Julia Ponder Edward C. Ramsay 28. Galliformes and Columbiformes 473 46. Phocid Seals 647 Darryl Heard Michael Lynch and Kate Bodley 29. Free-Living Waterfowl and Shorebirds 481 47. Otariid Seals 661 Daniel M. Mulcahy Martin Haulena 30. Birds: Miscellaneous 507 48. Walrus 673 Darryl Heard David B. Brunson 49. Cetaceans 679 IV. Mammal Anesthesia Christopher Dold and Sam Ridgway 31. Monotremes (Echidnas and Platypus) 517 Peter Holz 50. Sirenians (Manatees and Dugongs) 693 Elizabeth C. Nolan and Michael T. Walsh 32. Marsupials 521 Peter Holz 51. Elephants 703 William A. Horne and Michael R. Loomis 33. Insectivores (Hedgehogs, Moles, and Tenrecs) 529 Darryl Heard 52. Nondomestic Equids 719 Chris Walzer 34. Edentata (Xenartha) 533 Gary West, Tracy Carter, and Jim Shaw 53. Tapirs 729 Sonia M. Hernandez, James Bailey, 35. Tubulidentata and Pholidota 539 and Luis R. Padilla Jennifer N. Langan 54. Rhinoceroses 741 36. Chiropterans (Bats) 543 Robin W. Radcliffe and Peter vdB. Morkel Darryl Heard 55. Nondomestic Suids 773 37. Prosimians 551 Luis R. Padilla and Jeff C. Ko Cathy V. Williams and Randall E. Junge 56. Hippopotamidae 787 38. Monkeys and Gibbons 561 Michele Miller, Gregory J. Fleming, Rolf-Arne Ølberg and Melissa Sinclair Scott B. Citino, and Markus Hofmeyr 39. Great Apes 573 57. Camelids 797 Shannon Cerveny and Jonathan Sleeman Khursheed R. Mama and Chris Walzer 40. Canids 585 58. Giraffidae 809 R. Scott Larsen and Terry J. Kreeger Scott B. Citino and Mitchell Bush 41. Ursids (Bears) 599 59. Cervids (Deer) 823 Nigel Caulkett and Åsa Fahlman Nigel Caulkett and Jon M. Arnemo