UUNNIITT WWoorrlldd WWaarr IIII aanndd IIttss AAfftteerrmmaatthh Chapter 16 World War Looms 1931–1941 11993311 ––11996600 Chapter 17 The United States in World War II 1941–1945 Chapter 18 Cold War Conflicts 1945–1960 Chapter 19 The Postwar Boom 1946–1960 UNIT PROJECT Debate As you read Unit 5, pay attention to arguments on either side of a political issue. Work with a group to stage a debate. Write a proposition, such as “Resolved: The U.S. has a responsibility to end its isolationism and enter World War II.” Choose teams to argue either for or against the resolution. Dawn Patrol Launching by Paul Sample 524 WWoorrlldd WWaarr IIII aanndd IIttss AAfftteerrmmaatthh 11993311 ––11996600 C HAPTE R 111111666666 Essential Question How did the rise of dictators contribute to the outbreak of World War II? What You Will Learn In this chapter you will learn about the events that led to the outbreak of World War II. SECTION 1: Dictators Threaten World Peace The rise of rulers with total power in Europe and Asia led to World War II. SECTION 2: War in Europe Using the sudden mass attack called blitzkrieg, Germany invaded and quickly conquered many European countries. SECTION 3: The Holocaust During the Holocaust, the Nazis systematically executed 6 million Jews and 5 million other “non- Aryans.” SECTION 4: America Moves Toward War In response to the fighting in Europe, the United States provided economic and military aid to help the Allies achieve victory. Flanked by storm troopers, Adolf Hitler arrives at a Nazi rally in September 1934. 1936 Jesse Owens wins four gold medals at Olympics S1t9a3t1e BTuhield Einmgp ire 1932 Franklin 1933 in Berlin, Germany. opens in New Delano Roosevelt is Prohibition York City. elected president. ends. 1936 Roosevelt is reelected. USA 11993311 11993333 11993355 WORLD 1931 Japan con- 1933 Adolf Hitler is 1934 Stalin begins 1936 Ethiopia’s Haile Selassie quers Manchuria, appointed German great purge in USSR. asks League of Nations for in northern China. chancellor and sets up help against Italian invasion. Dachau concentration 1934 Chinese camp. communists flee in 1936 General Francisco Franco the Long March. leads a fascist rebellion in Spain. 526 CHAPTER 16 Adolf Hitler II NN TT EE RR AA CC TT WW II TT HH HH II SS TT OO RR YY II NN TT EE RR AA CC TT WW II TT HH HH II SS TT OO RR YY In the summer of 1939, President Franklin Roosevelt addresses an anxious nation in response to atrocities in Europe committed by Hitler’s Nazi Germany. Roosevelt declares in his broadcast that the United States “will remain a neutral nation.” He acknowledges, however, that he “cannot ask that every American remain neutral in thought.” Explore the Issues • How might involvement in a large scale war influence the United States? • How can neutral countries participate in the affairs of warring countries? 1937 Amelia Earhart mysteriously 1938 Orson Welles disappears broadcasts The War 1940 Roosevelt 1941 United attempting solo of the Worlds, a fic- is elected to a States enters round-the-world tional alien invasion. third term. World War II. flight. 11993377 11993399 11994411 1938 1939 Germany 1941 Japan Kristallnacht— invades bombs Pearl Nazis riot, Poland. Britain Harbor. destroying Jewish and France neighborhoods. declare war. World War Looms 527 S E CTIO 111111N Dictators Threaten World Peace The rise of rulers with total Dictators of the 1930s and •Joseph Stalin •Adolf Hitler power in Europe and Asia led 1940s changed the course of •totalitarian •Nazism to World War ll. history, making world leaders •Benito Mussolini •Francisco Franco •fascism •Neutrality Acts especially watchful for the actions of dictators today. One American's Story Martha Gellhorn arrived in Madrid in 1937 to cover the TAKING NOTES brutal civil war that had broken out in Spain the year Use the graphic before. Hired as a special correspondent for Collier’s Weekly, organizer online to she had come with very little money and no special protec- take notes on the ambitions of the tion. On assignment there, she met the writer Ernest dictators of the Hemingway, whom she later married. To Gellhorn, a young 1930s. American writer, the Spanish Civil War was a deadly strug- gle between tyranny and democracy. For the people of Madrid, it was also a daily struggle for survival. A PERSONAL VOICE MARTHA GELLHORN “ You would be walking down a street, hearing only the city noises of streetcars and automobiles and people calling to one another, and suddenly, crushing it all out, would be the ▼ huge stony deep booming of a falling shell, at the corner. There was no place to Martha Gellhorn, run, because how did you know that the next shell would not be behind you, or one of the first ahead, or to the left or right?” women war —The Face of War correspondents, began her career Less than two decades after the end of World War I—“the war to end all during the wars”—fighting erupted again in Europe and in Asia. As Americans read about dis- Spanish Civil War. tant battles, they hoped the conflicts would remain on the other side of the world. Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia The seeds of new conflicts had been sown in World War I. For many nations, peace had brought not prosperity but revolution fueled by economic depression and struggle. The postwar years also brought the rise of powerful dictators driven by the belief in nationalism—loyalty to one’s country above all else—and dreams of territorial expansion. 528 CHAPTER 16 ▼ Germany was expected to pay off huge debts while dealing with widespread poverty. By 1923, an inflating economy made a five-million German mark worth less than a penny. Here children build blocks with stacks of useless German marks. FAILURES OF THE WORLD WAR I PEACE SETTLEMENT Instead of securing a “just and secure peace,” the Treaty of Versailles caused anger and resentment. Germans saw nothing fair in a treaty that blamed them for starting the war. Nor did they find security in a settlement that stripped them of their overseas colonies and border territories. These problems overwhelmed the Weimar Republic, the democratic government set up in Germany after World War I. Similarly, the Soviets resented the carving up of parts of Russia. (See map, Chapter 11, p. 400.) The peace settlement had not fulfilled President Wilson’s hope of a world “safe for democracy.” New democratic governments that emerged in Europe after the war floundered. Without a democratic tradition, people turned to authoritar- Identifying ian leaders to solve their economic and social problems. The new democracies Problems A Why did the collapsed, and dictators were able to seize power. Some had great ambitions. A new democracies JOSEPH STALIN TRANSFORMS THE SOVIET UNION In Russia, hopes for set up after World War I fail? democracy gave way to civil war, resulting in the establishment of a communist state, officially called the Soviet Union, in 1922. After V. I. Lenin died in 1924, Joseph Stalin, whose last name means “man of steel,” took control of the coun- try. Stalin focused on creating a model communist state. In so doing, he made both agricultural and industrial growth the prime economic goals of the Soviet Union. Stalin abolished all privately owned farms and replaced them with collec- tives—large government-owned farms, each worked by hundreds of families. Stalin moved to transform the Soviet Union from a backward rural nation into a great industrial power. In 1928, the Soviet dictator outlined the first of several “five-year plans,” to direct the industrialization. All economic activity was placed under state management. By 1937, the Soviet Union had become the world’s sec- ond-largest industrial power, surpassed in overall production only by the United States. The human costs of this transformation, however, were enormous. In his drive to purge, or eliminate, anyone who threatened his power, Stalin did not spare even his most faithful supporters. While the final toll will never be known, historians estimate that Stalin was responsible for the deaths of 8 million to 13 million people. Millions more died in famines caused by the restructuring Summarizing of Soviet society. B What are the By 1939, Stalin had firmly established a totalitarian government that tried characteristics of a totalitarian to exert complete control over its citizens. In a totalitarian state, individuals have state? no rights, and the government suppresses all opposition. B World War Looms 529 N The Rise of Nationalism, 1922–1941 W E S 75°N Joseph Stalin grabs control of the Fascist dictatorship 0° 45°E Soviet Union in 1924 and squelches 165°E Communist dictatorship all opposition after V. I. Lenin, founder of the communist regime, dies. Imperialist military regime Adolf Hitler offers economic stability Arctic Circle to unemployed Germans during the 0 750 1,500 miles ATLANTIC MaGprQeaut eDsetp.Creossmio,n I nancd. becomes OCEAN S O V I E T U N I O N 0 750 1,500 kilometers chancellor in 1933. McDo6u0°gNal-Littell, The Americas Program BookR/Unit 5/Chapter 16 - arpe-0516Ms1o-s1co7w-e TGhReE ARTise of Nationalism Locator BRITAIN Berlin Vital Information LAornedao n(per pGaEgReM)A:N8Yp wide X 4p deep Mask Area (per page):8p wide x 4p deep Paris Benito Mussolini rises to power 45°N FRANCE2nd proof date: 1/15in/0 11922 and attempts to restore CHINA ITALY Italy to its former position as a SPAIN Rome world power. Madrid Mediterranean Sea TJoAkPyAoN Francisco Franco leads the Hideki Tojo, the force behind Japanese rebel Nationalist army to victory strategy, becomes Japan’s prime PACIFIC in Spain and gains complete minister in 1941. Emperor Hirohito OCEAN control of the country in 1939. becomes a powerless figurehead. Tropic of Cancer GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER 1. R egion In which countries did authoritarian leaders come to power? Who were the leaders? 2. L ocation What geographic features might have led Japan to expand? MapQuest.Com, Inc. McDougal-Littell, The Americas Program THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY While Stalin was consolidating his power in BookR/Unit 5/Chapter 16 - arpe-0516s1-04-e the Soviet Union, Benito Mussolini was establishing a totalitarian regime in The Rise of Nationalism Italy, where unemployment and inflation produced biVttietar ls Itnrfiokerms, astoiomne A croema (mpeur- page): 51p9 wide X 29p9 deep nist-led. Alarmed by these threats, the middle and upper classMesa sdke Amraena d(peder page):53p9 wide x 31p9 deep stronger leadership. Mussolini took advantage of this situation. A powerful speak- 3rd proof date: 5/11/01 er, Mussolini knew how to appeal to Italy’s wounded national pride. He played on the fears of economic collapse and communism. In this way, he won the support of many discontented Italians. By 1921, Mussolini had established the Fascist “ Italy wants peace, Party. Fascism (fBshPGzQEm) stressed nationalism and work, and calm. placed the interests of the state above those of individ- I will give these uals. To strengthen the nation, Fascists argued, power things with love if must rest with a single strong leader and a small group possible, with force of devoted party members. (The Latin fasces—a bundle if necessary.” of rods tied around an ax handle—had been a symbol of unity and authority in ancient Rome.) BENITO MUSSOLINI In October 1922, Mussolini marched on Rome with thousands of his followers, whose black uniforms gave them the name “Black Shirts.” When important government officials, the army, and the police sided with the Fascists, the Italian king appointed Mussolini head of the government. Calling himself Il Duce, or “the leader,” Mussolini gradually extended Fascist Analyzing Causes control to every aspect of Italian life. Tourists marveled that Il Duce had even C What factors “made the trains run on time.” Mussolini achieved this efficiency, however, by led to the rise of crushing all opposition and by making Italy a totalitarian state. C Fascism in Italy? 530 CHAPTER 16 N W E The Faces of Totalitarianism S Fascist Italy Nazi Germany Communist Soviet Union 75°N Fascist dictatorship 0° 45°E Communist dictatorship Imperialist military regime Arctic Circle 0 750 1,500 miles ATLANTIC OCEAN S O V I E T U N I O N 0 750 1,500 kilometers 60°N Moscow GREAT BRITAIN Berlin London GERMANY Paris 45°N FRANCE CHINA ITALY • Extreme nationalism • Extreme nationalism and racism • Create a sound communist state SPAIN Rome • Militaristic expansionism • Militaristic expansionism and wait for world revolution Madrid Mediterranean Sea TJoAkPyAoN •• C Prhivaaritsem partoicp elertayd werith strong •• F Porirvcaetfeu lp lreoapdeerrty with strong •• REveevnotluutaiol nru bley bwyo wrkoerrksing class government controls government controls • State ownership of property • Anticommunist • Anticommunist PACIFIC OCEAN Tropic of Cancer ▼ THE NAZIS TAKE OVER GERMANY In Germany, Adolf Hitler had followed Left to right: a path to power similar to Mussolini’s. At the end of World War I, Hitler had been Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, a jobless soldier drifting around Germany. In 1919, he joined a struggling group Joseph Stalin called the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, better known as the Nazi Party. Despite its name, this party had no ties to socialism. MapQuest.Com, Inc. Hitler proved to be such a powerful public speaker and organizer that he McDougal-Littell, The Americas Program quickly became the party’s leader. Calling himself Der Führer—“the Leader”—he BookR/Unit 5/Chapter 16 - arpe-0516s1-04-e promised to bring Germany out of chaos. The Rise of Nationalism In his book Mein Kampf [My Struggle], Hitler set forth the basic beliefs of Vital Information Area (per page): 51p9 wide X 29p9 deep Nazism that became the plan of action for the Nazi Party. Nazism (nätPsGzQEm), Mask Area (per page):53p9 wide x 31p9 deep the German brand of fascism, was based on extreme nationalism. Hitler, who had 3rd proof date: 5/11/01 been born in Austria, dreamed of uniting all German-speaking people in a great German empire. Hitler also wanted to enforce racial “purification” at home. In his view, Germans—especially blue-eyed, blond-haired “Aryans”—formed a “master race” that was destined to rule the world. “Inferior races,” such as Jews, Slavs, and all nonwhites, were deemed fit only to serve the Aryans. A third element of Nazism was national expansion. Hitler believed that for Germany to thrive, it needed more lebensraum, or living space. One of the Nazis’ Summarizing aims, as Hitler wrote in Mein Kampf, was “to secure for the German people the D What were the land and soil to which they are entitled on this earth,” even if this could be key ideas and accomplished only by “the might of a victorious sword.” D goals that Hitler The Great Depression helped the Nazis come to power. Because of war debts presented in Mein Kampf? and dependence on American loans and investments, Germany’s economy was hit hard. By 1932, some 6 million Germans were unemployed. Many men who Background were out of work joined Hitler’s private army, the storm troopers (or Brown Shirts). According to Hitler there were three The German people were desperate and turned to Hitler as their last hope. German empires: By mid 1932, the Nazis had become the strongest political party in Germany. the Holy Roman In January 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor (prime minister). Once in power, Empire; The Hitler quickly dismantled Germany’s democratic Weimar Republic. In its place he German Empire of 1871–1918; and established the Third Reich, or Third German Empire. According to Hitler, the Third The Third Reich. Reich would be a “Thousand-Year Reich”—it would last for a thousand years. World War Looms 531 Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931 Italy Invades Ethiopia, 1935–1936 SOVIET UNION ITALY Japan took control Rome of the southern half MapQuest.Com, Inocf. Sakhalin Island MapQuest.Com, Inc. in 1905. Mediterranean Sea McDougal-Littell, The Americas Program McDougal-Littell, The Americas Program Book R/Unit 5/Chapter 16 - arpe-0516s1-1M9A-NeCHURIA Book R/Unit 5/Chapter 16 - arpe-0516s1-18-e AggMreOsNsGiOvLeIA Acts LOCA(PrTovOinRce of China) Aggressive Acts LOCATOR Vital Information Area (per page): 8p wide X 4p deep Vital Information Area (per page): 8p wide X 4p deep Mask Area (per page): 8p wide x 4p deepMukden Mask Area (per page): 8p wide x 4p deep 3rd proof date: 5/02/01 Sea of JAPAN Red 3rd proof date: 5/02/01 Japan Sea (East Sea) 15°N KOREA ETHIOPIA CHINA Addis Ababa Yellow Tokyo Sea In 1910, Korea was annexed by 0° Equator 0° Japan. INDIAN East China OCEAN Sea N N W E Tropic of Cancer 15°S W E S PACIFIC 0 200 400 miles S 0 400 800 miles OCEAN 0 200 400 kilometers Tropic of Capricorn 135°E 0 400 800 kilometers GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER 1. L ocation What countries were aggressors during this period? 2. M ovement Notice the size and location of Italy and of Japan with respect to the country MapQuest.Com, Inc. each invaded. What similarities do you see? MapQuest.Com, Inc. McDougal-Littell, The Americas Program Book R/Unit 5/Chapter 16 - arpe-0516s1-14-e McDougal-Littell, The Americas Program Italy Invades Ethiopia MILBIToAoRk IRS/TUSn itG 5A/CINha pCtOerN 1T6R -O aLrp IeN-0 5J1A6PsA1-N1 5-Healfway around the world, nation- Vital Information Area (per page): 22p wide X 28p deep alistic military leadersJ wapearen tIrnyviandge tso M taaknec hcuorniatrol of the imperial Mgoavsekr nAmreean (tp eorf page): 24p wide x 30p deep Vital Information Area (per page): 22p wide X 28p deep Japan. These leaders shared in common with Hitler a belief in the need for more 3rd proof date: 5/02/01 Mask Area (per page): 24p wide x 30p deep living space for a growing population. Ignoring the protests of more moderate 3rd proof date: 5/02/01 Japanese officials, the militarists launched a surprise attack and seized control of the Chinese province of Manchuria in 1931. Within several months, Japanese troops controlled the entire province, a large region about twice the size of Texas, Analyzing Motives that was rich in natural resources. E E Why did Japan The watchful League of Nations had been established after World War I to pre- invade Manchuria? vent just such aggressive acts. In this greatest test of the League’s power, represen- tatives were sent to Manchuria to investigate the situation. Their report condemned Background Japan, who in turn simply quit the League. Meanwhile, the success of the Military Manchurian invasion put the militarists firmly in control of Japan’s government. government had centuries-old roots AGGRESSION IN EUROPE AND AFRICA The failure of the League of Nations in Japan. The to take action against Japan did not escape the notice of Europe’s dictators. In shogun lords of 1933, Hitler pulled Germany out of the League. In 1935, he began a military the Middle Ages had been military buildup in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. A year later, he sent troops into leaders. the Rhineland, a German region bordering France and Belgium that was demili- tarized as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. The League did nothing to stop Hitler. 532 CHAPTER 16 Meanwhile, Mussolini began building his new Roman Empire. His first target was Ethiopia, one of Africa’s few HHIISSTTOORRIICCAALL remaining independent countries. By the fall of 1935, tens of thousands of Italian soldiers stood ready to advance on SSPPOOTTLLIIGGHHTT Ethiopia. The League of Nations reacted with brave talk of ITALY “collective resistance to all acts of unprovoked aggression.” When the invasion began, however, the League’s Rome response was an ineffective economic boycott—little more MapQuest.Com, Inc. than a slap on Italy’s wrist. By May 1936, Ethiopia had fall- Mediterranean Sea McDougal-Littell, The Americas Program en. In desperation, Haile Selassie, the ousted Ethiopian Book R/Unit 5/Chapter 16 - arpe-0516s1-18-e emperor, appealed to the League for assistance. Nothing Aggressive Acts LOCATOR was done. “It is us today,” he told them. “It will be you Vital Information Area (per page): 8p wide X 4p deep tomorrow.” Mask Area (per page): 8p wide x 4p deep Red 3rd proof date: 5/02/01 CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT IN SPAIN In 1936, a group of Sea 15°N Spanish army officers led by General Francisco Franco, AFRICAN AMERICANS STAND BY ETHIOPIANS ETHIOPIA rebelled against the Spanish republic. Revolts broke out all When Mussolini invaded Ethiopia, Addis Ababa over Spain, and the Spanish Civil War began. The war many Europeans and Americans— aroused passions not only in Spain but throughout the especially African Americans— 0° Equator 0° world. About 3,000 Americans formed the Abraham were outraged. Almost overnight, INDIAN Lincoln Battalion and traveled to Spain to fight against African Americans organized OCEAN Franco. “We knew, we just knew,” recalled Martha to raise money for medical sup- plies, and a few went to fight in Gellhorn, “that Spain was the place to stop fascism.” N Ethiopia. Years later, the Ethiopian Among the volunteers were African Americans still bitter emperor Haile Selassie (shown 15°S W E about Mussolini’s invasion of Ethiopia the year before. above) said of these efforts, S Such limited aid was not sufficient to stop the spread of 0 400 800 miles “ We can never forget the help Tropic of Capricorn fascism, however. The Western democracies remained neu- Ethiopia received from Negro 0 400 800 kilometers tral. Although the Soviet Union sent equipment and advis- Americans during the terrible ers, Hitler and Mussolini backed Franco’s forces with troops, crisis. . . . It moved me to know that Americans of African weapons, tanks, and fighter planes. The war forged a close descent did not abandon their relationship between the German and Italian dictators, who embattled brothers, but stood signed a formal alliance known as the Rome-Berlin Axis. by us.” MapQuest.Com, Inc. After a loss of almost 500,000 lives, Franco’s victory in 1939 established him as Spain’s fascist dictator. Once again a McDougal-Littell, The Americas Program Summarizing Book R/Unit 5/Chapter 16 - arpe-0516s1-14-e F What foreign totalitarian government ruled in Europe. F Italy Invades Ethiopia countries were Vital Information Area (per page): 22p wide X 28p deep involved in the ▼ A French journalist Mask Area (per page): 24p wide x 30p deep Spanish Civil War? escapes from Spain to 3rd proof date: 5/02/01 France with a child he rescued from a street battle. Fighting would soon engulf not only France but the rest of Europe and parts of Asia. World War Looms 533