WWII Almanac Title Page. V2 8/10/99 3:47 PM Page 1 Almanac WWII Almanac Title Page. V2 8/10/99 3:47 PM Page 3 Almanac E2 M U L O V George Feldman Edited by Christine Slovey FM.qxp 7/30/03 3:18 PM Page iv George Feldman c a Staff n Christine Slovey, U•X•L Editor a Carol DeKane Nagel, U•X•L Managing Editor m Tom Romig, U•X•L Publisher l Rita Wimberley, Senior Buyer A Dorothy Maki, Manufacturing Manager : Evi Seoud, Assistant Production Manager I Mary Beth Trimper, Production Director I r Margaret A. Chamberlain, Permissions Specialist a W Eric Johnson and Martha Schiebold, Cover Art Directors Pamela A. E. Galbreath, Page Art Director Cynthia Baldwin, Product Design Manager d Barbara J. Yarrow, Graphic Services Supervisor l r Linda Mahoney, LM Design, Typesetting o W Laura Exner, XNR Productions, Inc., Cartographer Front cover photographs reproduced by permission of the National Archives and Records Administration. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data World War II: Almanac / George Feldman cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7876-3830-7 (set), — ISBN 0-7876-3831-5 (v. 1). — ISBN 0- 7876-3832-3 (v. 2) 1. World War, 1939-1945 Juvenile literature. I. Feldman, George II. Title: World War two. III. Title: World War 2. D743. 7.W673 1999 940.53—dc21 99-36179 CIP This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The author and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the fol- lowing: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrange- ment, and classification of the information. All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended. Copyright © 2000 U•X•L, an imprint of The Gale Group All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 iv FM.qxp 7/30/03 3:18 PM Page v Contents Advisory Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Timeline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Words to Know. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi Research and Activity Ideas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi Three children sit in front of their bombed house in Volume 1 London. (Reproduced by permission of the National Chapter 1: Background to War. . . . . . . . . . . . . . l Archives and Records Chapter 2: The Beginning of the War in Europe . . . . . 35 Administration) Chapter 3: The War Expands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Chapter 4: Japan Attacks and America Goes to War . . . 83 Chapter 5: The Home Front. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Chapter 6: Europe Under Occupation . . . . . . . . . 131 v FM.qxp 7/30/03 3:18 PM Page vi Chapter 7: The Holocaust. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Chapter 8: The Impact of Total War . . . . . . . . . . 181 Volume 2 Chapter 9: The Allies and the Axis. . . . . . . . . . . 205 Chapter 10: Turning Points: The Allies Begin to Win the War . . . . . . . . 227 U.S. Army tank in Aachen, Chapter 11: The Great Invasion: Germany. (Reproduced Operation Overlord. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 by permission of AP/Wide Chapter 12: The Defeat of Germany. . . . . . . . . . 277 World Photos) Chapter 13: The War Against Japan . . . . . . . . . . 305 Chapter 14: The Defeat of Japan . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Chapter 15: Spies and Scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Chapter 16: Art, Entertainment, and Propaganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Chapter 17: The World After the War . . . . . . . . . 391 Where to Learn More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxvii Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlv vi World War II: Almanac FM.qxp 7/30/03 3:18 PM Page vii Advisory Board Special thanks are due to U•X•L’s World War II Reference Library advisors for their invaluable comments and sug- gestions: • Sidney Bolkosky, Professor of History, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan • Sara Brooke, Director of Libraries, The Ellis School, Pitts- burgh, Pennsylvania • Jacquelyn Divers, Librarian, Roanoke County Schools, Roanoke, Virginia • Elaine Ezell, Library Media Specialist, Bowling Green Junior High School, Bowling Green, Ohio • Melvin Small, Department of History, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan vii FM.qxp 7/30/03 3:18 PM Page ix Reader’s Guide Between 1939 and 1945 a war was fought among all the major powers of the world. By the end of it, more than fifty countries were involved. It was a war in which more people died than had died in any previous war and it changed the political, social, and economic face of the entire world. World War II: Almanacprovides a comprehensive range of historical informa- tion and current commentary on World War II. The set explores how events after World War I (1914–18) led to World War II; the impact of the rise of dictatorial governments in Europe and of militarism in Japan; how world leaders attempted to avoid war; the relationships among the Allied countries and among the Axis countries; major battles and turning points; life on the home fronts and the nature of German occupations in Europe; scientific developments; art and entertainment during the war; and finally, how the world was changed by the war. Other Features World War II: Almanacis divided into seventeen subject chapters, each focusing on a particular topic, such as The Beginning of the War in Europe, Europe Under Occupation, ix FM.qxp 7/30/03 3:18 PM Page x The War Against Japan, and Spies and Scientists. The chapters contain numerous sidebar boxes, some focusing on people associated with the war, others taking a closer look at pivotal events. More than 150 black-and-white photos and maps illus- trate the text. Each volume begins with a timeline of events, a “Words to Know” section, and a “Research and Activity Ideas” section. The volumes conclude with a list of sources students can go to for more information and a subject index so students can easily find the people, places, and events discussed throughout World War II: Almanac. Comments and Suggestions We welcome your comments on World War II: Almanac and suggestions for other topics in history to con- sider. Please write: Editors, World War II: Almanac, U•X•L, 27500 Drake Rd., Farmington Hills, Michigan 48331-3535; call toll-free: 1-800-877-4253; fax to (248)414-5043; or send e- mail via http://www.galegroup.com. x World War II:Almanac FM.qxp 7/30/03 3:18 PM Page xi Timeline 1917: The czar (emperor) is overthrown in Russia and a Com- munist government comes to power. The Russian empire is eventually renamed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), known as the Soviet Union. 1919: Germany signs the Treaty of Versailles, officially end- ing World War I. Extreme nationalist groups in Ger- many blame socialists, communists, and Jews for Ger- many’s defeat. 1919: Communist revolutions in various parts of Germany are put down with great bloodshed. 1919: Adolf Hitler joins the tiny German Workers’ Party in Munich. The party soon changes its name to the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), called the Nazi Party for short. 1920 1908 1914 1918 The League The Model T Ford World War I World War I of Nations is introduced begins ends is formed 1905 1910 1915 1920 xi