Chapter WWoorrlldd WWaarr II aanndd Its Aftermath 1914 –1920 SECTION 1 The United States Enters World War I SECTION 2 The Home Front SECTION 3 A Bloody Conflict SECTION 4 The War’s Impact American soldiers fire on German positions during the Battle of the Argonne Forest, 1918 Wilson 1913–1921 1915 1917 • German submarine • U.S. enters the war sinks the Lusitania • Selective Service Act passed UU..SS.. PPRREESSIIDDEENNTTSS UU..SS.. EEVVEENNTTSS 1914 1916 WWOORRLLDD EEVVEENNTTSS 1914 1916 1917 • Franz Ferdinand • Battle of Verdun begins • Bolshevik Revolution assassinated; war in February begins in October begins in Europe • Battle of the Somme begins in July 318 Chapter 9 World War I and Its Aftermath MAKING CONNECTIONS Why Do Nations Go to War? World War I was the fi rst time in American history that the United States sent troops to fi ght in Europe. This deci- sion ended the long-standing policy of remaining neutral in Europe’s wars. • W hy do you think the United States changed its policy and sent troops to Europe? • Do you think it was a diffi cult decision? Organizing Information As you read the 1918 chapter, write information under each tab, listing • Congress passes Sedition Act 1919 1920 which country is in the alliance, why it joined • Armistice ends fighting on • Race riots and strikes take • Red scare and the alliance, or what November 11 place in Northern cities Palmer Raids reasons it had for disagreeing with (cid:10)(cid:105)(cid:152)(cid:204)(cid:192)(cid:62)(cid:143) (cid:1)(cid:143)(cid:143)(cid:136)(cid:105)(cid:96) the countries in the (cid:42)(cid:156)(cid:220)(cid:105)(cid:192)(cid:195) (cid:42)(cid:156)(cid:220)(cid:105)(cid:192)(cid:195) 1918 1920 opposing alliance. (cid:55)(cid:156)(cid:192)(cid:143)(cid:96)(cid:202)(cid:55)(cid:62)(cid:192)(cid:202)(cid:22) 1918 1919 • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ends • Versailles Peace (cid:41)(cid:74)(cid:84)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:90) (cid:48)(cid:47)(cid:45)(cid:42)(cid:47)(cid:38) Chapter Overview Russian-German war Conference begins Visit glencoe.com to preview Chapter 9. Chapter 9 World War I and Its Aftermath 319 1 Section The United States Enters World War I Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism Guide to Reading led to World War I in Europe. Attacks on U.S. Big Ideas ships and American support for the Allies eventually Trade, War, and Migration Although caused the United States to enter the war. the United States tried to stay neutral, events pushed the nation into war. World War I Begins Content Vocabulary • militarism (p. 321) MAIN Idea Old alliances and nationalist sentiments among European • nationalism (p. 322) nations set the stage for World War I. • propaganda (p. 324) HISTORY AND YOU Does your school have a long-standing rivalry with • contraband (p. 326) another school? Read how European nations formed political alliances that brought most of the continent into war. Academic Vocabulary • emphasis (p. 322) • erode (p. 326) Despite more than 40 years of general peace, tensions among European nations were building in 1914. Throughout the late 1800s People and Events to Identify and early 1900s, a number of factors created problems among the • Balkans (p. 322) powers of Europe and set the stage for a monumental war. • Franz Ferdinand (p. 322) • Sussex pledge (p. 327) Militarism and Alliances • Zimmermann telegram (p. 327) The roots of World War I date back to the 1860s. In 1864, while Reading Strategy Americans fought the Civil War, the German kingdom of Prussia Organizing Complete the graphic launched the first of a series of wars to unite the various German organizer shown below by identifying states into one nation. By 1871 Prussia had united Germany and the factors that contributed to the proclaimed the birth of the German Empire. The new German conflict. nation rapidly industrialized and quickly became one of the most powerful nations in the world. The creation of Germany transformed European politics. In 1870, Factors Contributing to World War I as part of their plan to unify Germany, the Prussians had attacked and defeated France. They then forced the French to give up terri- tory along the German border. From that point forward, France and Germany were enemies. To protect itself, Germany signed alliances with Italy and with Austria-Hungary, a huge empire that controlled much of southeastern Europe. This became known as the Triple Alliance. The new alliance alarmed Russian leaders, who feared that Germany intended to expand eastward into Russia. Russia and Austria-Hungary were also competing for influence in southeastern Europe. Many of the people of southeastern Europe were Slavs— the same ethnic group as the Russians—and the Russians wanted INDIANA ACADEMIC STANDARDS to support them against Austria-Hungary. As a result, Russia and United States History France had a common interest in opposing Germany and Austria- 3.1 Identify the events and people central Hungary. In 1894 they signed the Franco-Russian Alliance, promis- to the transformation of the United States into a world power. ing to come to each other’s aid in a war with the Triple Alliance. 320 Chapter 9 World War I and Its Aftermath 332200__332200__332277__CC99__SS0011__887744552233 332200 22//1199//0088 11::2299::1177 PPMM Militarism and Alliances in Europe, 1914 20°E The Growth of Armies, 1870–1914 St. Petersburg In 1839, Britain gave Belgium 60°N (Petrograd) a guarantee that it would 1870 1914 protect Belgium’s neutrality. Triple Entente 1400 Triple Alliance UNITED 0° North DENMARK Other European ps 1200 KINGDOM Sea states o o Tr 1000 N f o London NETH. Berlin W E ds 800 n PaBrEisL G. LUGX.ERMANY RUS SSIA housa 640000 T Alsace- AUSTRIA- Lorraine 200 HUNGARY FRANCE Vienna SWITZ. Budapest 0 Russia France Germany Austria- Britain Bosnia Hungary ROMANIA Sarajevo SERBIA Germany took Alsace-Lorraine ITALY MONT. Russia and Serbia were both Slavic countries. from France in 1870. The BULGARIA Russia did not have an alliance with Serbia French were determined to Rome ALBANIA but was determined to help Serbia against recover the territory. Constantinople Austria-Hungary. 40°N GREECE OTTOMAN 0 400 kilometers EMPIRE 0 400 miles Balkan Nationalism Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection Southeastern Europe is known as the Balkans. In the 1800s, two empires controlled this region—Austria-Hungary and the Turkish Analyzing VISUALS Ottoman Empire. As the ideas of nationalism spread across Europe, the people in the region 1. Interpreting Study the map and chart above. Why might Britain fought a series of wars to gain their indepen- dence. By 1914, most of the Balkans were think it had to have the strongest navy in Europe? free, except for the Slavs living in Bosnia. 2. Analyzing Germany feared France might go to war with them. Based on the map and chart, why would German leaders have reached this conclusion? See StudentWorksTM Plus or glencoe.com. The system of alliances in Europe encour- naval strength to protect their island from aged militarism—the aggressive build-up of invasion. By the early 1900s, an arms race had armed forces to intimidate and threaten other begun between Great Britain and Germany, nations. German militarism eventually forced as both nations raced to build warships. Britain to become involved in the alliance sys- The naval race greatly increased tensions tem. Britain’s policy was to support weaker between Germany and Britain and convinced countries against stronger ones so as to make the British to establish closer relations with sure no country conquered all of Europe. By France and Russia. The British still refused to the late 1800s, it was clear that Germany had sign a formal alliance, so their new relation- become the strongest nation in Europe. ship with the French and Russians became In 1898 Germany began building a large known as an entente cordiale—a friendly modern navy as well. A strong German navy understanding. Britain, France, and Russia threatened the British, who depended on their became known as the Triple Entente. Chapter 9 World War I and Its Aftermath 321 Causes of World War I Use the acronym MAIN to remember the four main ALLIANCES IMPERIALISM causes of World War I: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism. MILITARISM France Austria-Hungary Germany Italy ▲ Warships of the German Imperial fleet are ▲ An 1883 British cartoon illustrates ▲ Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria- shown anchored near Kiel, Germany in 1911. the Triple Alliance. Hungary, and Wilhelm II, Emperor of The naval race between Britain and Germany Germany, salute during a parade in caused tension in Europe prior to World War I. Berlin in 1889. Imperialism and Nationalism national groups within Europe’s empires began to press for independence. By the late 1800s, nationalism, or a feeling Among the groups pushing for indepen- of intense pride in one’s homeland, had dence were the Serbs, Bosnians, Croats, and become a powerful idea in Europe. Nationalists Slovenes. These people all spoke similar lan- place primary emphasis on promoting their guages and had come to see themselves as homeland’s culture and interests above those one people. They called themselves South of other countries. Nationalism was one of the Slavs, or Yugoslavs. The first of these people to reasons for the tensions among the European obtain independence were the Serbs, who powers. Each nation viewed the others as formed a nation called Serbia between the competitors, and many people were willing to Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires. go to war to expand their nation at the expense Serbs believed their nation’s mission was to of others. unite the South Slavs. One of the basic ideas of nationalism is the Russia supported the Serbs, while Austria- right to self-determination—the idea that Hungary did what it could to limit Serbia’s people who share a national identity should growth. In 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed have their own country and government. In Bosnia, which had belonged to the Ottoman the 1800s nationalism led to a crisis in south- Empire. The Serbs were furious. They wanted eastern Europe in the region known as the Bosnia to be part of their nation. The annexa- Balkans. Historically, the Ottoman Empire tion demonstrated to the Serbs that Austria- and the Austro-Hungarian Empire had ruled Hungary had no intention of letting the Slavic the Balkans. Both of these empires were made people in its empire become independent. up of many different nations. Imperialism—the idea that a country can A Terrorist Attack Brings War increase its power and wealth by controlling other peoples—had convinced the major In late June 1914 the heir to the Austro- European powers to build empires in the Hungarian throne, the Archduke Franz 1700s and 1800s. Nationalism ran counter to Ferdinand, visited the Bosnian capital of imperialism. As the idea of nationalism spread Sarajevo. As he and his wife rode through the in the late 1800s and early 1900s, the different city, a Bosnian revolutionary named Gavrilo 322 Chapter 9 World War I and Its Aftermath NATIONALISM Germany’s Plan Fails Germany had long been prepared for war against France and Russia. It immediately launched a massive invasion of France, hoping to knock the French out of the war. It would then be able to send its troops east to deal with the Russians. The German plan had one major problem. It required the German forces to advance through neutral Belgium in order to encircle the French troops. The British had guaranteed ▲ Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip is dragged Belgium’s neutrality. When German troops into police headquarters in Sarajevo shortly after crossed the Belgian frontier, Britain declared killing Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the war on Germany. Austro-Hungarian throne. Those fighting for the Triple Entente were called the Allies. France, Russia, and Great Analyzing VISUALS Britain formed the backbone of the Allies 1. Interpreting What point is the cartoonist along with Italy, which joined them in 1915 trying to make about the Triple Alliance? after the other Allies promised to cede Austro- 2. Explaining How did Austrian imperialism Hungarian territory to Italy after the war. What and Balkan nationalism contribute to the remained of the Triple Alliance—Germany outbreak of World War I? and Austria-Hungary—joined with the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria to form the Central Powers. The German plan seemed to work at first. Princip rushed their open car and shot the German troops swept through Belgium and couple to death. The assassin was a member headed into France, driving back the French of a Serbian nationalist group nicknamed the and British forces. Then, to the great surprise “Black Hand.” The assassination took place of the Germans, Russian troops invaded with the knowledge of Serbian officials who Germany. The Germans had not expected hoped to start a war that would bring down Russia to mobilize so quickly. They were forced the Austro-Hungarian Empire. to pull some of their troops away from the attack on France and send them east to stop The Alliances Are Triggered The Austro- the Russians. This weakened the German Hungarian government blamed Serbia for the forces just enough to give the Allies a chance attack and decided the time had come to crush to stop them. The Germans drove to within 30 Serbia in order to prevent Slavic nationalism miles (48 km) of Paris, but stubborn resistance from undermining its empire. Knowing an by British and French troops at the Battle of attack on Serbia might trigger a war with the Marne finally stopped the German advance. Russia, the Austrians asked their German Because the swift German attack had failed to allies for support. Germany promised to sup- defeat the French, both sides became locked in port Austria-Hungary if war erupted. a bloody stalemate along hundreds of miles of Austria-Hungary then issued an ultimatum trenches that would barely change position for to the Serbian government. The Serbs counted the next three years. on Russia to back them up, and the Russians, The Central Powers had greater success on in turn, counted on France. French leaders were the Eastern Front. German and Austro- worried that they might someday be caught Hungarian forces stopped the Russian attack alone in a war with Germany, so they promised and then went on the offensive. They swept to support Russia if war began. across hundreds of miles of territory and took On July 28 Austria-Hungary declared war on hundreds of thousands of prisoners. Russia Serbia. Russia immediately mobilized its army, suffered 2 million killed, wounded, or cap- including troops stationed on the German bor- tured in 1915 alone, but it kept fighting. der. On August 1 Germany declared war on Russia. Two days later, it declared war on France. Explaining What incident trig- World War I had begun. gered the beginning of World War I? Chapter 9 World War I and Its Aftermath 323 America Declares War Government Officials Back Britain One select group of Americans was decidedly pro- MAIN Idea British propaganda and business British: President Wilson’s cabinet. Only interests led most Americans to a pro-British stance Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan on the war. favored neutrality. The other cabinet mem- HISTORY AND YOU Do you recall a time when bers, as well as Bryan’s chief adviser, Robert you tried to remain neutral in a fight between Lansing, and Walter Hines Page, the American friends? Read how the United States tried to stay ambassador to London, argued forcefully on out of World War I. behalf of Britain. Many American military leaders also backed the British. They believed that an Allied victory was the only way to pre- When the fighting began, President Wilson serve the international balance of power. was determined to keep the country out of a British officials worked diligently to win European war. He immediately declared the American support. One method they used United States to be neutral in the conflict. “We was propaganda, or information designed to must be impartial in thought as well as in influence opinion. Both sides used propa- action,” Wilson stated. For many Americans ganda, but German propaganda was mostly that proved difficult to do. anti-Russian and did not appeal to most Americans. British propaganda, on the other hand, was extremely skillful. Americans Take Sides Despite the president’s plea, many Americans supported one side or the other. Many of the country’s 8 million German Americans, for example, supported their homeland. Many of the nation’s 4.5 million Irish Americans, whose homeland endured centuries of British rule, also sympathized with the Central Powers. In general, however, American public opin- ion favored the Allied cause. Many Americans Should America valued the heritage, language, and political Stay Neutral in ideals they shared with Britain. Others trea- sured America’s links with France, a great friend World War I? to America during the Revolutionary War. For more than two years, the United States Americans were deeply divided about officially remained neutral. During this time a whether the United States should great debate began over whether the United remain neutral in World War I. Despite States should prepare for war. Supporters of President Wilson’s pronouncement that the “preparedness” movement believed that Americans should remain neutral in preparing for war was the best way to stay out thought as well as action, many of the conflict. They also argued that if the Americans, including those working for United States was pulled into the war, it was the government, had very definite opin- better to be prepared. ions as to whether or not the United Other Americans disagreed. In 1915 Carrie States should enter the war. Chapman Catt and Jane Addams—leaders of the woman suffrage movement—founded the Women’s Peace Party (later known as the International League for Peace and Freedom). This organization, along with others such as the League to Limit Armament, worked to keep America out of the war by urging the president not to build up the military. 324 Chapter 9 World War I and Its Aftermath To control the flow of news to the United neutral: we did not know how to be. From the States, the British cut the transatlantic tele- very start we did everything that we could to graph cable from Europe to the United States. contribute to the cause of the Allies.” This meant that most war news would be Many American banks began to invest based on British reports. The American heavily in an Allied victory. American loans to ambassador to Britain, Walter Hines Page, the cash-hungry Allies skyrocketed. By 1917 himself strongly pro-British, gave the reports such loans would total over $2 billion. Other legitimacy by endorsing many of them. When American banks, particularly in the Midwest, stories arrived describing German atrocities, where pro-German feelings were strongest, enough Americans believed them to help also lent some $27 million to Germany. sway American support in favor of the More money might have been lent to Allies. Germany, but most foreign loans required the approval of William McAdoo, the secretary of Business Supports Britain American the Treasury. McAdoo was strongly pro-British business interests also leaned toward the and did what he could to limit loans to Allies. Companies in the United States, par- Germany. As a result, the country’s prosperity ticularly on the East Coast, had strong ties was intertwined with the military fortunes of with businesses in the Allied countries. As Britain, France, and Russia. If the Allies won, business leader Thomas W. Lamont stated, the money would be paid back; if not, the “Our firm had never for one moment been money might be lost forever. YES NO John Works Robert Lansing Civil War Veteran and Secretary of State U.S. Senator P S RIMARY OURCE P S RIMARY OURCE “I have come to the conclu- “Germany is not moving sion that the German against this country. She has Government is utterly hostile not been guilty of any to all nations with demo- aggression against us. She cratic institutions because has taken the lives of a few those who compose it see in of our citizens, because they got in the way when she was democracy a menace to absolutism and the defeat of the prosecuting a war against another nation and fighting to German ambition for world domination.... preserve her existence. If the German Government should ... Germany must not be permitted to win this war and make aggressive warfare against the United States you to break even, though to prevent it this country is forced to would not need any exhortation in the Senate of the take an active part. This ultimate necessity must be con- United States to arouse the patriotism of the American stantly in our minds in all our controversies with the bellig- people. You would not be holding open your enlisting erents. American public opinion must be prepared for the stations without getting any soldiers.” time, which may come, when we will have to cast aside —from The Congressional Record, March 4, 1917 our neutrality and become one of the champions of democracy.” —from War Memoirs of Robert Lansing 1. Summarizing When does Senator Works believe war is 3. Comparing Based on these sources, what is the focus of justified? the neutrality debate? What is not being discussed? 2. Explaining Why does Secretary of State Lansing believe 4. Evaluating Which position do you agree with? Write an Germany is a threat to the United States? essay explaining why the other side is wrong. Chapter 9 World War I and Its Aftermath 325 Moving Toward War Germany’s announcement triggered out- rage in the United States and elsewhere. Although most Americans supported the Germany had signed an international treaty Allies and hoped for their victory, they did not that banned attacks on civilian ships without want to join the conflict. However, a series of warning. The Germans claimed that their events gradually eroded American neutrality U-boats would be placed at great risk if they had and drew the nation into the war. to surface and give a warning before firing. German Submarines Go Into Action The Germans Sink the Lusitania The Shortly after the war began, the British issue reached a crisis on May 7, 1915, when Lusitania declared a blockade of German ports and the British passenger ship entered began intercepting neutral merchant ships the war zone. A German submarine sunk the sailing to Europe. They forced the ships to ship, killing nearly 1,200 passengers—includ- land at British ports where they were inspected ing 128 Americans. The attack outraged for contraband, or goods prohibited from Americans who saw the sinking as a terrorist shipment to Germany and its allies. attack on civilians, including women and chil- Although Britain’s decision to intercept neu- dren, not as a legitimate act of war. tral ships, including American ships, led to pro- Wilson tried to defuse the crisis. He refused tests from the U.S. government, the German to threaten Germany with war saying that response angered Americans even more. Britain the United States was “too proud to fight.” and France depended on food, equipment, and Instead, he sent several official protests to other supplies from both the United States and Germany insisting that it stop endangering their overseas empires. To stop those shipments, the lives of noncombatants in the war zone. Germany deployed submarines known as Late in March 1916, Wilson’s policy was U-boats—from the German word Untersee- tested when a U-boat torpedoed the French boot (“underwater boat”). In February 1915, the passenger ship Sussex, injuring several Germans announced that they would sink with- Americans on board. Although Wilson’s clos- out warning any ship they found in the waters est advisers favored breaking off diplomatic around Britain. relations with Germany, the president chose The Sinking of the Lusitania When World War I began, many Americans sup- ported one side or the other, but most agreed the United States should stay out of the war. Eight months later, when the German submarine U-20 sank the Lusitania, killing 1,195 people, including 128 Americans, attitudes began to shift. The attack seemed to prove that Germany was acting in an uncivilized way and it gave credibility to British propaganda. Even though the United States would not enter the war for nearly two more years, the attack on the Lusitania marked a turning point in the war because it changed American attitudes and set the stage for the American entry into the war. ▲ After the sinking, the Boston Committee of ANALYZING HISTORY Do you think the use of Public Safety issued this submarines in World War I was justified? Write a poster showing a drowning brief essay explaining your opinion. ▲ A mass funeral for Lusitania victims was woman and baby and held in Queenston, Ireland, on May 23, 1915. urging Americans to How do you think people reacted when prepare for war by they saw photos like this in the newspaper? building up the military. 326 Chapter 9 World War I and Its Aftermath to issue one last warning. He demanded that the German gov- Section 1 REVIEW ernment abandon its methods of submarine warfare or risk war with the United States. Germany did not want to strengthen the Allies by drawing the United States into the war. It promised with certain condi- tions to sink no more merchant ships without warning. The Vocabulary Sussex Pledge, as it was called, met the foreign-policy goals of 1. Explain the significance of: militarism, both Germany and President Wilson by keeping the United nationalism, Balkans, Franz Ferdinand, States out of the war a little longer. propaganda, contraband, Sussex Pledge, Wilson’s efforts to keep American soldiers at home played an Zimmermann telegram. important part in his reelection bid in 1916. Campaigning as the “peace” candidate, his campaign slogan, “He kept us out of the Main Ideas war,” helped Wilson win a narrow victory over the Republican 2. Identifying Name the two alliances in nominee, Charles Evans Hughes. Europe at the start of World War I, and list the members of each alliance. The United States Declares War 3. Explaining Why did many Americans Following Wilson’s reelection, events quickly brought the support the British in the war even though country to the brink of war. In January 1917, a German official the United States was officially neutral? named Arthur Zimmermann sent a telegram to the German ambassador in Mexico asking him to make an offer to the Critical Thinking Mexican government: If Mexico agreed to become an ally of 4. Big Ideas How did trade and econom- Germany in a war with the United States, Germany promised ics contribute to America’s entry into Mexico would regain its “lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, World War I? and Arizona” after the war. British intelligence intercepted the Zimmermann telegram. Shortly afterward, it was leaked to 5. Organizing Use a graphic organizer American newspapers. Furious, many Americans now concluded similar to the one below to identify the war with Germany was necessary. events that led the United States to enter Then, on February 1, 1917, Germany resumed unrestricted World War I. submarine warfare. German military leaders believed that they Events could starve Britain into submission in four to six months if their U.S. Enters U-boats began sinking all ships on sight. Although they knew World War I this decision might draw the United States into the war, they did not believe the Americans could raise an army and transport it to Europe in time. Between February 3 and March 21, German 6. Analyzing Visuals Examine the images U-boats sank six American ships. Finally roused to action, on page 326. How did images like these President Wilson appeared before a special session of Congress contribute to America’s eventual entry on April 2, 1917. Declaring that “the world must be made safe for into the war? democracy,” Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany. Writing About History P S RIMARY OURCE 7. Expository Writing Imagine you are “It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war.... But an American survivor of the sinking of the the right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for the things Lusitania. Write a letter to President Wilson which we have always carried nearest to our hearts—for democracy, about what you think he should do. for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own governments, for the rights and liberties of small nations....” —quoted in the Congressional Record, 1917 After a debate, the Senate passed the resolution on April 4 by a vote of 82 to 6. The House concurred 373 to 50 on April 6, and Wilson signed the resolution. America was at war. (cid:41)(cid:74)(cid:84)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:90) (cid:48)(cid:47)(cid:45)(cid:42)(cid:47)(cid:38) Study Central™ To review this section, go Summarizing How did Germany’s use of unre- to glencoe.com and click on Study Central. stricted submarine warfare bring America into World War I? 327