‘The title of this book is the title of Chapter 4 of Keith Ward Professor Richard Dawkins’ best-selling The God Delusion, with one little difference. I have changed the word “no” to the word “a”, because I think that change reflects the situation more accurately.’ Why There One of Britain’s leading philosopher–theologians, Keith Ward is at home in the world of philosophy: a world of clear definitions, sharp arguments and W diverse conclusions. By contrast, when Dawkins enters this world his passion tends to get the better of him: he descends into stereotyping, pastiche and h mockery, no longer approaching things with his usual seriousness and care. y Almost In this stimulating and thought-provoking philosophical challenge, Ward T demonstrates not only how Dawkins’ arguments are flawed, but also that a h perfectly rational case can be made that there is, almost certainly, a God. e Professor Dawkins claims that no theologian has ever produced a re satisfactory response to his arguments. Professor Ward has taught philosophy A Certainly and theology in British universities for all of his working life. This is his l response. m o ‘In this lucid and witty book, Professor Ward demonstrates most effectively s the rational viability of belief in God. Atheist assertions are countered by t Is a God careful theistic argument, in a manner that should prove persuasive to many C and illuminating to all.’ e r John Polkinghorne KBE, FRS, Professor Emeritus of Mathematical Physics, Cambridge t University a i n ‘A deft, enjoyable, courteous – yet completely devastating – critique of Richard ly Dawkins’ latest foray beyond his sphere of scientific expertise.’ I Russell Stannard OBE, Professor Emeritus of Physics, The Open University s a ‘Ward’s expertise as both a philosopher and a theologian well qualifies him G to take on Dawkins. His arguments are admirably lucid and anyone reading o Dawkins’ book should also read this one to get a balanced view.’ d Bernard Carr, Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy, Queen Mary, University of London K e PROFESSOR KEITH WARD was formerly i Regius Professor of Divinity at the University Cover photo: Corbis th of Oxford. He is a member of the Council of ISBN 978-0-8254-7843-7 US $14.95 W the Royal Institute of Philosophy, and was elected a Fellow of the British Academy a on the same day that Richard Dawkins was r d elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. www.lionhudson.com ISBN 978-0-7459-5330-4 UK £7.99 SCIENCE AND RELIGION Why There Almost Certainly Is a God Keith Ward Why There Almost Certainly Is a God Doubting Dawkins Copyright © 2008 Keith Ward The author asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work A Lion Book an imprint of Lion Hudson plc Wilkinson House, Jordan Hill Road, Oxford OX2 8DR, England www.lionhudson.com ISBN 978 0 7459 5330 4 (UK) ISBN 978 0 8254 7843 7 (US) Distributed by: UK: Marston Book Services, PO Box 269, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4YN USA: Trafalgar Square Publishing, 814 N. Franklin Street, Chicago, IL 60610 USA: Christian Market: Kregel Publications, PO Box 2607, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49501 First edition 2008 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 All rights reserved Acknowledgments Extracts taken from The God Delusion by Richard Dawkins published in the UK and Commonwealth by Bantam Press, 2006, and in the rest of the world by Mariner Books, 2008. Copyright © 2006 Richard Dawkins. Permission for UK and Commonwealth granted by Random House. pp. 29, 64 Scripture quotations taken from the Holy Bible, New International Version, copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan and Hodder & Stoughton Limited. All rights reserved. The ‘NIV’ and ‘New International Version’ trademarks are registered in the United States Patent and Trademark Office by International Bible Society. Use of either trademark requires the permission of International Bible Society. UK trademark number 1448790. This book has been printed on paper and board independently certified as having been produced from sustainable forests. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Typeset in 10/14 Bembo Printed and bound in Great Britain by Cox & Wyman Ltd, Reading Contents Preface 6 Part 1: On Chapter Two of The God Delusion 9 1. The God Hypothesis 10 Part 2: On Chapter Four of The God Delusion 31 2. Large Aeroplanes and God 32 3. Explaining God 51 4. God and the Multiverse 67 5. Objections and Replies 83 Part 3: On Chapter Three of The God Delusion 101 6. The Five Ways 102 7. The Argument from Personal Experience 124 8. Why There Is a God 141 Endnotes 150 Further Reading 154 Index 157 Preface In 1991, I was happily living as a Professor of Philosophy at King’s College in the University of London when, out of the blue, I received a letter from the office of the Prime Minister, in an official envelope cunningly concealed inside a plain envelope, telling me that the Regius Chair of Divinity at Oxford was vacant, and asking if he could give my name to the Queen. I had not the slightest idea what this meant, and I had to telephone Downing Street to ask how many names the Queen had been given, and what she intended to do with them. It turned out I was being offered the job, and it was an offer I could not refuse. So I turned up at Oxford, having been transformed by Her Majesty from a philosopher who surprised many people by having some religious beliefs into a theologian who was expected by many people to defend a whole set of religious beliefs as a professional duty. This was a very unexpected change. When I was a philosopher, and defended belief in God, everyone said, ‘How interesting! That is a very original and unusual opinion.’ But when I became a theologian, and went on defending the same belief in God, everyone said, ‘How boring! That is just what you are paid to say, so you must be some sort of paid church lackey.’ The way I was perceived by other people changed considerably. For some, being a Regius Professor at Oxford (technically, the senior professor in the university) was very grand. But for others, it was a definite slide down the ladder of academic respectability. For 6 Preface from being a free-thinking and radical philosopher, I had suddenly, somewhere on the road from London to Oxford, developed what Richard Dawkins calls a ‘theological mind’. And that, he thought, was rather like developing some sort of mental illness. My arrival in Oxford was heralded by a letter from Richard Dawkins to a public newspaper calling for my resignation, on the ground that there was no such subject as theology, and that I was a particularly stupid example of a theologian anyway. The reason for his wrath was a short letter I had written to the same newspaper, following a discussion of the Christmas story in the paper. I had written, in what was meant to be a joke, that I knew the three wise men existed because I had seen their tomb in Cologne Cathedral. Admittedly, it was not a very good joke. But it proved too much for Richard Dawkins, who took it as an example of the sort of evidence theologians rely on, and of the best I could do in theological argument. From that moment, the gloves were off. Even though Dawkins lived and worked in a university with one of the largest and ablest theology faculties in Britain, he went on refusing to admit that there was any such subject as theology. Despite the fact that he and I had entirely friendly and rational personal contacts – as he did with Richard Harries, former Bishop of Oxford, and the vicar of the University Church in Oxford, and the chaplain of his college – he went on proclaiming that all religious believers were stupid, deluded and dangerous. Despite the fact that many Oxford scientists are Christians, and that there is even a Chair in Science and Religion in the university, he went on saying that science and religion were intellectually incompatible. And despite the fact that a number of us have criticized his views publicly many times, he goes on saying that theologians have never answered his arguments. In fact there has been a series of public debates in Oxford over the last few years, and I do not think it is obvious that he has won 7 Why There Almost Certainly Is a God them. They have involved, among others, Richard Dawkins and his even more vituperative atheist colleague Peter Atkins on the one side, and myself, Alister McGrath, Richard Harries and Arthur Peacocke on the other. In recent years, Alister McGrath, a theologian with a doctorate in molecular biology, and John Lennox, Reader in Mathematics at Oxford, have written excellent books responding to Dawkins’ arguments. Now it is my turn to rejoin the Oxford God Debate. In a sense, Professor Dawkins got his way – I resigned as Regius Professor of Divinity. But I only did so because I reached retirement age, and I am glad to say that I was succeeded by an eminent medieval philosopher, Marilyn McCord Adams. And though resigned, my pugilistic instincts have not subsided, and I am happy to enter the lists in a head-to-head philosophical confrontation. I am even happier to know that I am bound to win, for when Dawkins talks about theology, he is, on his own admission, talking about a subject that does not exist. It is a traditional definition of Oxford scholars that they know everything about nothing (whereas Cambridge scholars know nothing about everything). So Professor Dawkins stands in a good Oxford tradition. But when a subject does not even exist, there is nothing to know about it. I presume, therefore, that Professor Dawkins actually knows nothing about theology. That gives me a head start. Thus I end my Oxford career, as I began it, with a bad joke. Or could it perhaps be true? 8 Part 1 On Chapter Two of The God Delusion