1 2 Western 3 4 Civilization 5 6 Beyond 7 Boundaries 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54S 55R 56L 2nd pass pages 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 This page intentionally left blank 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54S 55R 56L 2nd pass pages 1 2 Western 3 4 5 6 Civilization 7 8 9 Beyond 10 11 12 Boundaries 13 14 15 16 Fifth Edition 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Thomas F. X. Noble 26 27 University of Notre Dame 28 Barry Strauss 29 30 Cornell University 31 32 Duane J. Osheim 33 University of Virginia 34 35 Kristen B. Neuschel 36 Duke University 37 38 Elinor A. Accampo 39 40 University of Southern California 41 David D. Roberts 42 43 University of Georgia 44 William B. Cohen 45 46 Late of Indiana University 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54S 55R 56L Houghton Mifflin Company Boston New York 2nd pass pages 1 Publisher: Suzanne Jeans 2 Senior Sponsoring Editor: Nancy Blaine 3 Senior Marketing Manager: Katherine Bates 4 Marketing Assistant: Lauren Bussard 5 Senior Development Editor: Julie Swasey 6 7 Editorial Assistant: Adrienne Zicht 8 Senior Project Editor: Christina Horn 9 Editorial Assistant: Carrie Parker 10 Art and Design Coordinator: Jill Haber 11 Cover Design Director: Tony Saizon 12 Senior Photo Editor: Jennifer Meyer Dare 13 14 Composition Buyer: Chuck Dutton 15 New Title Project Manager: James Lonergan 16 17 Cover image:Louise Elizabeth Vigée-LeBrun (1755–1842), Madame Molé-Raymond 18 (1759–1833), actress with the company of the Comédie italienne in Paris, 1786. Photo- 19 graph: Louvre, Paris/Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY. 20 21 Text credits: Page 71:Quotation by Sappho from Ancient Greek Literature and Society, 2d 22 ed., by Charles Rowan Beye. Copyright ©1987 by Cornell University Press. Reprinted by 23 permission. Page 121:Excerpt from The Aeneid of Virgil, trans. Allen Mandelbaum. Copy- 24 right ©1971 by Allen Mandelbaum. Reprinted by permission of Bantam Books, a division 25 of Bantam, Doubleday, Dell Publishing Group, Inc. Page 305:“Down there, around Venta- 26 dorn” from The Lyrics of the Troubadour and Trouvères, trans. Frederick Goldin. Copyright ©1973 by Frederick Goldin. Used by permission of Doubleday, a division of Random 27 House, Inc. Page 305:“Friend, if you had shown consideration” from lyrics by Castellozza, 28 in The Women Troubadoursby Meg Bogin (W. W. Norton, 1976). Copyright ©1976 by 29 Magda Bogin. Reprinted by permission of Magda Bogin. Page 831:Excerpts from A Room 30 of One’s Ownby Virginia Woolf. Copyright ©1929 by Harcourt, Inc., and renewed 1957 by 31 Leonard Woolf. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. 32 33 34 35 36 Copyright ©2008 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 37 No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, 38 electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information 39 storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of Houghton Mifflin 40 Company unless such copying is expressly permitted by federal copyright law. Address 41 inquiries to College Permissions, Houghton Mifflin Company, 222 Berkeley Street, Boston, 42 MA 02116–3764. 43 44 Printed in the U.S.A. 45 46 Library of Congress Control Number: 2006935032 47 48 Instructor’s Exam Copy: ISBN-13: 978-0-618-83423-5 49 ISBN-10: 0-618-83423-0 50 51 For orders, use Student Text ISBNs: 52 ISBN-13: 978-0-618-79424-9 53 ISBN-10: 0-618-79424-7 54S 55R 123456789-VH-10 09 08 07 06 56L 2nd pass pages B C RIEF ONTENTS 1 2 3 4 5 CHAPTER1 THE ANCESTORS OF THE WEST 2 6 CHAPTER2 THE SWORD, THE BOOK, AND THE MYTHS: 7 8 WESTERN ASIA AND EARLY GREECE 30 9 CHAPTER3 THE AGE OF THE POLIS IN GREECE, CA. 750–350 B.C. 58 10 11 CHAPTER4 ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND THE SPREAD OF 12 GREEK CIVILIZATION, CA. 350–30 B.C. 92 13 14 CHAPTER5 ROME, FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE 120 15 16 CHAPTER6 IMPERIAL ROME, 31 B.C.–A.D. 284 152 17 CHAPTER7 THE WORLD OF LATE ANTIQUITY, 284–CA. 600 180 18 19 CHAPTER8 EARLY MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATIONS, 600–900 212 20 21 CHAPTER9 THE EXPANSION OF EUROPE IN THE 22 HIGH MIDDLE AGES, 900–1300 246 23 24 CHAPTER10 MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATION AT ITS HEIGHT, 900–1300 282 25 CHAPTER11 CRISIS AND RECOVERY IN LATE MEDIEVAL 26 27 EUROPE, 1300–1500 314 28 CHAPTER12 THE RENAISSANCE 350 29 30 CHAPTER13 EUROPEAN OVERSEAS EXPANSION TO 1600 384 31 32 CHAPTER14 THE AGE OF THE REFORMATION 414 33 34 CHAPTER15 EUROPE IN THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS, 1560–1648 450 35 CHAPTER16 EUROPE IN THE AGE OF LOUIS XIV, CA. 1640–1715 490 36 37 CHAPTER17 A REVOLUTION IN WORLDVIEW 522 38 39 CHAPTER18 EUROPE ON THE THRESHOLD OF MODERNITY, CA. 1715–1789 550 40 41 CHAPTER19 AN AGE OF REVOLUTION, 1789–1815 586 42 CHAPTER20 THE INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMATION OF EUROPE, 1750–1850 618 43 44 CHAPTER21 RESTORATION, REFORM, AND REVOLUTION, 1814–1848 648 45 46 CHAPTER22 NATIONALISM AND POLITICAL REFORM, 1850–1880 680 47 48 CHAPTER23 THE AGE OF OPTIMISM, 1850–1880 710 49 CHAPTER24 ESCALATING TENSIONS, 1880–1914 738 50 51 52 53 54S 55R 56L v 2nd pass pages vi Brief Contents 1 CHAPTER25 WAR AND REVOLUTION, 1914–1919 770 2 3 CHAPTER26 THE ILLUSION OF STABILITY, 1919–1930 804 4 CHAPTER27 THE TORTURED DECADE, 1930–1939 836 5 6 CHAPTER28 THE ERA OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR, 1939–1949 868 7 8 CHAPTER29 AN ANXIOUS STABILITY: THE AGE OF THE COLD WAR, 9 1949–1989 906 10 11 CHAPTER30 A CONTINUING EXPERIMENT: THE WEST AND THE WORLD 12 SINCE 1989 944 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54S 55R 56L 2ndpass pages C ONTENTS 1 2 3 4 5 PREFACE xxv ISRAEL, CA. 1500–400 B.C. 40 6 ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxxi The Hebrew Bible 41 • The Emergence of 7 Hebrew Monotheism, ca.1500–600b.c. 42 • 8 1 Exile and Return, 598–ca.400b.c. 44 • The People 9 CHAPTER of the Covenant 45 10 THE ANCESTORS OF EARLY GREECE, TO CA. 725 B.C. 47 11 12 W The Minoans and Early Greece, 3000–1375b.c. 47 • THE EST 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 The Mycenaeans, to ca.1180b.c. 49 • Between 14 ORIGINS, TO CA. 3000 B.C. 4 Mycenae and the City-States, ca.1100–725b.c. 53 • 15 The First Human Beings 4 • The Revolution in Homer and History 53 • World of the Heroes 55 16 Human Culture, ca.70,000–10,000b.c. 5 • CHAPTER SUMMARY 56 • LOOKING AHEAD 56 17 The Coming of Agriculture, ca.10,000–5000b.c. 7 • KEY TERMS 56 • SUGGESTED READING 57 18 Neolithic and Copper Age Europe, 7000–2500b.c. 9 • THE VISUAL RECORD 19 20 The Emergence of Civilization, 3500–3000b.c. 9 The Trojan War 50 21 MESOPOTAMIA, TO CA. 1600 B.C. 14 22 3 The City-States of Sumer 14 • Conquest and 23 CHAPTER Assimilation, ca.2350–1900b.c. 15 • Hammurabi’s 24 T A P Code 16 • Divine Masters 16 • Arts and HE GE OF THE OLIS IN 25 Sciences 17 G , . 750–350 . . 26 REECE CA B C . . . . . .58 27 EGYPT, TO CA. 1100 B.C. 19 SOCIETY AND POLITICS IN ARCHAIC 28 DWiavri nAeb Kroinadg,s hRiepfo1rm9 •at HLiofem aen, d17 A8f6t–e1rl0if7e52b1.c.•22 • GREECE, CA. 750–500 B.C. 60 2390 Agriculture, Trade, Colonization, and Warfare 60 • Arts and Sciences in the New Kingdom 23 31 Emergence of the Polis 63 • Corinth and WIDENING HORIZONS: THE LEVANT AND 32 ANATOLIA, 2500–1150 B.C. 24 Tyranny 64 • Sparta 65 • Early Athens 68 33 The Canaanite City-States, ca.2500–1200b.c. 24 • THE CULTURE OF ARCHAIC GREECE 70 34 35 The Hittites, 1650–1180b.c. 26 • The First Revealing the Self: Lyric Poetry and Sculpture 70 • 36 International Peace, ca.1500–1150b.c. 26 Religious Faith and Practice 71 • The Origins of 37 Western Philosophy 72 CHAPTER SUMMARY 28 • LOOKING AHEAD 29 38 KEY TERMS 29 • SUGGESTED READING 29 CLASSICAL GREECE 74 39 The Development of Demokratia, 508–322b.c. 74 • 40 THE VISUAL RECORD The Iceman and His World 10 How Demokratia Worked 76 • The Persian Wars, 41 499–479b.c. 77 • Struggles to Dominate Greece, 42 2 478–362b.c. 79 43 CHAPTER 44 THE PUBLIC CULTURE OF 45 THE SWORD, THE BOOK, AND CLASSICAL GREECE 80 46 M : W A Religion and Art 81 • The Sophists and 47 THE YTHS ESTERN SIA Socrates 84 • Plato and Aristotle 85 • Athenian 48 E G AND ARLY REECE Drama 86 • Historical Thought and Writing 88 49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 APESRSYSIRAINANS,S C, AN.E1O2-0B0A–B3Y3L0ONBI.AC.NS,3 2AND KCHEYAPTTEERRMSSUM90M•ARSYU8G9GE•STELDOROKEAINDGINAGH9E0AD 90 555012 Assyrians and Neo-Babylonians 33 • Building the THE VISUAL RECORD 53 The Parthenon 82 Persian Empire 36 • The King of Kings 37 • 54S Zoroastrianism 38 55R 56L vii 2nd pass pages viii Contents 1 4 THE EARLY AND MIDDLE REPUBLIC ABROAD, 2 CHAPTER CA. 509–133 B.C. 134 3 ALEXANDER THE GREAT Republican Expansion: The Conquest of Italy, 4 S ca.509–265b.c. 134 • Rome Versus Carthage: 5 AND THE PREAD OF The Punic Wars, 264–146b.c. 137 • Victories in the 6 GREEK CIVILIZATION, Hellenistic East, ca.200–133b.c. 139 • The 7 . 350–30 . . Socioeconomic Consequences of Expansion 139 • 8 CA B C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 The Impact of Greece on Rome and Its Empire 141 9 10 PHILIP AND ALEXANDER 94 THE LATE REPUBLIC AND ITS COLLAPSE, 11 The Rise of Macedon 94 • Alexander the 133–31 B.C. 143 12 Conqueror 95 The Gracchi 143 • Marius and Sulla 144 • 13 THE HELLENISTIC KINGDOMS, Pompey and Caesar 145 • The World of Cicero 149 14 323–30 B.C. 99 CHAPTER SUMMARY 150 • LOOKING AHEAD 151 15 Colonialism, Greek Style 100 • Economic KEY TERMS 151 • SUGGESTED READING 151 16 17 Expansion 101 • Macedon and Greece 102 • THE VISUAL RECORD 18 Ptolemaic Egypt 103 • Seleucids and From Poseidonia to Paestum 126 19 Attalids 104 • The Greco-Indian Interaction 105 20 ALEXANDRIAN CULTURE 107 6 CHAPTER 21 The Museum and Alexandrian Culture 107 • 22 I R , Advances in Science and Medicine 109 • MPERIAL OME 23 Men and Women in Art and Society 110 31 . .– . . 284 24 B C A D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152 25 THE TURN INWARD: 26 NEW PHILOSOPHIES, NEW FAITHS 114 AUGUSTUS AND THE PRINCIPATE, 27 Hellenistic Philosophy 114 • The Mystery 31 B.C.–A.D. 68 154 28 The Political Settlement 154 • The Economic and Religions 115 • Hellenistic Judaism 116 29 Social Settlement 155 • The Culture of the CHAPTER SUMMARY 118 • LOOKING AHEAD 119 30 KEY TERMS 119 • SUGGESTED READING 119 Augustan Age 157 • The Julio-Claudians 158 31 THE ROMAN PEACE AND ITS COLLAPSE, 32 THE VISUAL RECORD 33 Images of Cleopatra 112 A.D. 69–284 161 The Flavians and the “Good Emperors” 161 • 34 35 5 Prosperity and Romanization in the Provinces 162 • 36 CHAPTER Roman Law on Class and Marriage 166 • 37 R , The Culture of the Roman Peace 166 • The Crisis OME FROM 38 ofthe Third Century,a.d. 235–284 167 R E 39 EPUBLIC TO MPIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 EARLY CHRISTIANITY 170 40 41 BEFORE THE REPUBLIC, 753–509 B.C. 122 Mystery Religions 170 • Jesus of Nazareth 172 • 42 The First Romans and Their Neighbors 123 • Paul of Tarsus 175 • Expansion, Divergence, and 43 The Roman Monarchy 128 Persecution 176 44 THE EARLY AND MIDDLE REPUBLIC AT HOME, CHAPTER SUMMARY 177 • LOOKING AHEAD 178 45 CA. 509–133 B.C. 128 KEY TERMS 178 • SUGGESTED READING 178 46 Political Institutions 129 • Conflict of the THE VISUAL RECORD 47 Orders, 494–287b.c. 130 • The Roman Gladiators 164 48 49 Household 131 • Patrons and Clients 132 • 50 Religion and Worldview 133 51 52 53 54S 55R 56L 2ndpass pages Contents ix 7 THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE 221 1 CHAPTER Shifting Frontiers 221 • New Forms of 2 T W L 3 HE ORLD OF ATE Government 223 • The Birth of Byzantine 4 A , 284– . 600 Culture 225 NTIQUITY CA 5 . . . .180 CATHOLIC KINGDOMS IN THE WEST 228 6 REBUILDING THE ROMAN EMPIRE, The Struggles of Visigothic Spain 228 • Italy and the 7 284–395 182 Papal States 229 • The Fate of the British Isles 229 8 The Reforms of Diocletian (r. 284–305) 182 • THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE 231 9 The Reforms of Constantine (r. 306–337) 185 • 10 The Rise of the Carolingian Family, 600–768 232 • The Fourth-Century Empire: A Fragile Stability 186 11 The Empire of Charlemagne, 768–814 232 • 12 THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE Carolingian Government 234 • The Carolingian 13 ROMAN EMPIRE, 313–604 188 Renaissance 236 • The Fragmentation of 14 Emperors, Bishops, and Heretics 188 • Charlemagne’s Empire, 814–887 238 15 The Institutional Development of the Catholic EARLY MEDIEVAL ECONOMIES AND 16 Church, ca.300–600 189 • The Rise of Christian SOCIETIES 240 17 Monasticism 192 18 Trade and Commerce 240 • Town and THE RISE OF GERMANIC KINGDOMS 19 Countryside 241 • Social Patterns 242 • The IN THE WEST, CA. 370–530 194 20 Experiences of Women 242 21 Invasions and Migrations 194 • Incorporating CHAPTER SUMMARY 243 • LOOKING AHEAD 244 22 theBarbarians 194 • More Kingdoms: The End KEY TERMS 244 • SUGGESTED READING 245 23 ofDirect Roman Rule in the West 196 • Old and 24 THE VISUAL RECORD New in the West 199 Icons 226 25 THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE EAST, 26 395–565 199 9 27 CHAPTER 28 Constantinople and Its Rulers 199 • 29 The Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565) 201 T E HE XPANSION OF 30 SOCIETY AND CULTURE IN LATE E H 31 UROPE IN THE IGH ANTIQUITY 205 32 M A , 900–1300 Social Hierarchies and Realities 206 • The Quest for IDDLE GES 33 . . .246 a Catholic Tradition 207 • Saint Augustine and the 34 Christian Tradition 209 ECONOMIC EXPANSION 248 35 CHAPTER SUMMARY 210 • LOOKING AHEAD 211 The Growing Population 248 • Technological 36 KEY TERMS 211 • SUGGESTED READING 211 Gains 248 • Forms of Enterprise 251 • The Roles 37 of Cities and Towns 251 • Changing Economic 38 THE VISUAL RECORD Attitudes 253 39 The Ravenna Mosaics 202 40 THE HEIRS OF THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE: 41 8 GERMANY, ITALY, AND FRANCE 254 42 CHAPTER Germany and the Empire, 911–1272 254 • 43 E M The Varying Fortunes of Italy 259 • Capetian 44 ARLY EDIEVAL France, 987–1314 262 45 C , 600–900 IVILIZATIONS . . . .212 THE BRITISH ISLES 267 46 47 THE ISLAMIC EAST 214 Viking and Norman Invasions in England 267 • 48 The Development of English Law and Arabia Before Muhammad 214 • The Prophet 49 Government 268 • The Celtic Realms 270 andHis Faith 215 • The Arab Conquests 218 • 50 The Abbasid Revolution 219 • The Emergence of THE GROWTH OF NEW STATES 271 51 Islamic Culture 220 Reconquista and Kingdom Building in Spain 272 • 52 53 Scandinavia 273 • The Slavic World 274 54S 55R 56L 2nd pass pages