Water Systems Analysis, Design, and Planning Water Systems Analysis, Design, and Planning Urban Infrastructure Mohammad Karamouz MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software. First edition published 2022 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Names: Karamouz, Mohammad, author. Title: Water systems analysis, design, and planning : urban infrastructure / Mohammad Karamouz. Description: First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2022] | Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021028450 (print) | LCCN 2021028451 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367528454 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032149189 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003241744 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Waterworks. Classification: LCC TD485 .K368 2022 (print) | LCC TD485 (ebook) | DDC 628.109173/2—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021028450 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021028451 ISBN: 978-0-367-52845-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-14918-9 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-24174-4 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003241744 Typeset in Times by codeMantra To the great power of mind and those who have striven to utilize it for the betterment of our hydro-planet. Mohammad Karamouz Contents Preface............................................................................................................................................xxv Acknowledgments .........................................................................................................................xxxi Author ........................................................................................................................................xxxiii Chapter 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................1 1.2 Urban Water Cycle ............................................................................................2 1.2.1 Components ..........................................................................................3 1.2.2 Interdependencies .................................................................................4 1.2.3 Impact of Urbanization ........................................................................4 1.3 Interaction of Climatic, Hydrologic, Cultural and Esthetic Aspects .................5 1.3.1 Climatic Effects—Rainfall Type .........................................................5 1.3.2 Hydrologic Effects ................................................................................5 1.3.3 Urban Heat Islands ...............................................................................5 1.3.4 Cultural and Esthetic Aspects ..............................................................6 1.4 Urban Water Infrastructure Management .........................................................7 1.4.1 Life Cycle Assessment .........................................................................8 1.4.2 Environmental, Economic, and Social Performances ..........................9 1.4.3 Urban Landscape Architecture ..........................................................10 1.5 Systems Approach ...........................................................................................12 1.5.1 General Systems’ Characteristics .......................................................13 1.5.2 System Properties ...............................................................................15 1.6 Hydrologic Variability .....................................................................................17 1.6.1 Hydrologic Variables and Parameters ................................................18 1.7 Representations, Statistical, and Simulation Models ......................................18 1.8 Extreme Values, Vulnerability, Risk, and Uncertainty ...................................19 1.9 Tools and Techniques ......................................................................................20 1.9.1 Systems Modeling ..............................................................................22 1.9.2 Model Resolution ...............................................................................22 1.10 The Hierarchy of Water for Life and Total Systems Approach .......................23 1.10.1 The Biosphere .....................................................................................24 1.10.2 System-Based Thinking .....................................................................24 1.10.3 Natural Systems..................................................................................25 1.10.4 Human and Institutional Systems ......................................................25 1.10.5 Built Environment—Infrastructure ....................................................25 1.10.6 Disasters and Interdependencies ........................................................25 1.11 People’s Perception—Public Awareness .........................................................26 1.11.1 Integrated Water Cycle Management .................................................28 1.12 Economics of Water ........................................................................................28 1.13 Clean Water Act ..............................................................................................29 1.13.1 The Basis of State Water Laws in the United States ..........................30 1.14 Concluding Remarks and Book’s Organization ..............................................31 Problems .....................................................................................................................31 References ..................................................................................................................33 vii viii Contents Chapter 2 Urban Water Cycle and Interactions ..........................................................................35 2.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................35 2.2 Urban Water Cycle ..........................................................................................37 2.2.1 Components—Water Movements .......................................................37 2.2.2 Impact of Urbanization—Water Distribution, Waste Collection .......39 2.3 Interactions on Urban Components .................................................................40 2.3.1 Climatic Effects—Different Climates ...............................................40 2.3.2 Hydrologic Effects ..............................................................................41 2.3.3 Qualitative Aspects ............................................................................42 2.3.4 Greenhouse Effect ..............................................................................42 2.3.5 Urban Heat Islands—Mitigation ........................................................43 2.3.6 Cultural Aspects .................................................................................43 2.4 Remotely Sensed and Satellite Data ................................................................44 2.5 Water Balance Elements ..................................................................................44 2.5.1 Precipitation .......................................................................................44 2.5.1.1 Measurement by Standard Gauges .....................................44 2.5.1.2 Various Types of Rain Gauges ...........................................46 2.5.1.3 Measurement by Weather Radar ........................................47 2.5.1.4 Measurement by Satellite ...................................................48 2.5.1.5 The PERSIANN System .....................................................48 2.5.1.6 Estimation of Missing Rainfall Data ..................................49 2.5.1.7 Station Average Method .....................................................51 2.5.1.8 Snowmelt Estimation ..........................................................51 2.5.2 Evaporation and Evapotranspiration ..................................................54 2.5.2.1 Evaporation Evaluation .......................................................55 2.5.2.2 Water Budget Method .........................................................55 2.5.2.3 Mass Transfer Method ........................................................55 2.5.2.4 Pan Evaporation ..................................................................56 2.5.2.5 Measurement of Evapotranspiration ...................................56 2.5.2.6 Thornthwaite Method .........................................................57 2.6 Interception Storage and Depression Storage ..................................................58 2.7 Infiltration ........................................................................................................59 2.8 Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) ...........................................................60 2.8.1 Agricultural Drought Indicators .........................................................60 2.8.2 Potential Climatic Values ...................................................................61 2.8.3 Coefficients of Water Balance Parameters .........................................61 2.8.4 Precipitation for Climatically Appropriate for Existing Condition, Pˆ .......................................................................................61 i 2.8.5 Drought Severity Index ......................................................................62 2.9 Groundwater ....................................................................................................63 2.10 Reservoirs and Lakes ......................................................................................65 2.11 Water Balance ..................................................................................................65 2.11.1 Thomas Model (abcd Model) .............................................................66 2.11.2 A Case Study: Water Balanced-Based Sustainability ........................68 2.12 Interactions between the Urban Water Cycle and Urban Infrastructure Components .....................................................................................................72 2.12.1 Interactions with the Wastewater Treatment System .........................73 2.12.2 Interactions between Water and Wastewater Treatment Systems ......73 2.12.3 Interactions between Water Supply and Wastewater Collection Systems .............................................................................74 Contents ix 2.12.4 Interactions between Urban Drainage Systems and Wastewater Treatment Systems .............................................................................74 2.12.5 Interactions between Urban Drainage Systems and Solid Waste Management .......................................................................................75 2.12.6 Interactions between Urban Water Infrastructure and Urban Transportation Infrastructures ................................................76 2.13 Livable Cities of the Future .............................................................................77 2.13.1 Daniel Loucks View Points ................................................................77 2.13.1.1 Urban Water in the Larger Water Nexus ............................77 2.13.1.2 Gray Infrastructure .............................................................78 2.13.1.3 Green Infrastructure ...........................................................79 2.13.1.4 Challenges of Future ...........................................................80 2.13.2 David Miller’s View Points ................................................................80 2.13.2.1 Setting the Stage .................................................................80 2.13.2.2 Cities Around the World Lead the Way ..............................81 2.13.2.3 A Closer Look at Toronto’s Strategies for Sustainability ...82 2.13.3 Craig S. Ivey’s View Points ................................................................83 2.13.3.1 Facts and Figures ................................................................83 2.13.3.2 Challenges...........................................................................84 2.13.3.3 Solutions .............................................................................84 2.14 Concluding Remarks .......................................................................................86 Problems .....................................................................................................................86 References ..................................................................................................................89 Chapter 3 Urban Water Hydrology .............................................................................................93 3.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................93 3.2 Urban Watersheds ............................................................................................93 3.3 Watershed Geomorphology .............................................................................94 3.4 Land Use and Cover Impacts ..........................................................................94 3.4.1 Urban Areas .......................................................................................96 3.4.2 Wetland Areas ....................................................................................96 3.5 Rainfall–Runoff Analysis in Urban Areas ......................................................97 3.5.1 Drainage Area Characteristics ...........................................................98 3.5.2 Rainfall Losses ...................................................................................99 3.6 Travel Time ......................................................................................................99 3.6.1 Definitions of Time of Concentration ................................................99 3.6.2 Classifying Time Parameters ...........................................................100 3.6.3 Velocity Method ...............................................................................101 3.6.4 Sheet Flow Travel Time ...................................................................102 3.6.5 Empirical Formulas ..........................................................................103 3.7 Excess Rainfall Calculation ..........................................................................103 3.7.1 Interception Storage Estimation .......................................................104 3.7.2 Estimation of Infiltration ..................................................................105 3.7.3 Green–Ampt Model .........................................................................106 3.7.3.1 Ponding Time ....................................................................108 3.7.3.2 Horton Method .................................................................110 3.7.3.3 Simple Infiltration Models ................................................111 3.8 Rainfall Measurement ...................................................................................112 3.8.1 Intensity–Duration–Frequency Curves: Advantages and Disadvantages ...................................................................................113