Water Pollution: Modelling, Measuring and Prediction FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WATER POLLUTION: MODELLING, MEASURING AND PREDICTION 91 SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE B.L. Bayne O. Kinne C.A. Brebbia D.Ouazar M.A. Celia G.F. Pinder R.A. Falconer A. Plata Bedmar P. Fritz J.S.F. Roldao G. Gambolati M.Th. van Genuchten E.I. Hamilton S.S.Y. Wang D.R.F. Harleman L.C. Wrobel A. James A.B. Zuber J.E. Jorgensen Water Pollution: Modelling, Measuring and Prediction Editors: L.C. Wrobel, Wessex Institute of Technology, U.K. C.A. Brebbia, Wessex Institute of Technology, U.K. Computational Mechanics Publications Southampton Boston CMP Co-published with Elsevier Applied Science London New York L.C. Wrobel C.A Brebbia Computational Mechanics Institute Computational Mechanics Institute Wessex Institute of Technology Wessex Institute of Technology Ashurst Lodge Ashurst Lodge Ashurst Ashurst Southampton S04 2AA Southampton S04 2AA UK UK Co-published by Computational Mechanics Publications Ashurst Lodge, Ashurst, Southampton, UK Computational Mechanics Publications Ltd Sole Distributor in the USA and Canada: Computational Mechanics Inc. 25 Bridge Street, Billerica, MA 01821, USA and Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd Crown House, Linton Road, Barking, Essex IG 11 8JU, UK Elsevier's Sole Distributor in the USA and Canada: Elsevier Science Publishing Company Inc. 655 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10010, USA British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A Catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 1-85166-697-4 Elsevier Applied Science, London, New York ISBN 1-85312-146-0 Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton ISBN 1-56252-073-3 Computational Mechanics Publications, Boston, USA Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 91-75136 No responsibility is assumed by the Publishers for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. ©Computational Mechanics Publications 1991 @see also p.234 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy- ing, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. PREFACE Water Pollution is a subject of growing concern in our industrial world. The environmental problems caused by the increase of pollutant loads dis- charged into natural water systems have led the scientific community to pursue studies capable of relating the pollutant discharge with changes in the water quality. The results of these studies are permitting industries to employ more efficient methods of controlling and treating the waste loads, and water authorities to enforce more strict legislation regarding this matter. The present book contains edited versions of the papers presented at the First International Conference on Water Pollution (Modelling, Measuring and Prediction), held in Southampton, England, in September 1991. Its contents, which reflect the interdisciplinarity of the subject, are divided into four parts, each consisting of a keynote address and several invited and contributed papers: 1. Mathematical models (Keynote speaker: Prof. R.A. Falconer, Univer- sity of Bradford, USA) 2. Data acquisition/monitoring/measurement (Keynote speaker: Dr. A. Plata Bedmar, IAEA, Austria) 3. Waste disposal and wastewater treatment (Keynote speaker: Prof. D.R.F. Harleman, MIT, USA) 4. Chemical and biological problems (Keynote speaker: Dr. E.I. Hamil- ton, Environmental consultant, UK) Although the papers have been typographically edited they have been re- produced directly from material submitted by the authors, and their content is a reflection of the authors' research and opinion. The editors are grateful to the keynote and invited speakers for their sup- port, and to the staff of Computational Mechanics Publications for their assistance in the preparation of the volume. L.C. Wrobel and C.A. Brebbia Southampton, September 1991 CONTENTS PART 1: MATHEMATICAL MODELS Keynote Address Review of Modelling Flow and Pollutant Transport 3 Processes in Hydraulic Basins R.A. Falconer Section 1: Groundwater Contamination Invited Paper Nitrogen Leaching from Agricultural Soils - A Comparison 27 of Measured and Computer-Simulated Results J. Feher, M. Th. van Genuchten, T. Nemeth Modeling Transport in a Double Porosity Medium: 43 An Alternative Approach P. Biver A Combined Use of Simulation and Optimization 59 Techniques in the Solution of Aquifer Restoration Problems Y. Mylopoulos, P. Latinopoulos, N. Theodosiou Application of AI Techniques for Identification of 73 Unknown Groundwater Pollution Sources B. Datta, M. Levent Kavvas, G. T. Orlob WOLFNET: A Standalone Calculation Program for 91 Groundwater Flow Networks J.-M. Laurens, I. Teasdale A Parametric Study of Gas Migration From an 99 Underground Nuclear Waste Repository S. Mishra, W. Hiirlimann, P. Zuidema Section 2: Lakes Modelling of Eutrophication and Oxygen Depletion in 111 the Lake Lappajarvi O. Malve, T. Huttula, K. Lehtinen A One-Dimensional Turbulence Model for Vertical 125 Transport in Stratified Lakes E.M. Owens, Jr., D.R.F. Harleman Pollutant Emission from Sewer Systems into Lago 141 Maggiore-Preliminary Survey P. Ratinckx, J. Berlamont, L. Li, M. Cargnelutti, P. Troch, F. De Troch Section 3: Rivers and Channels Invited Paper The Modelling of Storm Water Pollution 155 A. James, D.J. Elliott Invited Paper Pollutant Transport Studies in the Paraiba do 167 SuI River, Brazil J.S.F. Roldiio, J.H.P. Soares, L. C. Wrobel, T.R. Huge, N.L.C. Dias The Development of a Conceptual Model for the 181 Degradation of Water Quality in Glacial Meltwater Channels used in River Diversion Schemes in Western Canada E. Davis, S.L. Barbour, v.H. Remenda Exposure Analysis of the Phosphate Substitutes NTA 195 and EDTA by Use of the Surface Water Model EXWAT St. Trapp, R. Bruggemann, B. Munzer Spatial and Temporal Variability of Water Quality 211 and Optimization of Pollution Monitoring Networks in the Upper Volga River Basin S. Tushinsky Section 4: Sea Pollution Eurospill: Chemical Spill Model Based on Modelling 225 Turbulent Mixing at Sea T. Lunel Simulation of Shear Dispersion of an Effluent Plume 241 caused by Wind Stress on the Sea Surface G.J.M. Copeland Section 5: Beach / Coastal Contamination Representation of Sources in a 3-D Eulerian-Lagrangian 251 Mass Transport Model K.N. Dimou, E.E. Adams Determination of Spill Characteristics of Combined 265 Sewer Overflows and Coastal Storm Outfalls R. Burrows, W. Wang Mathematical Modelling of the Effects of Marine Aquaculture 279 Developments on Certain Water Quality Parameters M. Hartnett, A.M. Cawley Section 6: Numerical Techniques Lagrangian Modelling of the Convective Diffusion Problem 299 Using Unstructured Grids and Multigrid Technique C. Gaspar, J. Jozsa, P. Simbierowicz Merging the Diagnostic and Predictive Property of 313 Canonical Correlation Analysis in Modelling of Biological High Resolution Data in Environmental Studies O. Varis Water Pollution Control with Two-Phase Dense-Bubble 321 Plumes R.E. Baddour PART II: DATA ACQUISITION / MONITORING / MEASUREMENT Keynote Address Use of Artificial Tracers for Pollution Dispersion Studies 329 in Surface Water A. Plata Bedmar Section 1: Remote Sensing Landsat 5/Thematic Mapper Images Used to Identify 355 Macroalgae Vegetation in the Venice Lagoon L. Alberotanza, M. Pavanatti, G. Zibordi, A. Zandonella Coastal Discharges Monitoring by an Airborne Remote 369 Sensing System M. Riccetti, M. Romano, S. Talice Section 2: Sediment Transport Importance of Sorption Kinetics in the Partitioning of 383 Organic Pollutants from a Point Source onto Suspended Sediments in the Transverse Mixing Zone H.M. Liljestmnd, Y.-D. Lee Sorption of Organic Pollutants onto Natural Solid 399 Components in Aquatic Environments H.M. Liljestmnd, Y. Shimizu Section 3: Groundwater Quality The Influence of Natural Dissolved Organic Matter 413 Found in Groundwater on the Adsorption and Mobility of Pentachlorophenol L. Marineau, P. Lafrance, J.P. Villeneuve Groundwater Pollution by Industry 427 T. Nysten Section 4: Surface Water Quality Modelling Below-Surface Characteristics in Water 441 Reaeration H.E. Schulz, S.A.G. Schulz The Distribution, Extent and Significance of Nitrification 455 in the Tees Estuary, North-East England A.S. Nottage, T.H. Birkbeck, C. Mackie Using Real-time Physical/Chemical Sensors and 463 In-situ Biological Indicators to Monitor Water Pollution M.H. Salazar, D.B. Chadwick A Water Pollution Study of the Venice Lagoon 481 L. Alberotanza, L. Carbognin, P. Cova, C. Ramasco, G. Taroni, G. Zucchelta A Method to Monitor the Venice Lagoon 497 L. Alberotanza, G. Aldighieri, P. Cova, C. Ramasco, A. Vianello, G. Zucchetta Water Quality Sampling for Nutrient Loading Estimation 505 D.H. Burn Turbulent Measurements in Chlorine Contact Tank 519 K. Shiono, E.C. Teixeira, R.A. Falconer PART ITI: WASTE DISPOSAL / WASTE WATER TREATMENT J(e ynote Address Chemically Enhanced Wastewater Treatment: 535 An Appropriate Technology for the 1990's D.R.F. Harleman Injection of Geothermal Sludge and Scales into 545 Abandoned Wells - An Opportunity-Based Waste Disposal Alternative M. C. Bisnar, L. V. Bongao An Effective Optimization Technique for the Design 563 of Sewer Systems C. Li Treatment of Piggery Wastes in Portugal: A General 579 Overview J.R. Bicudo, L.F. Madureira Biotreatment of Hazardous Leachate 595 S.I<. Bhattacharya, N. Reddy, Q. Yuan Cooling Water Reuse and Disposal into Streams 611 V. Dermissis, N. Dermissi Biological and Chemical Indices of Sewage Sludge 627 Discharged at Sea A.R.D. Stebbing, J.J. Cleary, J.E. Thain, M.D. Brinsley PART IV: CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Keynote Address Water Quality: An Overview of Some Limitations 645 to Accepted Processes E.!. Hamilton Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Gulf of Mexico Oysters: 665 Overview of the First Four Years of the NOAA's National Status and Trends Mussel Watch Program (1986-1989) J.L. Sericano, T.L. Wade, J.M. Brooks Method and Device of Water Contamination Biotests 683 B.C. Belenky, V.E. Kurochkin, L.I<. Panina The Effects of Oil Pollution on Seabirds on the German 693 North Sea Coast from 1983 to 1990 C. Vauk, C. Averbeck, M. Korsch Assessing the Exposure of Fish to a Petroleum Spill 707 in Galveston Bay, Texas S.J. McDonald, T.L. Wade, J.M. Brooks, T.J. McDonald On the Use of Algal Fluorescence Emission in 719 Ecotoxicological Studies C. Arsenault, A.D Cvetkovic, R. Popovic