Voice and Argument Structure in Baltic Valency, Argument Realization and Grammatical Relations in Baltic (VARGReB) issn 2352-0159 This series of five volumes is the outcome of a research project coordinated by Vilnius University, aiming at bundling research efforts of scholars from different countries in the domain of the Baltic languages (Lithuanian and Latvian). Baltic linguistics has long been fraught with a strong diachronic bias, but there is now a growing body of theoretically and typologically informed work on these languages. The series focuses on a core domain of Baltic grammar, viz. that of clausal architecture, case marking and grammatical relations, and the syntax-semantic interface. In addition to three collections of articles the series will also comprise two monographs, dealing with copular sentences and argument alternations respectively. The first volume to appear in the series is concerned with non-canonical grammatical relations in Baltic. The next volumes will deal with a variety of issues in the domain of valency and argu- ment realization. For an overview of all books published in this series, please see http://benjamins.com/catalog/vargreb Volume 2 Voice and Argument Structure in Baltic Edited by Axel Holvoet and Nicole Nau Voice and Argument Structure in Baltic Edited by Axel Holvoet University of Warsaw & Vilnius University Nicole Nau Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan´ & Vilnius University John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 the American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. doi 10.1075/vargreb.2 CIP Data is available from the Library of Congress. isbn 978 90 272 5910 3 (Hb) isbn 978 90 272 6795 5 (e-book) © 2015 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · https://benjamins.com Table of contents Preface vii Voice in Baltic: An overview 1 Nicole Nau and Axel Holvoet Part I. Causatives Lithuanian morphological causatives: A corpus-based study 39 Peter Arkadiev and Jurgis Pakerys Morphological causatives in contemporary Latvian 99 Nicole Nau Extended uses of morphological causatives in Latvian 147 Axel Holvoet Part II. Reflexives and middle voice Middle voice reflexives and argument structure in Baltic 181 Axel Holvoet, Marta Grzybowska and Agnieszka Rembiałkowska Converse relations with the reflexive marker in Lithuanian and Polish: Between grammar and lexicon 211 Björn Wiemer and Marta Grzybowska Part III. Passives Passivization and argument structure in Lithuanian 289 Cori Anderson Solving the puzzle of the Lithuanian passive 323 Birutė Spraunienė, Auksė Razanovaitė and Erika Jasionytė Latvian passives – personal, impersonal and evidential 367 Axel Holvoet Language index 395 Name index 397 Subject index 399 Preface The present collection of articles is the second in a series of five books, opened in 2014 by the volume Grammatical Relations and their Non-Canonical Encoding in Baltic. This series is the outcome of a research project conducted by Vilnius University and supervised by the Lithuanian Research Council. It is financed from the European Social Fund under measure VP1-3.1-ŠMM-07-K “Support to Research Activities of Scientists and Other Researchers” (also called the Global Grant Measure), Priority 3 “Strengthening of Capacities of Researchers and other Scientists” of the Operational Programme for Human Resources Development. In this volume we have brought together a number of articles that were, in different ways, concerned with voice in a broader sense, i.e. with morphosyntactic and morphosemantic devices affecting grammatical relations and often also argu- ment structure. All contributions have greatly profited from the fruitful discus- sions at the Salos conferences in July–August 2013 and 2014, and at the Vilnius workshops in January 2014 and 2015 (also known as ‘Midwinter Salos’). Our warmest thanks are due to the following external reviewers who, in spite of numerous other obligations, have found time to read the articles contained in this volume and to give incisive and constructive criticisms: Tor Anders Åfarli, Johan van der Auwera, James P. Blevins, Seppo Kittilä, Ekkehard König, Johanna Nichols, Masayoshi Shibatani, and Jae Jung Song. Wayles Browne has, once again, rendered us invaluable services both as a lan- guage editor and as a careful and benevolent reader whose comments have allowed the authors to refine many a formulation and to avoid many a mistake. He cannot, of course, be held responsible for any of the imperfections that will inevitably still be found adhering to this volume. The collective work behind the volume would not have been possible without the competent efforts of the project manager, Gina Kavaliūnaitė, and the admin- istrative staff at Vilnius University. The benevolent and constructive supervision of the Lithuanian Research Council has been greatly appreciated. The Editors doi 10.1075/vargreb.2.001pre © 2015 John Benjamins Publishing Company Voice in Baltic An overview Nicole Naui, ii and Axel Holvoetii, iii iAdam Mickiewicz University in Poznań / iiVilnius University / iiiUniversity of Warsaw 1. Introduction1 Voice and related phenomena belong to the core topics of grammatical investi- gation and have been on the agenda of linguists of various persuasions, taking typological, theoretical, functional, or historical approaches. It is also one of the rare fields where data from Baltic languages have been made the point of departure for a general typological investigation and brought to the awareness of a broader audience, thanks to Emma Geniušienė’s monograph on the typology of reflexives (1987). With the current volume we hope to show that modern Lithuanian and Latvian still have a lot to offer to linguists interested in these topics. It is devoted to several phenomena that may be grouped under the label voice in the broad sense (cf. Kulikov 2011: 372, 395): passive, middle, conversive and causative. They have in common that they affect the diathesis, or valency pattern of a verb, that is the matching of semantic roles and syntactic functions, and go along with a change in verbal morphology. Despite the obvious similarities, the grouping of these phenomena under a common label such as voice is not unproblematic. Following the approach of the St Petersburg (erstwhile Leningrad) Typological School, Kulikov (2011: 371–372) restricts voice sensu stricto to those regular morphological encodings of diathe- sis where no semantic argument is added or deleted (cf. also Mel’čuk 1993). The causative, where an external causer is added and the valency thus increased, does not belong to the category of voice in this narrow sense. It is a typical example of a 1. For helpful comments on this introduction we are grateful to Peter Arkadiev, Björn Wiemer, and Anna Kibort, as well as to Joan Maling, whose comments unfortunately reached us too late to be taken into account. doi 10.1075/vargreb.2.002int © 2015 John Benjamins Publishing Company