VIOLENCE IN ISLAMIC THOUGHT FROM THE QURʾ¯AN TO THE MONGOLS Legitimate and Illegitimate Violence in Islamic Thought Series Editors: István Kristó-Nagy and Robert Gleave This three-volume series examines the promotion and condemnation of violence in Islamic thought from the earliest period of Islam to the present day. Asking how violence has been justified by Muslims in the past and in the present, these studies show how violence has been legitimised, normalised or censured by Muslims, tracing the history of the argumentation across time and between regions and traditions. The stale media debate about Islam as a violent or non- violent religion is here rejected in favour of a nuanced approach which examines a variety of intellectual disciplines and literatures, examining how violence was processed by Muslim thinkers, such as scholars of law and religion, historians, poets and artists, through time. The result is a striking variety of approaches to violence, and a diversity of conceptions of legitimate and illegitimate violent acts. The series aims to alter how the relationship between violence and Islam is characterised both within and outside of academia. Volume 1: Violence in Islamic Thought from the Qurʾān to the Mongols Volume 2: Violence in Islamic Thought from the Mongols to European Imperialism Volume 3: Violence in Islamic Thought from European Imperialism to the Present Day violence in islamic thought from the Qurʾ¯an to the mongols Edited by ROBERT GLEAVE and ISTVáN T. KRISTÓ-NAGY The Legitimate and Illegitimate Violence in Islamic Thought Project (www.livitproject.net) funded by the RCUK Global Uncertainties Programme, administered through the Economic and Social Research Council In memory of Thomas Sizgorich (1970–2011) © editorial matter and organisation Robert Gleave and István T. Kristó-Nagy, 2015 © the chapters their several authors, 2015 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road 12 (2f) Jackson’s Entry Edinburgh EH8 8PJ www.euppublishing.com Typeset in JaghbUni by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport Cheshire, and printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7486 9423 5 (hardback) ISBN 978 0 7486 9424 2 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 0345 0 (epub) The right of the contributors to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted inaccordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). Contents Dates and Abbreviations viii List of Figures and Tables ix 1. INTRODUCTION 1 István T. Kristó-Nagy and Robert Gleave PART I. JIH¯AD AND CONQUEST: ATTITUDES TO VIOLENCE AGAINST THE EXTERNAL ENEMIES OF THE MUSLIM COMMUNITY 2. THE QUESTION OF DIVINE HELP IN THE JIHĀD 27 Dominique Urvoy 3. READING THE QURʾĀN ON JIHĀD: TWO EARLY EXEGETICAL TEXTS 33 Andrew Rippin 4. IBN AL-MUBĀRAK’S KITĀB AL-JIHĀD AND EARLY RENUNCIANT LITERATURE 49 Christopher Melchert 5. SHAPING MEMORY OF THE CONQUESTS: THE CASE OF TUSTAR 70 Sarah Bowen Savant vi Violence in Islamic Thought PART II. THE CHALLENGED ESTABLISHMENT: ATTITUDES TO VIOLENCE AGAINST THE STATE AND IN ITS DEFENCE WITHIN THE MUSLIM COMMUNITY 6. WHO INSTIGATED VIOLENCE: A REBELLING DEVIL OR A VENGEFUL GOD? 93 István T. Kristó-Nagy 7. ATTITUDES TO THE USE OF FIRE IN EXECUTIONS IN LATE ANTIQUITY AND EARLY ISLAM: THE BURNING OF HERETICS AND REBELS IN LATE UMAYYAD IRAQ 106 Andrew Marsham 8. ʿABBĀSID STATE VIOLENCE AND THE EXECUTION OF IBN ʿĀʾISHA 128 John A. Nawas 9. THE SULTAN AND THE DEFIANT PRINCE IN HUNTING COMPETITION: QUESTIONS OF LEGITIMACY IN HUNTING EPISODES OF ṬABARISTĀN 141 Miklós Sárközy PART III. LUST AND FLESH: ATTITUDES TO VIOLENCE AGAINST THE DEFENCELESS, INTRA-COMMUNITARIAN VIOLENCE BY NON-STATE ACTORS 10. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN ANDALUSI HISTORICAL SOURCES (THIRD/NINTH–SEVENTH/THIRTEENTH CENTURIES) 155 Maribel Fierro 11. SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN VERSE: THE CASE OF JIʿTHIN, AL-FARAZDAQ’S SISTER 175 Geert Jan van Gelder 12. BANDITS 191 Michael Cooperson 13. EATING PEOPLE IS WRONG: SOME EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS OF CANNIBALISM IN ARABIC SOURCES 200 Zoltán Szombathy Contents vii 14. ANIMALS WOULD FOLLOW SHĀFIʿISM: LEGITIMATE AND ILLEGITIMATE VIOLENCE TO ANIMALS IN MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC THOUGHT 225 Sarra Tlili Bibliography 245 Index of Qurʾānic Citations 272 General Index 273 Dates and Abbreviations All sole dates are according to the Christian (mīlādī) calendar. When in pairs, the dates are ordered hijrī/mīlādī, unless there is a specific reference of shamsī for a hijrī shamsī date. The various editions of the Encyclopedia of Islam (published by Brill) are abbreviated to EI1, EI2 and EI3 in the notes, with full online refer- ences (with weblinks) given in the bibliography. Encyclopedia Iranica (various publishers, but available online) is abbreviated to EIr in the notes, with full online references given in the bibliography. viii Figures and Tables FIGURES 4.1 PROVENANCE OF IBN AL-MUBĀRAK’S SOURCES COMPARED 57 4.2 PROVENANCE OF IBN ḤANBAL’S SOURCES COMPARED 57 4.3 IBN AL-MUBĀRAK’S ULTIMATE SOURCES 58 TABLES 5.1 PERSIANS WHO FOUGHT THE ARABS AT TUSTAR ON THE SIDE OF AL-HURMUZĀN 75 5.2 IDENTITY OF COLLABORATOR AT TUSTAR 76 14.1 EXPANDING HUMAN PREROGATIVES: ADDITIONAL USES OF NONHUMAN ANIMALS THAT MAY BENEFIT HUMANS 235 14.2 REMOVAL OF MISAPPROPRIATED THREAD USED TO SUTURE AN ANIMAL’S WOUND WHEN ITS HEALTH IS STILL AT RISK 241 Introduction