Any gardener wi l l tell you that gardening is one you and your family like to eat? Perhaps you'd love to of the most absorbing and rewarding grow peas because you remember how wonderful occupations you can undertake. Any gardener wi l l they tasted fresh out of the garden in your chi ldhood. also tell you — probably loudly and at length — that Or maybe your family's crazy about spinach salad or gardening requires patience, resilience, hard work, broccoli casserole, or you're just plain tired of frozen and a lot of planning. Paperwork is probably the last vegetables. thing you have in mind when you think about What are you going to do with it? How do you plan growing your own vegetables. More likely you see to use your vegetables, and what are you going to do yourself leaning contently on your spade as all sorts wi th the part of your crop that you don't eat as soon of lush, healthy plants shoot up in front of your eyes. as it's harvested? Do you want to freeze, can, dry, The fact of the matter, though, is that gardening store, or make preserves wi th some of your crop? begins not wi th seeds and a spade but wi th paper and a How much do you need? How you plan to use your penci l . vegetables directly affects how much of each A successful vegetable garden begins with a wel l- vegetable you want to grow, and wil l influence your organized plan of your garden space. Drawing a plan decision about the kind of vegetable you're going to may not sound as exciting as getting outdoors and plant — all carrots aren't alike, and there are planting things. But if you don' t spend the necessary hundreds of different tomato varieties. t ime planning what to grow in your garden and Can you grow it? Not all vegetables grow when and where to plant it, you may spend the rest of satisfactorily in ail climates. Some vegetables like it the growing season correcting the mistakes you hot; some refuse to grow in hot weather. Some made because you didn' t have a plan. It's a lot easier to vegetables flourish when it's co ld ; others just shiver erase a bed when it's a few lines on a piece of paper and die. Certain plants go f rom seed to harvest in a than when it's an expanse of soil and plants. couple of months and wil l grow almost anywhere in Your plan should include not only the types and the United States — green beans and some kinds of quantities of vegetables you're going to grow and how lettuce are among these obl iging vegetables. Others they'l l be posit ioned in your garden, but also are very picky and need a long stretch of warm or planting dates and approximate dates of harvest. cool weather. You have to take the plant's needs into Making a plan may seem like a lot of work to get consideration before you can make a decision on done before you even start gardening, but careful whether or not it's a practical choice for your home planning wil l help you make the best use of your garden. t ime and available space and wil l result in bigger, Do you have room for it? There are plants that are higher-quality crops. rather like large pets — they're very endearing, but This chapter discusses all the questions you need you just can't live wi th them because they're too to take into account when you're planning your big. You want to grow vegetables that wi l l give you a garden — the hows, whats, whys, whens, and reasonable amount of produce in the space that wherefores. The specific cultural requirements of you have available. Some vegetables — especially each vegetable are given in detail in Part 2. some vining crops like pumpkins — need a great deal of room and give you only low yields, so they're THE FIRST DECISION: WHAT TO GROW not a practical choice in a small home garden. And if (AND HOW MUCH) you're growing an indoor container garden, you'l l do fine wi th cabbages in f lowerpots, but there's simply The first step to planning a successful vegetable no place you're going to put a healthy watermelon garden is to decide which vegetables to grow. This vine or a Jerusalem artichoke. may sound fairly straightforward, but there are a lot Is it worth the bother? Some vegetables require of factors involved, and you need to answer some very little nurtur ing, and you can grow them with a basic questions: What vegetables do you and your min imum of to i l . Others require special attention family like? Do you want to eat all your crop fresh, or and need to be babied. Celery and cauliflower, for store or preserve some of your harvest? Can you example, have to be blanched — blanching is a grow the vegetables you like successfully in your process that deprives the plant (or part of the plant) of climate? How much t ime and energy can you put sunlight in order to whiten it and improve its flavor, into your garden? The first factor to consider is color, or texture. Before choosing a crop that's going personal preference. to need special handling, be sure you really want to What vegetables do you like to eat? The first give it that much attention. Some crops, too, are decision to make in choosing what to grow in your bothered a lot by insects or plant diseases — corn is vegetable garden is simple: What vegetables do one of them. If you're not wi l l ing to deal with these problems as they occur, this type of crop is going to under your care and how large a plant a little seed cause you more disappointment than satisfaction. will produce. Are you trying to save money? Another factor to consider when you're deciding what to plant is the Planning for the yield you want practical matter of economics — is the vegetable worth growing, or would it be cheaper to buy it? Some Some gardeners start off in an orderly manner by vegetables are readily available and inexpensive to planting all their vegetables in rows of the same buy, but would produce only low yields from a large length, but space means something different to a space if you grew them in your garden. Corn, for carrot and a cauliflower. A 10-foot row of broccoli will instance, is inexpensive to buy when it's In season, but give you a manageable amount of produce; a 10- in your garden it needs a lot of growing space and foot row of parsley will provide enough for you and often only gives you one harvestable ear from a whole the entire neighborhood, but it isn't a big problem plant. You may decide not to grow corn and settle because you can freeze or dry parsley and use it all instead for a crop like endive, which is expensive in year around. A 10-foot row of radishes, however, the store but as easy as leaf lettuce to grow. can be a big mistake — no family can eat all those Potatoes, too, are readily available and fairly radishes, and they don't store well, so you could inexpensive to buy, but they're space-hungry in the end up with a lot of wasted radishes. Cucumbers garden. You might like to plant an asparagus bed sprawl all over the place and need a lot of room; instead— it requires a little initial work, but gives carrots are fairly picky about soil conditions, but they you a gourmet crop for years afterwards. do stay where you put them. So you have to The economy question, however, is not clear- estimate how productive your plants are likely to be. cut. The fact remains that the vegetables you pick The description of individual vegetables in Part 2 fresh from your own garden taste a whole lot better will help you estimate how many plants to grow. than the ones you buy in the store, so saving money may not be your prime purpose in growing them. Plan how to use your crop You may be perfectly willing to give up half your garden (or all your balcony) in order to have a Garden space, storage space for preserved couple of ears of wonderful, milky, homegrown corn vegetables, storage space for preserving equipment, come harvesttime. You may consider the delicious family food preferences, your own preferences, flavor of fresh carrots a more Important issue than the your local climate, the energy costs, time involved in fact that store-bought ones are inexpensive. The preserving, and the help available (if any), are all only way you can get corn from the garden to the table points you need to consider when you're deciding in a matter of minutes is to grow your own, and the how much of a certain vegetable you want to grow. freshest possible carrots are the ones you pull out of Before you plant large amounts of a vegetable, plan the backyard at dinner time. These are judgments what you're going to do with the vegetables you you make yourself, and they're just as important—if can't eat at once. Check each vegetable's storage not more so — than whether or not a crop is easy to potential — detailed information on storing and grow, economical in its use of space, or will save you preserving Is given in Part 3— and take into account money. whether or not you want to go to the trouble of storing or preserving what you don't eat immediately. How much is enough — or too much? Some people find canning, freezing, or drying their home crop a most pleasurable activity. Others don't Your initial decision about the vegetables you'd have time or just don't like doing It. So counting enjoy growing and eating—and that you think you your chickens before they're hatched is a vital part of can grow successfully In the conditions you have to your planning, and something to keep in mind even deal with — is the first step to planning a well-thought- way back In the winter when you're spending a bleak out, productive vegetable garden. But this is the December day studying your seed catalogs. Come point where you discover that you still have very little summer, it will be too late. Idea of how much of each vegetable to grow. You know you want to eat some of your crop and freeze, Do you want to freeze, can, dry, pickle, or store? pickle, or preserve some. But how many seeds should you plant to enable you to achieve those ends? There's more than one way to preserve a crop. You Again, advance planning can help you avoid getting can freeze, can, dry, or make preserves and pickles. swamped with squash or overrun by radishes — it's You can construct a cold storage area or a root cellar amazing how energetically your plants will prosper in the basement. You can make a storage pit in the garden. Some vegetables are very obliging. For these two dates mark the beginning and end of the Instance, extra green beans are no problem because t ime in which plants grow from seed to maturity. you can freeze, can, dry, or pickle them. And some Some areas never have frost at all and use their dry root vegetables are best stored in the ground for as season as their "w in te r . " In these areas, however, long as possible — just go out and dig them up it's still possible to use hypothetical " f ros t " dates. So when you're ready to use them. If you have a big family the length of your growing season is (technically) and a lot of garden space, you may need to use totally dependent on your local climate. When you several different methods to make the most of your plant a vegetable depends on how well that crop. If you have only a small garden and a small vegetable handles extremes of temperature. family, perhaps freezing alone is all you need to The dates on which a certain area can expect to consider. Read through the introductory sections on have the last spring frost and the first fall frost are each method of preserving in Part 3, so you're called the "average date of last f rost" and the aware of the space and equipment involved and the "average date of first f rost , " respectively. They are advantages and disadvantages of each method. generally used as reference points for planning and Consider also the climate where you live and how planting vegetables, but they're not infallible. They do much t ime you're able and wi l l ing to spend on however, give you a fairly accurate guide as to preserving. At this point, as in your initial choice of which vegetables wi l l do best in your area, and they which vegetables to grow, personal preferences are the reference points most generally used in this are important. If your family hates turnips and only book. As wi th every other aspect of gardening you likes carrots raw, it's hardly going to be worthwhi le need to be a little bit flexible. The chart at the end of to have a root cellar. If you're always on the run, it's this chapter lists the average dates of first and last pure fantasy to imagine yourself making preserves frosts in major cities throughout the United States. come fall. You may also want to investigate sharing the If you live wi th in 10 miles of a city listed, you can crop — and the work. If you live in a community of take these dates as accurate; three or four days either gardeners you may f ind it possible to get together on way is just as acceptable, so don' t feel you must do preserving projects, sharing crops, equipment, and all your planting exactly on the one listed day. All these labor. dates are average, and the weather can always spring surprises. If you live a long way f rom a listed city CLIMATE: HOW WHERE YOU LIVE AFFECTS or are for any reason unsure when to plant, call your WHAT YOU GROW local Cooperative Extension Service or Weather Bureau for advice. The Cooperative Extension Plants, like people, have definite ideas about where Service is a joint effort of the United States they like to live. Like people, they flourish in congenial Department of Agriculture and the state land-grant condit ions and become weak and dispirited if life is colleges and universities. The service's local office is too diff icult for them to cope w i th . Unlike people, an invaluable resource for the gardener, and a list of however, plants can't take practical steps to offices throughout the country appears in Part 4. improve their homesite — they can't up and move, and they can't protect themselves against adverse Climatic or "hardiness" zones condit ions. You, the gardener, are largely responsible for how well your plants do in the climatic The average date of last frost is not the only condit ions you offer them, and you' l l save yourself a reference point used to determine when to plant a lot of frustration and disappointment if you have garden. At one t ime or other gardeners have made some understanding of how climate affects your that date dependent on everything from "climatic garden and if you choose your crops acco^ ing to zones" to the phases of the moon. Climatic zones your climate. are the small maps you f ind on the back of seed packages; they divide the United States into zones What gardeners mean by a "growing season" or areas wi th fairly similar climates. They're probably far more accurate references for planting than Throughout this book you' l l encounter references phases of the moon, but they're very general, and they to the "growing season." The growing season is, don' t tell the whole story. There are many essentially, the length of t ime your area can give incidental — sometimes almost accidental — plants the condit ions they need to reach maturity and condit ions that can cause changes in climate within produce a crop. The growing season is measured in a climatic zone. terms of the number of days between the last frost in The climatic zone map in the seed catalog or on spring and the first frost in fall. In general terms. the back of a seed packet can give you a broad idea of how a vegetable (or vegetable variety, because be planted on the average date of last frost; you will carrots, tomatoes, and other popular vegetables don't need to protect them in some way if there's a late by any means conform to a stereotype) will do in frost. These vegetables include most beans, cress, your area. Climatic zones, however, don't take into mustard, sorrel, corn, tomatoes; the perennial account the variations that occur within an area artichokes; and the herbs basil, caraway, chervil, which, if you go by the book, has the same climatic coriander, dill, sage, and sesame. conditions prevailing over many square miles. For Very tender vegetables will not survive any frost instance, if the balcony of your downtown apartment and must be planted after the soil has warmed up in faces south, you may be able to grow vegetables on the spring; they can be planted two to three weeks it that would never survive in a north-facing garden of after the average date of last frost. These vegetables your apartment block. Lots of large buildings, a include lima beans, cucumbers, eggplant, nearby body of water like a lake, or even heavy traffic muskmelons, okra, peanuts, peppers, pumpkins, can significantly alter the temperature (and winter and summer squash, and watermelons. pollution level) in a small garden. So, given all these Gamblers can take a chance and plant earlier than imponderables, it's safer to judge how well a these dates, but usually this gambling will not pay off. vegetable will grow by considering its own tolerance Even if you beat the odds and your plants are not to certain conditions, rather than by a hard-and-fast frozen out, they will probably be inhibited by the cold map reference. soil, and they won't grow any faster than they would if you planted them at the proper time. How '^hardiness'' affects your garden plan THE CONDITIONS THAT ADD UP TO CLIMATE The way a vegetable type reacts to climatic conditions — heat, cold, moisture, and so The degree to which the successful growing of each on — determines its "hardiness." It's another way vegetable type is dependent on hot and cold weather of saying how tough it is, but the term hardiness is conditions indicates that temperature is the most used specifically to indicate how well a plant important aspect of climate to consider when you're tolerates cold. Before you study how climate affects planning your vegetable garden. At this point it's your garden, it's as well to consider which helpful to take a good look at how temperature and hardiness categories certain vegetables fall into. The other basic climatic conditions affect your garden. hardiness of each kind determines how that Rainfall and sunlight also play a most important part in particular vegetable will fit into your growing season. how your garden grows, so let's take a look at these The vegetables that are grown in a home three elements and how they work with your plants. vegetable garden fall into one of four hardiness categories: very hardy, hardy, tender, and very How temperature affects plant growth tender. The date on which you can safely plant each vegetable in your garden depends on which Average day-to-day temperatures play an important hardiness category it falls into. part in how your vegetables grow. Temperatures, Very hardy vegetables can tolerate cold and frost both high and low, affect growth, flowering, and can be planted in the garden four to six weeks pollination, and the development of fruits. If the before the average date of last frost. They include temperature is too high or too low, leafy crops may asparagus, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, be forced to flower prematurely without producing cauliflower, collards, Chinese cabbage, the desired edible foliage. This early flowering is horseradish, Jerusalem artichokes, kale, kohlrabi, called "going to seed," and affects crops like cabbages leeks, lettuce, onions, peas, rhubarb, rutabagas, and lettuce. If the night temperatures get too cool it and shallots; and the herbs chives, garlic, mint, may cause fruiting crops to drop their tarragon and thyme. flowers — reducing yields considerably; peppers Hardy vegetables can handle a certain amount of may react this way to cold weather. Generally, the cold and frost and can be planted two to three weeks ideal temperatures for vegetable plant growth are before the average date of last frost. They include between 40° and 85°F. At warmer temperatures the beets, cardoon, carrots, celeriac, celery, chard, plant's growth will increase, but this growth may chicory, dandelion, endive, parsnips, Irish not be sound structural growth. At lower potatoes, radishes, salsify, turnips; and the herbs temperatures the plant's growth will slow down or anise, borage, fennel, marjoram, oregano, parsley, stop altogether. rosemary, and savory. Vegetables have different temperature Tender vegetables don't like cold weather and can preferences and tolerances and are usually classified as either cool-season crops or warm-season crops. melons, pumpkins, and both summer and winter Cool-season crops are those like cabbages, lettuce, squash. A constant rain can also tempt the honey- and peas, which must have t ime to mature before bees to stay in their hives instead of poll inating the the weather gets too warm; otherwise they wi l l wi l t , plants; again, yields wi l l be affected. die, or go to seed prematurely. These vegetables Too little rain over a period of t ime can slow down can be started in warm weather only if there wil l be a plant growth and kill young seedlings or even mature long enough stretch of cool weather in the fall to plants. Limited moisture in the air can also inhibit allow the crop to mature before the first freeze. Warm- poll ination and reduce the yields of some vegetables. season crops are those vegetables that can't Too little rain can be more easily remedied than too tolerate frost, like peppers, cucumbers, and melons. much. If it rains too l i tt le, you can water the garden. If If the weather gets too cool they may not grow at al l ; it rains too much, all you can do is pray. if they do grow, yields wi l l be reduced. Warm-season Rainfall is probably the easiest climatic condit ion crops often have larger plants than cool-season to improve. Farmers have worr ied and complained crops and have larger, deeper root systems that about the rainfall since the beginning of enable them to go for relatively longer periods agriculture. If you've got thousands of acres of land wi thout being watered. Even though it is convenient and no control over the available water it can be to think of vegetables simply as either cool-season very frustrating — if not a disaster. Since the home or warm-season crops, considerable differences can garden is usually small and fairly manageable in exist wi th in each of these two groups. size, you can do something to regulate how much The fol lowing lists offer a guide to cool- and water it gets. If you don' t get enough rain when you warm-season crops. For specific planting dates for need it, you can simply water, and there are many each type of vegetable, refer to the chart at the end different methods you can use. These are described of "Planting Your Garden." in detail in "Caring for Your Garden." Too much rain Cool-season vegetables include: globe can be more diff icult to deal w i th , and here you artichokes, asparagus, beets, broad beans, broccoli, need to take preventive measures. The better Brussels sprouts, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, drained your soil is, the better it wi l l be able to deal celeriac, celery, chard, chicory, Chinese cabbage, wi th too much water. When you select the site for collards, cress, dandel ion, endive, cardoon, your garden, avoid any area that is low-lying or poorly horseradish, Jerusalem artichokes, kale, kohlrabi, drained. If that's the only site that you have for the leeks, lentils, lettuce, onions, parsnips, sweet peas, garden — and you're really serious about whi te potatoes, radishes, rhubarb, rutabagas, salsify, gardening — you can improve it by installing shallots, sorrel, spinach, and turnips. Cool-season drainage tiles. This can be a costly and complicated herbs include: anise, borage, chive, d i l l , oregano, process, so consider it only as a last resort. parsley, peppermint, rosemary, sage, savory, spearmint, tarragon, and thyme. Light: Your plants can't live without it Included among the warm-season vegetables are: dry beans, lima beans, mung beans, snap or The th i rd major climatic factor is light, and it's an green beans, chayote, chick peas, corn, important factor to consider when you plan your cucumbers, eggplant, muskmelons, mustard, okra, garden. Sunlight — or some type of light — black-eyed peas, peanuts, peppers, sweet provides energy that turns water and carbon potatoes, pumpkins, soybeans. New Zealand spinach, dioxide into the sugar that plants use for food. Green summer squash, winter squash, tomatoes, and plants use sugar to form new cells, to thicken watermelons. Warm-season herbs include: basil, existing cell walls, and to develop flowers and fruit. caraway, chervi l , coriander, marjoram, and The more intense the light, the more effective it is. sesame. Light intensity, undiminished by obstructions, is greater in the summer than in the winter, and Rainfall: How plants use water greater in areas where the days are sunny and bright than in areas where it's cloudy, hazy, or foggy. As a The amount and t iming of the rainfall in your area rule, the greater the light intensity the greater the also affects how your vegetables grow. Too much rain plants' product ion of sugar — provided, of course, at one t ime can wash away seeds or young seedlings that it's not too hot or too cold and the plants get the and damage or even kill mature plants. A constant rain right amount of water. when certain plants are f lowering can reduce the If a plant is going to produce flowers and fruit , it poll ination of the flowers and reduce yields. This can must have a store of energy beyond what it needs just happen to tomatoes, peppers, beans, eggplant, to grow stems and leaves. If the light is l imited, even a plant that looks green and healthy may never How much sunlight is necessary? Vegetables produce flowers or fruit . This can be a problem with grown for their fruits need a minimum of six to eight vegetables like tomatoes, where you want to eat the hours of direct light each day. Less light frequently fruit . Wi th lettuce, where you're only interested in means less than a ful l crop. It's very frustrating to try to the leaves, it's not an issue. All the same, all vegetables grow tomatoes, peppers, or eggplants in the shade; need a certain amount of light in order to grow they'l l often produce a good, green plant wi thout properly, and wi thout it all the watering, weeding, and giving you anything at all in the way of a vegetable. wishing in the wor ld wi l l not make them flourish. Crops that are grown for their roots and leaves, How day length affects your crops. Many plants, however, wi l l give you satisfactory results in light including tomatoes and many weeds, are not affected shade. by day length — how long it stays light dur ing the Root crops, such as beets, carrots, radishes, day. But for many others the length of the day plays a and turnips, store up energy before they flower and big part in regulating when they mature and flower. do rather wel l in partial shade, especially if you Some plants are long-day plants, which means they don' t compare them with the same crop grown in full need 12 or more hours of sunlight daily in order to sun. Plants like lettuce and spinach that are grown initiate f lowering. Radishes and spinach are long-day for their leaves are most tolerant of shade; in fact, plants, and this is the main reason they go to seed so where the sun is very hot and bright they may need fast in the middle of the summer when the day length some shade for protect ion. Only mushrooms and is more than 12 hours. If you want to grow radishes sprouts can be produced without any light at all. or spinach in midsummer, you have to cover them Making the most of your garden light. If you have a wi th a l ight-proof box at about 4 p.m. every choice of where to grow your vegetable garden, don't afternoon to fool them into thinking the day's over. put it in the shade of buildings, trees, or shrubs. The Other plants are short-day plants and need less accompanying illustration shows how to give plants than 12 hours of light to initiate f lowering; soybeans enough light. Remember that as well as shading an and corn are examples. Many varieties of short-day area, trees and shrubs also have roots that may extend plants have been bred to resist the effects of long days, underground well beyond the overhead reach of but-most wi l l still f lower more quickly when the their branches. These roots wi l l compete with the days are shorter. vegetable plants for nutrients. Stay clear especially of walnut trees; they produce iodine, a growth sunflowers or Jerusalem artichokes to provide a retardant that will stunt or kill the vegetable plants screen, and you can design your garden so that in your garden. Go out and stand in your garden to see large plants and small ones each get the light they just how the light falls. Walk around and find where need. You can also shade young plants with boxes the light fails to penetrate. This knowledge will be very or screens when necessary. However, too little sun is useful when you come to planting time. far more serious a problem in a garden than too Providing shade from too much sun. Most much. vegetables need full sun for best growth, but young or newly transplanted plants may need some How to make the most of your climate protection from bright, direct sunlight. It's easier for you, as a gardener, to provide shade where there's Whatever the climate is like where you live, you are too much sun than to brighten up a shady area. You not entirely at the mercy of the elements. There are can, for instance, plant large, sturdy plants like certain improvements you can make to enable you to grow some vegetables that would not normally do well in your area. Don't expect miracles — you can improve conditions, but you can't change the climate. No amount of watering can change a desert into a vegetable garden; however, if the average rainfall in your area is reasonable, a few hours of watering can improve it more than you'd think possible. Experiment with the microclimates in your neighborhood and your yard; it may be possible to and out. Cold frames capture solar heat, and if they increase your growing season and grow vegetables slant to the south they can take advantage of the that need a longer growing season than your climate greatest amount of sun. technically provides. Microclimates may also On the days when the sun is bright you may have enable you to grow tender perennials that would not to provide some shade to keep the plants from normally survive the winter in your area. The secret sunburning, or lift the cold frame windows to keep is to make the most of the conditions that exist in your plants from steaming. If the sun is bright enough the garden. Experiment — plant a tender vegetable temperature inside a cold frame can reach 85° to close to the south wall of your house; it may not get all 95°F when the temperature outside is only 15°F. But on the sun it needs, but protection from wind and cold cold nights when the temperature drops below may help it grow where it wouldn't grow at all in the freezing, a cold frame will need some extra open garden. protection. An old quilt or blanket under a tarp is a Another way to frustrate the natural temperature good cover. If you have nothing else newspapers will limitations of your local climate is by using transplants do, although they are a bit harder to handle. Instead of seeds in spring. Transplants are young If a cold frame sounds like something you'd like plants started from seed indoors or in a warm place to try, look around for some turn-of-the-century and set out in the garden later; this gives you a head garden books. These provide excellent step-by- start on your growing season, but you can't do it with step instructions for building and using cold frames all vegetables. Growing transplants is discussed in and offer suggestions on how to do all kinds of detail in the chapter, "Planting Your Garden," along serious cold-frame growing. with ways of protecting plants against extremes of Hot frames are a bit more challenging than cold temperature. frames, and the opportunities for frustration are Other weather conditions can also affect the multiplied. In hot frames, heat is provided either by yields of your vegetable crops. Dry, windy days and rotting manure (the classic system) or by electricity cool night temperatures (a 10°F drop from day (the modern way). Decomposing cow, horse, and temperatures) can cause fruiting crops — peppers, for mule manure do not work the same way, and the heat instance — to drop their flowers before they're of decomposition depends on the age, the kinds, pollinated; this means you lose a lot of your crop. You and amount of litter present. When you're using can avoid it to some extent by putting up some type manure there are no thermostats or controls, of windbreak to protect the crops from drying winds. except the gardener's know-how. Electricity is much It's comforting to remember that although you easier but a lot more expensive than manure, and can't make major changes in your climate, you can there is still work for the gardener to do. certainly do a lot to help your plants make the most If you have a basement window facing south of their environment. with some space outside, you can incorporate it into your hot or cold frame. It will also provide a basic" Cold frames and hot frames: course in the management of a greenhouse — the Extending your gardening season next step in gardening addiction. If you have the space for it, a cold frame — a glass- HOW TO GET YOUR GARDEN STARTED: enclosed growing area outside — can add an extra PUTTING THE THEORIES TO WORK dimension to your garden. It's an ideal place to start hardy annuals and perennials or to put plants in the spring to harden them for the rigors of outdoor life. Up to this point, most of your garden planning has When you have started vegetables inside, especially been theoretical. You've given thought to the the cold-tolerant ones, you can move them to a cold vegetables you want to grow, what you're going to frame and give them the benefit of much more light in do with them, and how much you need to grow. a protected place. And since a cold frame uses solar You've got an idea of how the climate in your area heat, it qualifies as an energy-saving device. The hardy will influence your final choice of vegetables. herbs, radishes, lettuces, and other greens can be You're beginning to understand your microclimate — grown in a cold frame during a good part of the year, how growing conditions in your own yard may even in the North. differ from the general climate of your area. Now A cold frame, often called a "poor man's you're ready to start getting your plans on paper, greenhouse," can be made from scrap lumber and old but as soon as you open the seed catalog, confusion storm windows. It should not be too deep from strikes again. You want to grow your own corn, front to back or you'll have trouble getting plants in tomatoes, lettuce, and carrots — but what kind?