Using Asyncio in Python Understanding Python’s Asynchronous Programming Features Caleb Hattingh BBeeiijjiinngg BBoossttoonn FFaarrnnhhaamm SSeebbaassttooppooll TTookkyyoo Using Asyncio in Python by Caleb Hattingh Copyright © 2020 Tekmoji Pty Ltd. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://oreilly.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or [email protected]. 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While the publisher and the author have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the author disclaim all responsibility for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use of or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own risk. If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to open source licenses or the intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights. 978-1-492-07533-2 [LSI] To my partner, Gina: I deeply appreciate all your encouragement and support while writing this book; it has made all the difference. —Caleb Table of Contents Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii 1. Introducing Asyncio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 The Restaurant of ThreadBots 1 Epilogue 6 What Problem Is Asyncio Trying to Solve? 6 2. The Truth About Threads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Benefits of Threading 10 Drawbacks of Threading 11 Case Study: Robots and Cutlery 14 3. Asyncio Walk-Through. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Quickstart 22 The Tower of Asyncio 28 Coroutines 31 The New async def Keywords 32 The New await Keyword 34 Event Loop 37 Tasks and Futures 39 Create a Task? Ensure a Future? Make Up Your Mind! 42 Async Context Managers: async with 46 The contextlib Way 47 Async Iterators: async for 50 Simpler Code with Async Generators 53 Async Comprehensions 55 Starting Up and Shutting Down (Gracefully!) 57 What Is the return_exceptions=True for in gather()? 61 v Signals 63 Waiting for the Executor During Shutdown 68 4. 20 Asyncio Libraries You Aren’t Using (But…Oh, Never Mind). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Streams (Standard Library) 76 Case Study: A Message Queue 76 Case Study: Improving the Message Queue 84 Twisted 88 The Janus Queue 91 aiohttp 92 Case Study: Hello World 93 Case Study: Scraping the News 93 ØMQ (ZeroMQ) 98 Case Study: Multiple Sockets 99 Case Study: Application Performance Monitoring 102 asyncpg and Sanic 110 Case Study: Cache Invalidation 115 Other Libraries and Resources 126 5. Concluding Thoughts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 A. A Short History of Async Support in Python. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 B. Supplementary Material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 vi | Table of Contents Preface Python 3.4 introduced the asyncio library, and Python 3.5 produced the async and await keywords to use it palatably. These new additions allow so-called asynchronous programming. All of these new features, which I’ll refer to under the single name Asyncio, have been received by the Python community somewhat warily; a segment of the community seems to see them as complex and difficult to understand. This view is not limited to beginners: several high-profile contributors to the Python community have expressed doubts about the complexity of the Asyncio API in Python, and educators in the community have expressed concern about how best to teach Asyncio to students. Most people with a few years’ experience with Python have used threads before, and even if you haven’t, you are still likely to have experienced blocking. For example, if you’ve written programs using the wonderful requests library, you will surely have noticed that your program pauses for a bit while it does requests.get(url); this is blocking behavior. For one-off tasks, this is fine; but if you want to fetch ten thousand URLs simultane‐ ously, it’s going to be difficult to use requests. Large-scale concurrency is one big reason to learn and use Asyncio, but the other big attraction of Asyncio over preemp‐ tive threading is safety: it will be much easier for you to avoid race condition bugs with Asyncio. My goal with this book is to give you a basic understanding of why these new features have been introduced and how to use them in your own projects. More specifically, I aim to provide the following: • A critical comparison of asyncio and threading for concurrent network programming • An understanding of the new async/await language syntax • A general overview of the new asyncio standard library features in Python vii • Detailed, extended case studies with code, showing how to use a few of the more popular Asyncio-compatible third-party libraries We’ll begin with a story that illustrates the shift in thinking that must accompany a transition from threaded to async programming. Then, we’ll take a look at the changes that were made in the Python language itself to accommodate async pro‐ gramming. Finally, we’ll explore some of the ways in which these new features can be used most effectively. The new Asyncio features are not going to radically change the way you write pro‐ grams. They provide specific tools that make sense only for specific situations; but in the right situations, asyncio is exceptionally useful. In this book, we’re going to explore those situations and how you can best approach them by using the new Asyn‐ cio features. Conventions Used in This Book The following typographical conventions are used in this book: Italic Indicates new terms, URLs, email addresses, filenames, and file extensions. Constant width Used for program listings, as well as within paragraphs to refer to program ele‐ ments such as variable or function names, databases, datatypes, environment variables, statements, and keywords. Constant width bold Shows commands or other text that should be typed literally by the user. Constant width italic Shows text that should be replaced with user-supplied values or by values deter‐ mined by context. This element signifies a tip or suggestion. This element signifies a general note. viii | Preface