URBAN HERITAGE IN DIVIDED CITIES Urban Heritage in Divided Cities explores the role of contested urban heritage in mediating, subverting and overcoming sociopolitical conflict in divided cities. Investigating various examples of transformations of urban heritage around the world, the book analyses the spatial, social and political causes behind them, as well as the consequences for the division and reunification of cities during both wartime and peacetime conflicts. Contributors to the volume define urban heritage in a broad sense as tangible elements of the city, such as ruins, remains of border architecture, traces of violence in public space and memorials, as well as intangible elements like urban voids, everyday rituals, place names and other forms of spatial discourse. Addressing both historic and contemporary cases from a wide range of academic disciplines, contributors to the book investigate the role of urban heritage in divided cities in Africa, Asia, the Americas, Europe and the Middle East. Shifting focus from the notion of urban heritage as a fixed and static legacy of the past, the volume demonstrates that the concept is a dynamic and transformable entity that plays an active role in inquiring, critiquing, subverting and transforming the present. Urban Heritage in Divided Cities will be of great interest to academics, researchers and students in the fields of cultural studies, sociology, the political sciences, history, human geography, urban design and planning, architecture, archaeology, ethnology and anthropology. The book should also be essential reading for professionals who are involved in governing, planning, designing and transforming urban heritage around the world. Mirjana Ristic is Humboldt Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Institute for Sociology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany. Her research is focused on political issues in architecture and urban design, including the role of buildings and public spaces in mediating nationalism, conflict, power, violence and resistance. She has a PhD from the University of Melbourne. Sybille Frank is Professor for Urban Sociology and Sociology of Space in the Department of Sociology at the Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany. Her work focuses on the sociology of space and place, on urban conflicts and on the effects of social change on the fields of tourism and heritage- making. Key Issues in Cultural Heritage Series Editors: William Logan and Laurajane Smith Managing Heritage in Africa Who Cares? Edited by Webber Ndoro, Shadreck Chirikure and Janette Deacon Intellectual Property, Cultural Property and Intangible Cultural Heritage Edited by Christoph Antons and William Logan Gender and Heritage Edited by Wera Grahn and Ross J. Wilson Safeguarding Intangible Heritage Practices and Policies Edited by Laurajane Smith and Natsuko Akagawa Emotion, Affective Practices, and the Past in the Present Edited by Laurajane Smith, Margaret Wetherell and Gary Campbell World Heritage and Sustainable Development New Directions in World Heritage Management Edited by Peter Bille Larsen and William Logan Urban Heritage in Divided Cities Contested Pasts Edited by Mirjana Ristic and Sybille Frank For more information on the series, please visit www.routledge.com/ Key- Issues- in- Cultural- Heritage/ book- series/ KICH URBAN HERITAGE IN DIVIDED CITIES Contested Pasts Edited by Mirjana Ristic and Sybille Frank First published 2020 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2020 selection and editorial matter, Mirjana Ristic and Sybille Frank; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Mirjana Ristic and Sybille Frank to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing- in- Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Ristic, Mirjana, editor. | Frank, Sybille, editor. Title: Urban heritage in divided cities : contested pasts / edited by Mirjana Ristic and Sybille Frank. Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019009493 (print) | LCCN 2019012461 (ebook) | ISBN 9780429460388 (eBook) | ISBN 9780429863554 (Adobe Reader) | ISBN 9780429863530 (Mobipocket Unencrypted) | ISBN 9780429863547 (ePub3) | ISBN 9781138624863 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781138624870 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Cities and towns | Cultural property. | Historic sites. | War and society. Classification: LCC HT153 (ebook) | LCC HT153 .U726 2019 (print) | DDC 307.76–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019009493 ISBN: 9781138624863 (hbk) ISBN: 9781138624870 (pbk) ISBN: 9780429460388 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Newgen Publishing UK CONTENTS List of figures viii List of contributors xii Acknowledgements xv 1 Contested pasts in divided cities: Introduction 1 Mirjana Ristic and Sybille Frank PART I Transformations of heritage as ‘conflict by other means’ 13 2 Heritage necropolitics and the capture of Hebron: The logic of closure, fear, humiliation and elimination 15 Feras Hammami 3 Contested heritage- making as an instrument of ethnic division: Mitrovica, Kosovo 35 Mattias Legnér, Mirjana Ristic and Simona Bravaglieri 4 Nicosia hotspot: Visualities of memory and heritage in the Greek Cypriot urban space 53 Vicky Karaiskou 5 Lefkosa versus Lefkosia: The heritage of conflict 70 Zeynep Gunay vi Contents 6 The division of Aleppo city: Heritage and urban space 87 Zeido Zeido and Nura Ibold PART II Segregated heritage 105 7 Divided histories of the Pacific War: Revisiting ‘Changi’s’ (post)colonial heritage 107 Anoma Pieris 8 Heritage of inclusion or exclusion? Contested claims and access to housing in Amritsar, India 125 Helena Cermeño 9 Segregation, gentrification and heritage in Fredericksburg, Virginia: A preservation perspective 145 Christine Rae Henry and Andréa Livi Smith 10 Heritage as a mediator of socio-s patial segregation:  Cartagena de Indias, Colombia 162 César Augusto Velandia Silva, Juan José Ospina- Tascón and Mirjana Ristic PART III Dealing with contested heritage 173 11 An island in sectarian seas? Heritage, memory and identity in post- war redevelopment of Beirut’s central district 175 Scott Bollens 12 Entrepreneurial heritage- making in post- Wall Berlin: The case of New Potsdamer Platz 192 Sybille Frank 13 Dealing with the spatial remnants of conflict in Belfast:  The Andersonstown Barracks site in West Belfast 210 Henriette Bertram 14 Performing imaginary healings: The post-c onflict heritage of Ebrington Barracks 225 Tom Maguire Contents vii 15 Contested collective memory in the segregated city of Cape Town 240 Cecil Madell and Martin Murray Index 259 FIGURES 2.1 Al- Haram Al- Ibrahimi building, © Wikipedia, 27 August 2018 21 2.2 Al- Haram Al-I brahimi Checkpoint, with Palestinians lined up along the metal cable corridor, © Feras Hammami 22 2.3 Shuhada Street after having its residents and businesses evacuated, © OCHA oPt, 2017 23 2.4 Metal mesh used by Palestinians to shield them from objects thrown by settlers, © Feras Hammami 24 2.5 Settlements’ affected areas, © OCHA oPt, 2018 26 2.6 Salaymeh-G haith passage, © YAS, 2018 31 3.1 Monuments in Mitrovica, © Simona Bravaglieri, 2017 36 3.2 The Ibar River Bridge, © Simona Bravaglieri, 2017 40 3.3 Monument to Isa Boletini, © Simona Bravaglieri, 2017 43 3.4 Monument to Prince Lazar, © Simona Bravaglieri, 2017 45 3.5 Monuments to Mehë Uka and Shemsi Ahmeti in South Mitrovica, Monument of Truth and Miners’ Monument in North Mitrovica, © Simona Bravaglieri, 2017 48 4.1 The divided old city of Nicosia, © Vicky Karaiskou 57 4.2 Impasse at the Green Line, © Andromahos Dimitrokallis 59 4.3 View of the ‘Dead Zone’, © Andromahos Dimitrokallis 60 4.4 Statements on the Green Line, © Andromahos Dimitrokallis 61 4.5 The Memorial to the EOKA 1955–1 959 struggle, © Andromahos Dimitrokallis 65 5.1 My father, Kurudere/ Mousoulita village in Gazimagusa/F amagusta, August 1974, © Zeynep Gunay 71 5.2 Approaching the Arabahmet neighbourhood from the ‘walls’ of the Buffer Zone, © Zeynep Gunay, 2016 75 List of figures ix 5.3 Views from the Buffer Zone reflecting the heritage of multiple histories and memories in a contested geography, © Zeynep Gunay, 2013 and 2016 76 5.4 The ‘banal’ mnemonics of conflict in the North flagging the heritage, © Zeynep Gunay, 2013 79 5.5 Occupy Buffer Zone Movement and tents in Lokmaci/L edras Street. The signpost reads ‘Illusion’, © Apastel, December 2011 82 6.1 Aleppo in the mid- nineteenth century and UNESCO’s World Heritage borders, © Jean Sauvaget (1941). Edited by the first author 89 6.2 2010 Processed satellite image of Aleppo, © TSPA (2010) 92 6.3 Aleppo’s Division – April 2016, © Tokmajyan, Armenak (2016). Edited by the first author 93 6.4 2016 Satellite image of the Destruction of Aleppo. © UNOSAT (2016) 95 6.5 The consequences of erecting the multi- floor buildings in Old Aleppo, © David, J.C. (1975) 97 7.1 Changi, Singapore Island, 2 June 1953, showing rural environs, © Australian War Memorial Archives AWM PO2379.002 110 7.2 Singapore town in 1937 showing the urban density, with an overlay indicating the distribution of ethnicity in the mid- nineteenth- century divided city plan, © Extract from Map of Johore and Straits Settlements, 128/5 (1937) National Archives, UK, CO 1047_9 64_ 002. Inserts by author 112 7.3 An overhead perspectival view of Changi Prison, © Anoma Pieris based on drawing by McKenzie (1945) 114 7.4 Murray Griffin, Three rows of officers’ quarters outside Changi Gaol, © Australian War Memorial AWM ART26462 117 7.5 Changi Chapel, Singapore, Straits Settlements, 15 September 1945, Eighth Division ex-prisoners of war of the Japanese attending a church service in a small chapel in the Changi Gaol, © Australian War Memorial, AWM 117658; Chapel reconstructed at Duntroon, Canberra, Australia, and replica in the Changi museum Singapore, © Anoma Pieris 121 8.1 A particular urban setting: Houses and takias intertwined, © Helena Cermeño 129 8.2 Shrine of Takia Fateh Shah Bukhari, © Helena Cermeño 131 8.3 Mosque transformed into a room of a private house, © Helena Cermeño 132 8.4 Wire fencing separating the army- controlled land from Takia Fateh Sha residential area, © Helena Cermeño 133 8.5 Gobindgarh Fort in 2017, © Helena Cermeño 135 9.1 Map of Fredericksburg, Virginia, indicating select landmarks and neighbourhoods. Courtesy of Ilana Bleich, © Ilana Bleich and Amy Bonnevier 147 9.2 Remains of slave auction block in downtown Fredericksburg, © Christine R. Henry and Andréa L. Smith, August 2018 149