(cid:2) UnderstandingMembraneDistillationandOsmoticDistillation (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) Understanding Membrane Distillation and Osmotic Distillation RobertA.Johnson MinhH.Nguyen (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) Thiseditionfirstpublished2017 ©2017JohnWiley&Sons,Inc. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted, inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptas permittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerialfromthistitleisavailableat http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. TherightofRobertA.JohnsonandMinhH.Nguyentobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthisworkhasbeen assertedinaccordancewithlaw. RegisteredOffices JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA EditorialOffice 111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,customerservices,andmoreinformationaboutWileyproductsvisit usatwww.wiley.com. 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LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationData Names:Johnson,RobertA.|Nguyen,MinhH. Title:Understandingmembranedistillationandosmoticdistillation/Robert A.Johnson,MinhH.Nguyen. Description:Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,2017.|Includes bibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2016052029(print)|LCCN2016053443(ebook)|ISBN 9780470122167(cloth)|ISBN9781118880326(pdf)|ISBN9781118880395 (epub) Subjects:LCSH:Membranedistillation.|Membranes(Technology)|Osmosis. Classification:LCCTP156.D5J642017(print)|LCCTP156.D5(ebook)|DDC 660/.28424–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2016052029 Coverimage:Valery_Plotnikov/Gettyimages CoverdesignbyWiley Setin11/13pt,WarnockProbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 (cid:2) (cid:2) v Contents Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii AbouttheAuthors xv Nomenclature xvii 1 GeneralIntroduction 1 1.1 OverviewofDistillationProcesses 1 1.2 MembraneDistillation(MD) 5 (cid:2) (cid:2) 1.2.1 HistoricalPerspective 5 1.2.2 MDProcess 7 1.3 OsmoticDistillation(OD) 11 1.3.1 HistoricalPerspective 11 1.3.2 ODProcess 12 1.4 MDandODasAlternativestoEstablishedStripping Processes 14 1.4.1 NonvolatileSolutesRetention 15 1.4.2 MinimizationofHeatDamagetoFeedComponents 15 1.4.3 OrganicVolatilesRetention 18 1.4.4 ProductionofHighlyConcentratedSolutions 19 1.4.5 UtilizationofWasteHeatorHeatfromNaturalSources 20 1.5 EstablishedStrippingProcesses 20 1.5.1 MultistageFlashDistillation(MSF) 20 1.5.2 Multiple-EffectDistillation(MED) 22 1.5.3 VaporCompressionDistillation(VCD) 25 1.5.4 FreezeConcentration(FC) 26 1.5.5 ReverseOsmosis(RO) 28 1.5.6 Electrodialysis(ED) 31 1.6 OtherMembraneProcesses 32 (cid:2) (cid:2) vi Contents 1.6.1 Microfiltration(MF) 33 1.6.2 Ultrafiltration(UF) 34 1.6.3 Nanofiltration(NF) 36 1.7 ConcludingRemarks 38 2 TheoreticalAspectsofMembraneDistillation 39 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 MDTheory 40 2.2.1 PreliminaryConsiderations 40 2.2.1.1 ConcentrationPolarization 42 2.2.1.2 TemperaturePolarization 44 2.2.2 OverallApproachtoTheoreticalTreatment 45 2.2.3 OverallDrivingForce,Δp 46 b 2.2.4 OverallMassTransferCoefficient,K 50 2.2.4.1 Feed-SideMassTransfer 51 2.2.4.2 MembraneMassTransfer 54 2.2.4.3 Strip-SideMassTransfer 60 2.2.5 VaporPressurePolarizationCoefficient,𝜃 60 v 2.2.5.1 DCMD 61 2.2.5.2 AGMD 64 (cid:2) (cid:2) 2.2.5.3 SGMD 66 2.2.5.4 VMD 67 2.3 MDMembraneRequirements 68 2.4 EffectofOperatingConditionsonMDPerformance 71 2.4.1 FeedTemperature 71 2.4.2 StripTemperature 72 2.4.3 FeedSolutesConcentration 72 2.4.4 FeedVelocity 73 2.4.5 StripVelocity 75 2.4.6 MembraneType 76 2.4.7 SummaryofConditionsAffectingMDPerformance 77 2.5 MDProcessEconomics 79 2.6 ConcludingRemarks 82 3 TheoreticalAspectsofOsmoticDistillation 85 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 ODTheory 87 3.2.1 PreliminaryConsiderations 87 3.2.1.1 ConcentrationPolarization 87 3.2.1.2 TemperaturePolarization 89 (cid:2) (cid:2) Contents vii 3.2.2 OverallApproachtoTheoreticalTreatment 90 3.2.3 OverallDrivingForce,Δp 92 b 3.2.3.1 SelectionofanOsmoticAgent 93 3.2.3.2 CalculationofΔp 95 b 3.2.4 OverallMassTransferCoefficient,K 96 3.2.5 VaporPressurePolarizationCoefficient,𝜃 97 v 3.3 ODMembraneRequirements 97 3.4 EffectofOperatingConditionsonODPerformance 98 3.4.1 OsmoticAgentConcentration 99 3.4.2 FeedSolutesConcentration 99 3.4.3 FeedVelocity 100 3.4.4 StripVelocity 100 3.4.5 FeedandStripTemperature 101 3.4.6 MembraneType 101 3.4.7 SummaryofConditionsAffectingODPerformance 103 3.5 ODProcessEconomics 103 3.6 ConcludingRemarks 105 4 PropertiesofMacroporousHydrophobic Membranes 107 (cid:2) (cid:2) 4.1 Introduction 107 4.2 TheoreticalAspectsofMembraneHydrophobicity 108 4.3 MembraneTypes 111 4.3.1 Polypropylene(PP) 113 4.3.2 Polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) 115 4.3.3 PolyvinylideneFluoride(PVDF) 118 4.3.4 TailoredPVDF-BasedMembranes 118 4.3.5 PolyazoleMembranes 119 4.3.6 NanofibrousPVDF–PTFEMembranes 121 4.3.7 Surface-ModifiedHydrophilicMembranes 122 4.3.8 InorganicMembranes 122 4.4 FoulingofHydrophobicMembranes 123 4.4.1 InorganicFoulingorScaling 126 4.4.2 OrganicFouling 127 4.4.3 BiologicalFouling 129 4.4.4 Clean-in-Place(CIP)OperatingConditions 129 4.5 ProtectionAgainstMembraneWet-Out 130 4.6 HydrophobicityRestoration 132 4.7 MembraneModuleRequirements 132 4.7.1 Plate-and-FrameModules 133 (cid:2) (cid:2) viii Contents 4.7.2 SpiralWoundModules 134 4.7.3 Hollow-FiberModules 135 4.8 ConcludingRemarks 137 5 MembraneDistillationApplications 139 5.1 Introduction 139 5.1.1 WaterRecovery 140 5.1.2 ElectricalEnergyConsumption 141 5.1.3 ThermalEnergyConsumption 141 5.2 Desalination 142 5.2.1 WaterPretreatment 143 5.2.2 BrineDisposal 145 5.2.3 Applications 145 5.3 IndustrialWastewaterTreatment 147 5.3.1 RadioactiveWasteTreatment 150 5.3.2 ConcentrationofNonvolatileAcids 153 5.3.3 VolatileAcidRecoveryfromIndustrialEffluents 153 5.3.4 SaltRecoverybyMembraneDistillationCrystallization (MDC) 154 5.3.5 TextileIndustryApplications 155 (cid:2) (cid:2) 5.4 ProductionofLiquidFoodConcentrates 156 5.5 MiscellaneousApplications 161 5.5.1 VolatilesRecoveryfromFruitJuicebyVMDandSGMD 161 5.5.2 DealcoholizationofFermentedBeveragesUsingDCMD 162 5.5.3 EnhancedEthanolProductionUsingDCMD 163 5.5.4 ProductionofPharmaceuticalProducts 164 5.6 ConcludingRemarks 165 6 OsmoticDistillationApplications 167 6.1 Introduction 167 6.2 FruitandVegetableJuiceApplications 176 6.2.1 OrangeJuice 176 6.2.1.1 IntegratedMF–ODProcessing 176 6.2.1.2 IntegratedUF–ODProcessing 179 6.2.1.3 IntegratedUF–RO–ODProcessing 180 6.2.2 AppleJuice 183 6.2.2.1 PreliminaryCombinedOD–MDApplication 183 6.2.2.2 IntegratedUF–OD,UF–DCMD,andUF–CombinedOD–MD Processing 184 6.2.3 KiwifruitJuice 187 (cid:2) (cid:2) Contents ix 6.2.3.1 IntegratedUF–ODProcessing 187 6.2.3.2 KiwifruitAromaRecoverybyPV 188 6.2.4 GrapeJuice 190 6.2.4.1 IntegratedUF–ODProcessing 190 6.2.5 MelonJuice 193 6.2.5.1 IntegratedMF–ODProcessing 193 6.2.6 CamuCamuJuice 196 6.2.6.1 IntegratedMF–ROandMF–CombinedOD–MD Processing 196 6.2.7 PomegranateJuice 198 6.2.7.1 IntegratedUF–ODProcessing 198 6.2.8 TomatoJuice 200 6.2.8.1 IntegratedMF(orUF)–RO–ODProcessing 200 6.2.9 PassionFruitJuice 203 6.2.9.1 IntegratedMF–ODProcessing 203 6.2.9.2 IntegratedUF–ODProcessing 204 6.2.10 PineappleJuice 206 6.2.10.1IntegratedMF–ODProcessing 206 6.2.11 CornelianCherry,Blackthorn,andCommonWhitebeam (cid:2) Juice 207 (cid:2) 6.2.11.1IntegratedUF–CombinedOD–MDProcessing 207 6.2.12 SourCherryJuice 207 6.2.13 CranberryJuice 208 6.2.13.1IntegratedMF–ODProcessing 208 6.3 OtherApplications 209 6.3.1 RecoveryandConcentrationofPolyphenolsfromOliveMill Wastewater 209 6.3.1.1 IntegratedMF–NF–ODProcessing 209 6.3.1.2 ODandCombinedOD–DCMDProcessingwithout Pretreatment 211 6.3.2 RecoveryofFlavonoidsfromOrangePressLiquor 212 6.3.2.1 IntegratedUF–NF–ODProcessing 212 6.3.3 EchinaceaExtractConcentration 213 6.3.3.1 IntegratedPV–MF–CombinedOD–MDProcessing 213 6.3.4 ReconcentrationofSpentOsmoticDehydrationSucrose Solutions 215 6.3.5 AromaRecoveryfromArtificialSolutions 216 6.3.5.1 IntegratedOD–VMDProcessing 216 6.4 ConcludingRemarks 218 (cid:2) (cid:2) x Contents 7 FutureProspectsforMembraneDistillationand OsmoticDistillation 221 7.1 Introduction 221 7.2 MembraneModuleDesign 222 7.3 MembraneProtectionAgainstWet-Out 224 7.3.1 ReclamationofWaterforReuseDuringLong-Duration HumanSpaceMissions 225 7.3.2 ProductionofCitrusFruitJuiceConcentrates 226 7.3.3 WholeMilkConcentrationontheFarm 227 7.3.4 ConcentrationofDetergent-ContainingRadioactiveWaste Solutions 228 7.4 UtilizationofRenewableEnergySources 228 7.5 Membrane-BasedFactoryProcessesoftheFuture:A HypotheticalExample 231 7.6 EndNote 235 References 237 Index 261 (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) xi Preface Distillationprocessesareatthecenterofnumerousmanufacturingfacil- itiesspanningawiderangeofindustries.Commonapplicationsinclude desalination, the manufacture of alcoholic beverages, fractionation of organicliquids,waterremovalinpreparationforcrystallizationorspray drying,andtheproductionoffruitjuiceconcentrates.Severaldifferent types of industrial distillation processes are in use, the choice depend- ingonprocessrequirements.Membranedistillation(MD)andosmotic distillation (OD) are important additions to this range of processes as (cid:2) theyrepresentthemergenceofconventionaldistillationprocessingand (cid:2) modernmembraneseparationscience.Theadvantagesofferedbythese emerging processes include unprecedented product quality and sub- stantialenergysavings. Accordingly, this book is intended to provide the reader with an understanding of the theoretical and practical aspects of MD and OD.Whiletheseprocesseshaveoverlappingareasofapplication,their individualdevelopmentpathshavelargelybeendrivenbytheirdifferent operational requirements. Historically, the main interest in MD has arisen from growing desalination demands from a world in which 1 billion people are without safe drinking water. The main interest in ODontheotherhandhascomefromthefoodindustryinresponseto a growing consumer preference for high-quality liquid concentrates. Fruit and vegetable juices with their delicate aromas and prevalence of heat-sensitive vitamins and antioxidants have been at the forefront of this interest. These factors have been reflected by a rapid increase inthenumberofjournalarticlesandconferencepresentationsonMD and OD in recent years. Indeed, MD and OD have been transformed from laboratory novelties into processes that are now in the initial stages of industrial implementation in applications long accepted as (cid:2)