TRADE IN BYZANTIUM PAPERS FROM THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL SEVGİ GÖNÜL BYZANTINE STUDIES SYMPOSIUM ISTANBUL, 24–27 JUNE 2013 TRADE IN BYZANTIUM EDITORS SYMPOSIUM HONORARY CHAIRMAN Paul Magdalino Ömer M. Koç PAPERS FROM THE THIRD Nevra Necipoğlu INTERNATIONAL SEVGİ GÖNÜL with the assistance of SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD BYZANTINE STUDIES SYMPOSIUM Ivana Jevtić Prof. Dr. Engin Akyürek ISTANBUL, 24-27 JUNE, 2013 Dr. Vera Bulgurlu BOOK DESIGN Prof. Dr. Melek Delilbaşı © KOÇ UNIVERSITY’S RESEARCH CENTER Burak Şuşut, FİKA Prof. Dr. Sema Doğan FOR ANATOLIAN CIVILIZATIONS Assoc. Prof. Koray Durak (ANAMED), 2016 PRE-PRESS PRODUCTION Prof. Dr. Zeynep Mercangöz Beste Miray Doğan, FİKA Prof. Dr. Nevra Necipoğlu HISTORY | ART HISTORY | Prof. Dr. Ayla Ödekan TRADE ARCHAEOLOGY | PUBLICATION COORDINATION Prof. Dr. Scott Redford BYZANTINE STUDIES Buket Coşkuner Çiçek Öztek EXECUTIVE BOARD Koç University Suna Kıraç Library Prof. Dr. Nevra Necipoğlu IN BYZANTIUM Cataloging-in-Publication Data PROJECT ASSISTANTS Prof. Dr. Ayla Ödekan International Sevgi Gönül Byzantine Alican Kutlay Prof. Dr. Engin Akyürek Studies Symposium (3rd : 2013 : İstanbul, M. Kemal Baran Assoc. Prof. Koray Durak Turkey) Dr. Buket Coşkuner Trade in Byzantium : papers from the PRODUCTION COORDINATION Hülya Bilgi third international Sevgi Gönül Byzantine E. Esra Satıcı Melih Fereli PAPERS Studies Symposium, İstanbul 24-27 June, Seçil Kınay 2013 / edited by Paul Magdalino, Nevra Necipoğlu with the assistance of Ivana PRINT Erdal Yıldırım FROM THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL Ofset Yapımevi Jevtic.-- İstanbul : Koç University Research Yahya Kemal Mahallesi Center for Anatolian Civilizations,2016. SEVGİ GÖNÜL BYZANTINE STUDIES Şair Sokak, No. 4 548 pages ; 19,5 x 25 cm. -- Koç Kağıthane, İstanbul University Research Center for Anatolian SYMPOSIUM Certificate No: 12326 Civilizations. History/Art History/ Archaeology/Byzantine Studies ISBN 978-605-9388-05-4 FIRST EDITION 1. Byzantine Empire--Commerce- Istanbul, June 2016 -Congresses. 2. Byzantine Empire-- EDITED BY Commerce--History--Congresses. ISBN 978-605-9388-05-4 3. Byzantine Empire--Economic conditions- KOÇ UNIVERSITY PAUL MAGDALINO -Congresses. 4. Byzantine Empire-- Certificate No: 18318 History--Congresses. I. Magdalino, Paul. II. NEVRA NECİPOĞLU Necipoğlu, Nevra. III. Jevtic, Ivana. IV. Title. with the assistance of HF405.I58 2016 IVANA JEVTIĆ Koç University’s Research Center for Anatolion Civilizations (ANAMED), gratefully acknowledges the valuable support of the Vehbi Koç Foundation and cooperation of the following institutions in organizing the Third International Sevgi Gönül Byzantine Studies Symposium: Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums Istanbul Archaeological Museums © 2016. All rights reserved. All rights of the images and texts published in this volume belong to the person and institutions concerned. No part of it, or all, may be publihed, printed, reproduced, using any mechanical, optical or electronic means including photocopying without prior written permission by the publisher. CONTENTS ix Abbreviations xv Preface ÖMER M. KOÇ xvii Editors’ Foreword PAUL MAGDALINO and NEVRA NECİPOĞLU xix Opening Speech ZEYNEP MERCANGÖZ 3 PAUL MAGDALINO and NEVRA NECİPOĞLU Introduction 1. COMMERCE AND CONTROL 11 PETER SARRIS Merchants, Trade, and Commerce in Byzantine Law from Justinian I to Basil II 25 JEAN-CLAUDE CHEYNET Quelques nouveaux sceaux de commerciaires (Some New Seals of Kommerkiarioi) 55 MICHEL KAPLAN Monks and Trade in Byzantium from the Tenth to the Twelfth Century 65 KOSTIS SMYRLIS Trade Regulation and Taxation in Byzantium, Eleventh–Twelfth Centuries 2. COMMODITIES AND CERAMICS 4. CENTERS AND NETWORKS IN ANATOLIA 91 257 JOHANNES KODER YAMAN DALANAY Salt for Constantinople Communications and Trade in Western Asia Minor during the Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Periods: The Case of Ephesos 105 CÉCILE MORRISSON 267 Trading in Wood in Byzantium: Exchange and Regulations MEHMET KAHYAOĞLU Portolan Charts and Harbor Towns in Western Asia Minor towards the End of the Byzantine Empire 129 YOUVAL ROTMAN Byzantium and the International Slave Trade in the Central Middle Ages 279 ANDREAS KÜLZER Byzantine Lydia: Some Remarks on Communication Routes and Settlement Places 143 VÉRONIQUE FRANÇOIS A Distribution Atlas of Byzantine Ceramics: A New Approach to the Pottery Trade in Byzantium 297 SCOTT REDFORD 157 Caravanserais and Commerce JOANITA VROOM Byzantine Sea Trade in Ceramics: Some Case Studies in the Eastern Mediterranean (ca. Seventh–Fourteenth Centuries) 313 ECE TURNATOR Trade and Textile Industry in the State of Nicaea through the Romance of Livistros and Rodamne (Thirteenth Century) 3. MERCHANTS AND THE MARKET IN CONSTANTINOPLE 323 181 ASLIHAN AKIŞIK-KARAKULLUKÇU PAUL MAGDALINO The Empire of Trebizond in the World-Trade System: Economy and Culture The Merchant of Constantinople 337 193 MURAT KEÇİŞ DAVID JACOBY Trabzon İmparatoru III. Aleksios’un Khrysoboulloslarına Göre Venediklilerin Trabzon Constantinople as Commercial Transit Center, Tenth to Mid-Fifteenth Century Ticareti Hakkında Gözlemler (Observations on the Trade of the Venetians with Trebizond, Based on the Chrysobulls of Alexios III, the Emperor of Trebizond) 211 BRIGITTE PITARAKIS The Byzantine Marketplace: A Window onto Daily Life and Material Culture 233 AYGÜL AĞIR Bizans Başkentinde Müslüman Tacirler İçin Mimarlık: Mitaton (Architecture for Muslim Merchants in the Byzantine Capital: The Mitaton) ABBREVIATIONS 5. SHIPS AND HARBORS: NEW ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE AA Archäologischer Anzeiger [note: before 1962, part of JDAI; 1963–84, issued as 363 supplement to JDAI] UFUK KOCABAŞ, IŞIL ÖZSAİT-KOCABAŞ, EVREN TÜRKMENOĞLU, TANER GÜLER, and NAMIK KILIÇ AAA Athens Annals of Archaeology The World’s Largest Collection of Medieval Shipwrecks: The Ships of the Theodosian Harbor AASS Acta sanctorum (Paris, 1863–1940) AB Analecta Bollandiana 379 ACO Acta conciliorum oecumenicorum, ed. E. Schwartz and J. Straub (Berlin, 1914– ) MEHMET ALİ POLAT Yenikapı’nın Yükleriyle Batmış Gemileri AF Archäologische Forschungen (Yenikapı Shipwrecks Found With Their Cargoes) AIPHOS Annuaire de l’Institut de philologie et d’histoire orientales et slaves AJA American Journal of Archaeology 399 AM Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung NERGİS GÜNSENİN Ganos Limanı’ndan Portus Theodosiacus’a Anat.Ant. Anatolia Antiqua (From Ganos Harbor to Portus Theodosiacus) AnatSt Anatolian Studies Annales H.S.S. Annales Histoire Sciences Sociales 403 ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt VERA BULGURLU Yenikapı’daki Theodosius Limanı Kazılarından Bizans Kurşun Mühürleri AnzWien Anzeiger der [Österreichischen] Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, (Byzantine Lead Seals from the Theodosian Harbor Excavations at Yenikapı) Philosophisch-historische Klasse APF Archiv für Papyrusforschung 431 ArchIug Archaeologia iugoslavica GÜLBAHAR BARAN ÇELİK Ἀρχ.Δελτ Ἀρχαιολογικὸν δελτίον Yenikapı Theodosius Limanı Kazısı Zemberek Biçimli Fibulaları (Crossbow Fibulas from the Yenikapı Theodosian Harbor Excavations) ArtB Art Bulletin AST Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 445 LALE DOĞER and HARUN ÖZDAŞ BCH Bulletin de correspondance hellénique Adrasan: Ceramic Finds from a Byzantine Shipwreck BDIA Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts BHG Bibliotheca hagiographica graeca, 3rd ed., ed. F. Halkin, SubsHag 47 465 (Brussels, 1957; repr. 1969) T. ENGİN AKYÜREK Andriake: The Port of Myra in Late Antiquity BICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies BMGS Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 489 BNJ Byzantinisch-Neugriechische Jahrbücher B. YELDA OLCAY UÇKAN BNumRoma Bollettino di Numismatica Olympos’ta Ticaret BSA The Annual of the British School at Athens (Trade in Olympos) BSl Byzantinoslavica Byzantine Constantinople, Byzantine Constantinople: Monuments, Topography and Everyday Life, ed. Necipoğlu ed. N. Necipoğlu (Leiden-Boston-Cologne, 2001) 503 Indices x TRADE IN BYZANTIUM ABBREVIATIONS xi Iviron, 1 Actes d’Iviron. I. Des origines au milieu du XIe siècle, ed. J. Lefort, N. Oikonomidès, ByzF Byzantinische Forschungen D. Papachryssanthou, collab. H. Métrévéli (Paris, 1985) BZ Byzantinische Zeitschrift Iviron, 2 Actes d’Iviron. II. Du milieu du XIe siècle à 1204, ed. J. Lefort, N. Oikonomidès, D. Papachryssanthou (Paris, 1990) CahArch Cahiers archéologiques Ivirion, 3 Actes d’Iviron. III. De 1204 à 1328, ed. J. Lefort, N. Oikonomidès, D. Papachryssanthou, V. Kravari, collab., H. Métrévéli (Paris, 1994) CahCM Cahiers de civilisation médiévale CCSG Corpus christianorum, Series graeca JA Journal asiatique CFHB Corpus fontium historiae byzantinae JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society Chemins d'outre mer, Chemins d'outre mer: études d'histoire sur la Méditerranée médiévale offertes à Michel ed. Coulon et al. Balard, ed. D. Coulon, C. Otten-Froux, P. Pagès, D. Valérian, 2 vols. (Paris, 2014) JEH Journal of Ecclesiastical History JESHO Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient Chilandar, 1 Actes de Chilandar I. Des origines à 1319, ed. M. Živojinović, V. Kravari, Ch. Giros, JFieldA Journal of Field Archaeology (Paris, 1998) JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies CMRS Cahiers du Monde russe et soviétique JJP Journal of Juristic Papyrology Constantinople and Constantinople and its Hinterland: Papers from the Twenty seventh Spring Symposium- its Hinterland, ed. of Byzantine Studies, Oxford, April 1993, ed. C. Mango and G. Dagron (Aldershot, 1995) JOAS Journal of Oriental and African Studies Mango and Dagron JÖB Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik [note: before 1969, JÖBG] CSHB Corpus scriptorum historiae byzantinae JRGZM Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz JSav Journal des savants DenkWien Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch historische Klasse, JTuS Journal of Turkish Studies Denkschriften ΔΧΑΕ Δελτίον τῆς Χριστιανικῆς ἀρχαιολογικῆς ἑταιρείας Lavra, 1 Actes de Lavra. I. Des origines à 1204, ed. P. Lemerle, A. Guillou, DOP Dumbarton Oaks Papers N. Svoronos (Paris, 1970) DOS Dumbarton Oasks Studies Lavra, 2 Actes de Lavra. II. De 1204 à 1328, ed. A. Guillou, P. Lemerle, D. Papachryssanthou, N. Svoronos (Paris, 1977) EHB The Economic History of Byzantium: From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century, Lavra, 3 Actes de Lavra. III. De 1329 à 1500, ed. P. Lemerle, A. Guillou, N. Svoronos, ed. A. E. Laiou, 3 vols. (Washington, D.C., 2002) D. Papachryssanthou (Paris, 1979) EI2 Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed. (Leiden-London, 1960– ) LBG Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität, ed. E. Trapp (Vienna, 1994– ) EpAnat Epigraphica Anatolica LexMA Lexikon des Mittelalters LSJ H. G. Liddell, R. Scott, H. S. Jones et al., A Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford, 1968) Génois de Péra Actes des notaires Génois de Péra et de Caffa de la fin du treizième siècle (1281-1290), et de Caffa ed. G. I. Bratianu (Bucharest, 1927) GJ Geographical Journal McCormick, Origins M. McCormick, Origins of the European Economy. Communications and Commerce, A.D. 300–900 (Cambridge-New York, 2001) GRBS Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies MélRome Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire, École française de Rome MGH Monumenta Germaniae historica HTS Harvard Theological Studies MHR Mediterranean Historical Review MLR The Modern Language Review IJNA The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology MM Acta et diplomata graeca medii aevi sacra et profana, ed. F. Miklosich and J. Müller, IRAIK Izvestiia Russkogo arkheologicheskogo instituta v Konstantinople 6 vols. (Vienna, 1860–90) IstMitt Istanbuler Mitteilungen MÖNumGes Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Numismatischen Gesellschaft xii TRADE IN BYZANTIUM ABBREVIATIONS xiii NC The Numismatic Chronicle [and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society] Trade and Markets, ed. Trade and Markets in Byzantium, ed. C. Morrisson (Washington, D.C., 2012) Morrisson NomKhron Nomismatika Chronika Trav.Rech.Turquie Travaux et recherches en Turquie TT Urkunden zur älteren Handels- und Staatsgeschichte der Republik Venedig, ed. G. L. F. ODB The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, ed. A. Kazhdan et al., 3 vols. (New York-Oxford, Tafel and G. M. Thomas, 3 vols. (Vienna, 1856–57; repr. Amsterdam, 1964) 1991) TürkArkDerg Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi OHBS The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies, ed. E. Jeffreys, J. Haldon, and R. Cormack (Oxford, 2008) OJA Oxford Journal of Archaeology WBS Wiener byzantinistische Studien ÖJh Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Instituts in Wien ZpapEpig Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik Πάτμου, 1 Βυζαντινὰ ἔγγραφα τῆς μονῆς Πάτμου, Α. Αυτοκρατορικά: διπλωματική έκδοσις, ZRVI Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta Γενική εισαγωγή, Ευρετήρια, Πίνακες, ed. E. L. Vranousis (Athens, 1980) Πάτμου, 2 Βυζαντινὰ ἔγγραφα τῆς μονῆς Πάτμου, Β. Δημοσίων λειτουργῶν, ed. M. Nystazopoulou-Pelekidou (Athens, 1980) PG Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, ed. J.-P. Migne (Paris, 1857–66) Protaton Actes du Prôtaton, ed. D. Papachryssanthou (Paris, 1975) RAC Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum RBPH Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire RDAC Reports of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus REArm Revue des études arméniennes REB Revue des études byzantines REG Revue des études grecques REJ Revue des études juives RESEE Revue des études sud-est européennes RH Revue historique RN Revue numismatique RSH Revue suisse d’histoire SBS Studies in Byzantine Sigillography SC Sources chrétiennes Settimane Settimane di studio del centro italiano di studi sull'alto medioevo SOsl Symbolae Osloenses StVen Studi veneziani TIB Tabula imperii byzantini, ed. H. Hunger (Vienna, 1976– ) TLG Thesaurus Linguae Graecae TM Travaux et mémoires PREFACE ÖMER M. KOÇ Symposium Honorary Chairman Since 2007 the International Sevgi Gönül Byzantine Studies Symposium is organized every three years in memory of my late aunt Sevgi Gönül (1938–2003), who supported the development of awareness about cultural heritage and the growth of Byzantine Studies in Turkey. The Scientific Advisory Board selected “Trade in Byzantium” as the theme of the Third International Sevgi Gönül Byzantine Studies Symposium which was held on 24–27 June 2013. In the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople served not only as an administrative, military, and religious center, but also as one of trade and commerce. The city was selected as the new imperial capital due to its geographical advantages, its vast hinterland, its situation as an ideal vantage point for travel by land and sea, and its safe natural harbors, making it a perfect location for trade. Considering that medieval Anatolia, and especially Constantinople, was located at the center of a broad trade network and was a center of both production and consumption, trade is rightfully a continuing subject matter of Byzantine studies. In addition, since 2004, the Directorate of the Istanbul Archaeological Museums has carried out archaeological research in Üsküdar, Sirkeci, and Yenikapı, as part of the Marmaray and Metro projects. The excavations have revealed spectacular artifacts and new knowledge on Byzantine trade, ship-building technology, and ships and their cargo. In light of harbor excavation results and information accumulated from other ongoing research, it was the right time to re- evaluate trade in Byzantium. New findings and knowledge arising from the Yenikapı excavations, in particular, gave reason to revisit issues of trade in Byzantium again. As with the first symposium held in 2007, the Istanbul Archaeological Museums once again supported the third symposium with an exhibition. The exhibition “Stories from the Hidden Harbor: Shipwrecks of Yenikapı” opened in the Istanbul Archaeological Museums on 24 June 2013. It was a great honor and joy to facilitate the exhibition and its accompanying catalogue carrying the same title. We hope that the exhibition xvi TRADE IN BYZANTIUM and its catalogue shed more light on the history of Istanbul as a major trade center. EDITORS’ FOREWORD The proceedings of the Third International Sevgi Gönül Byzantine Studies Symposium, too, contributes significantly to revealing original new research on aspects of trade in Byzantium. PAUL MAGDALINO and NEVRA NECİPOĞLU I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Vehbi Koç Foundation; to Koç University’s Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations, for all the material and moral support it contributed towards establishing the symposium; to the Scientific Advisory Board and the Executive Board members of the symposium, for their devoted work; and, last but not least, to both the symposium participants, who made the “Papers from the Third International Sevgi Gönül Byzantine Studies Symposium” a reality, and to the editors of this volume, Paul Magdalino and Nevra Necipoğlu, for their meticulous work in bringing this volume to publication. The articles collected in this volume derive from papers presented at the Third International Sevgi Gönül Byzantine Studies Symposium on “Trade in Byzantium,” held in Istanbul on 24–27 June 2013. The symposium was made possible with the generous financial and moral support of the Vehbi Koç Foundation, and the editors would like to thank especially Ömer M. Koç, who has been the principal driving force behind the establishment of this symposium series organized every three years since 2007. Unlike the first two symposia, which were held at the Istanbul Archaeological Museum, the Third International Sevgi Gönül Byzantine Studies Symposium took place at Koç University’s Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations (ANAMED). We are grateful to the then director of ANAMED, Scott Redford, and to its entire staff, particularly Buket Coşkuner, for their help and support in the organization of the symposium. We also would like to extend our thanks to the Scientific Advisory Board for having entrusted us with editing the symposium proceedings. Presented in this volume are twenty-eight of the thirty-three papers delivered at the symposium. We wish to thank all the speakers who revised their papers for this publication, as well as those who decided not to publish their contributions to the symposium in the present volume. Among the latter, Harun Özdaş submitted only his joint paper with Lale Doğer, while withholding from publication his general survey of the Byzantine shipwrecks discovered on the Aegean coast of Turkey. The other contributions missing from this volume are those by Rahmi Asal, who presented the new discoveries from the Marmaray excavations at Sirkeci, on the site of the Prosphorion Harbor; Koray Durak and Dionysios Stathakopoulos, who each offered the results of their ongoing research on drugs as commodities in the trade of the eastern Mediterranean; and Chris Entwistle, who analyzed Byzantine weights in terms of their typology and geographical distribution, based on the extensive collections in the British Museum. Given its largely interactive nature, it has also not been possible to include in the present volume the xviii TRADE IN BYZANTIUM Closing Panel, in which the participants—Nevra Necipoğlu, John Haldon, and Michael OPENING SPEECH McCormick—evaluated the symposium and commented on future prospects for the study of trade in Byzantium. In preparing the papers for publication, we received invaluable assistance from ZEYNEP MERCANGÖZ Ivana Jevtić, which we acknowledge with gratitude. Thanks are also due to Buket Coşkuner, Çiçek Öztek, Alican Kutlay, and M. Kemal Baran for their help with the copy- editing. Finally, we are grateful to Burak Şuşut of FİKA, who prepared the design and layout of the book, and to ANAMED Publications for agreeing to publish it. Distinguished participants and guests, It is a great pleasure to welcome you to the Third International Sevgi Gönül Byzantine Studies Symposium. Taking place at three year intervals since 2007, the Sevgi Gönül symposia have become the major meeting point in Turkey for Byzantine scholars from around the world. Considering the cultural heritage of the Eastern Roman Empire—or, to use its conventional name, the Byzantine Empire—in Turkey, the number of congresses and symposia held in this country that are dedicated to Byzantine studies is extremely low. The first and only “International Congress of Byzantine Studies” that took place in Turkey was the Xth Congress held in Istanbul on 15–21 September 1955.1 Apart from that, a limited 1 The proceedings of this Congress, including papers in Turkish, French, English and German, were published in 1957: X. Milletlerarası Bizans Tetkikleri Kongresi Tebliğleri - Actes du X. Congrès International d’Etudes Byzantines (İstanbul, 15–21.IX.1955) (Istanbul, 1957). Certainly, this congress owed a lot to the work on Byzantine studies carried out by Westerners in Istanbul from the 1930s onwards. On the other hand, whether a coincidence or not, it is noteworthy that Feridun Dirimtekin (1894–1976) was appointed as the director of the Hagia Sophia Museum the same year that the congress took place in Istanbul. With this commission, Dirimtekin oriented himself from his military training towards archaeology and specifically to Byzantine studies, and participated in excavations carried out by national teams in Istanbul and other parts of Turkey. In this context, as contributions of Turkish scholars to Byzantine research, the results of these excavations were published in the Ayasofya Müzesi Yıllığı / Annual of Ayasofya Museum, the first issue of which appeared in 1959. Until retiring from his post as the museum director in 1971, Dirimtekin contributed to seven issues with forewords and articles on Byzantine subjects. Likewise, the archaeologist Nezih Fıratlı (1921–1979), who was the director of the Istanbul Archaeological Museum during 1978–1979, is among the first Turkish Byzantinists due to the excavations he conducted at Sebaste/Uşak, Selçikler and around the Hagia Sophia Museum, and the catalogues he prepared of Byzantine architectural sculpture at the museums of İznik and Istanbul. Without a doubt, Prof. Dr. Semavi Eyice (b. 1922) occupies a special place in Byzantine studies in Turkey, given his national and international publications in the field of Byzantine art history. Eyice’s İstanbul – Petit guide à travers les monuments byzantins et turcs (Istanbul, 1955), published by the Organization Committee on the occasion of the Xth International Congress of Byzantine Studies, and his biographical publications about F. Dirimtekin and N. Fıratlı in the 1970s, must be considered as pioneering works in the establishment of Byzantine studies as an academic field in Turkey. I would also like to underline here that the early excavations carried out by Turkish archaeologists on