Final PDF to printer T H E R M O D Y N A M I C S AN ENGINEERING APPROACH NINTH EDITION cen22672_fm_i-xxiv.indd i 11/13/17 06:45 PM Final PDF to printer cen22672_fm_i-xxiv.indd ii 11/13/17 06:45 PM Final PDF to printer T H E R M O D Y N A M I C S AN ENGINEERING APPROACH YUNUS A. ÇENGEL NINTH EDITION University of Nevada, Reno MICHAEL A. BOLES North Carolina State University MEHMET KANOĞLU University of Gaziantep cen22672_fm_i-xxiv.indd iii 11/13/17 06:45 PM Final PDF to printer THERMODYNAMICS: AN ENGINEERING APPROACH, NINTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2019 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2015, 2011, and 2008. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 21 20 19 18 ISBN 978-1-259-82267-4 MHID 1-259-82267-2 Portfolio Manager: Thomas M. Scaife, Ph.D. Product Developer: Jolynn Kilburg Marketing Manager: Shannon O’Donnell Director of Digital Content: Chelsea Haupt, Ph.D. Content Project Managers: Jane Mohr, Tammy Juran, and Sandy Schnee Buyer: Susan K. Culbertson Design: Egzon Shaqiri Content Licensing Specialist: Beth Thole Cover Image Source: NASA/ Bill Ingalls Compositor: SPi Global All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Çengel, Yunus A., author. | Boles, Michael A., author. | Kanoğlu, Mehmet, author. Title: Thermodynamics : an engineering approach / Yunus A. Çengel, University of Nevada, Reno, Michael A. Boles, North Carolina State University, Mehmet Kanoğlu, University of Gaziantep. Description: Ninth edition. | New York, NY : McGraw-Hill Education, [2019] Identifiers: LCCN 2017048282| ISBN 9781259822674 (acid-free paper) | ISBN 1259822672 (acid-free paper) Subjects: LCSH: Thermodynamics. Classification: LCC TJ265 .C43 2019 | DDC 621.402/1—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017048282 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. mheducation.com/highered cen22672_fm_i-xxiv.indd iv 11/13/17 06:45 PM Final PDF to printer Quotes on Ethics Without ethics, everything happens as if we were all five billion passengers on a big machinery and nobody is driving the machinery. And it’s going faster and faster, but we don’t know where. —Jacques Cousteau Because you’re able to do it and because you have the right to do it doesn’t mean it’s right to do it. —Laura Schlessinger A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon this world. —Manly Hall The concern for man and his destiny must always be the chief interest of all technical effort. Never forget it among your diagrams and equations. —Albert Einstein To educate a man in mind and not in morals is to educate a menace to society. —Theodore Roosevelt Politics which revolves around benefit is savagery. —Said Nursi The true test of civilization is, not the census, nor the size of the cities, nor the crops, but the kind of man that the country turns out. —Ralph W. Emerson The measure of a man’s character is what he would do if he knew he never would be found out. —Thomas B. Macaulay cen22672_fm_i-xxiv.indd v 11/13/17 06:45 PM Final PDF to printer A A B O U T T H E U T H O R S Yunus A. Çengel is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Nevada, Reno. He received his B.S. in mechanical engineering from Istanbul Technical University and his M.S. and Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from North Carolina State University. His areas of interest are renewable energy, energy efficiency, energy policies, heat transfer enhancement, and engineering education. He served as the director of the Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) at the University of Nevada, Reno, from 1996 to 2000. He has led teams of e ngineering students to numerous manufacturing facilities in Northern Nevada and California to perform industrial assessments, and has prepared energy conservation, waste minimization, and productivity enhancement reports for them. He has also served as an advisor for various government organizations and corporations. Dr. Çengel is also the author or coauthor of the widely adopted textbooks Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and Applications (5th ed., 2015), Fluid Mechanics:Fundamentals and Applications (4th ed., 2018), Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences (5th ed., 2017), and Differential Equations for Engineers and Scientists (1st ed., 2013), all published by McGraw-Hill. Some of his textbooks have been translated into Chinese (Long and Short Forms), Japanese, Korean, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian, Turkish, Greek, Tai, and Basq. Dr. Çengel is the recipient of several outstanding teacher awards, and he has received the ASEE Meriam/Wiley Distinguished Author Award for excellence in authorship in 1992 and again in 2000. Dr. Çengel is a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Nevada, and is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE). Michael A. Boles is Associate Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at North Carolina State University, where he earned his Ph.D. in mechan- ical engineering and is an Alumni Distinguished Professor. Dr. Boles has received numerous awards and citations for excellence as an engineering educator. He is a past recipient of the SAE Ralph R. Teetor Education Award and has been twice elected to the NCSU Academy of Outstanding Teachers. The NCSU ASME student section has consistently recognized him as the outstanding teacher of the year and the faculty member having the most impact on mechanical engineering students. Dr. Boles specializes in heat transfer and has been involved in the analytical and numerical solution of phase change and drying of porous media. He is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE), and Sigma Xi. Dr. Boles received the ASEE Meriam/Wiley Distinguished Author Award in 1992 for excellence in authorship. Mehmet Kanoğlu is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at University of Gaziantep. He received his B.S. in mechanical engineering from Istanbul Technical University and his M.S. and Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from University of Nevada, Reno. His research areas include energy efficiency, refrigeration systems, gas liquefaction, hydrogen production and liquefaction, renewable energy systems, geothermal energy, and cogeneration. He is the author or coauthor of over 60 jour- nal papers and numerous conference papers. cen22672_fm_i-xxiv.indd vi 11/13/17 06:45 PM Final PDF to printer vii ABOUT THE AUTHORS Dr. Kanoğlu has taught courses at University of Nevada, Reno, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, American University of Sharjah, and Uni- versity of Gaziantep. He is the coauthor of the books Refrigeration Systems and Applications (2nd ed., Wiley, 2010) and Efficiency Evaluation of Energy Systems (Springer, 2012). Dr. Kanoğlu has served as an instructor in certified energy manager train- ing programs and as an expert for United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) for energy efficiency and renewable energy projects. He instructed numerous training courses and gave lectures and presentations on energy efficiency and renewable energy systems. He has also served as advisor for state research funding organizations and industrial companies. cen22672_fm_i-xxiv.indd vii 11/13/17 06:45 PM Final PDF to printer B C R I E F O N T E N T S CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS 1 CHAPTER TWO ENERGY, ENERGY TRANSFER, AND GENERAL ENERGY ANALYSIS 51 CHAPTER THREE PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES 109 CHAPTER FOUR ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS 161 CHAPTER FIVE MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES 211 CHAPTER SIX THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 271 CHAPTER SEVEN ENTROPY 323 CHAPTER EIGHT EXERGY 413 CHAPTER NINE GAS POWER CYCLES 475 CHAPTER TEN VAPOR AND COMBINED POWER CYCLES 543 CHAPTER ELEVEN REFRIGERATION CYCLES 597 CHAPTER TWELVE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY RELATIONS 643 CHAPTER THIRTEEN GAS MIXTURES 675 CHAPTER FOURTEEN GAS–VAPOR MIXTURES AND AIR-CONDITIONING 711 CHAPTER FIFTEEN CHEMICAL REACTIONS 747 CHAPTER SIXTEEN CHEMICAL AND PHASE EQUILIBRIUM 791 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 823 CHAPTER EIGHTEEN (WEB CHAPTER) RENEWABLE ENERGY cen22672_fm_i-xxiv.indd viii 11/13/17 06:45 PM Final PDF to printer ix BRIEF CONTENTS APPENDIX 1 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS) 881 APPENDIX 2 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (ENGLISH UNITS) 931 cen22672_fm_i-xxiv.indd ix 11/13/17 06:45 PM