The Wadsworth Guide to Reading Textbooks Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States 4400117744__ffmm__ppttgg0011__ii--iivv..iinndddd 11 99//3300//1111 88::0055::4400 PPMM This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. The Wadsworth Guide to Reading © 2013, 2005 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Textbooks, Third Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 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Thank you to the Third Edition reviewers: Julie Jackson-Coe, Genesee Community College Wei Li, Lone Star College Kerry Segel, Saginaw Valley State University Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15 14 13 12 11 4400117744__ffmm__ppttgg0011__ii--iivv..iinndddd 22 99//3300//1111 88::0055::4400 PPMM Contents Part 1: Features of College Textbooks 1 Learning Goals or Chapter Objectives 2 Key Terms and Definitions 7 Chapter Outlines 12 Organization and Headings 16 Visual Aids 22 Chapter Summaries 24 Review Questions, Discussion Questions, and Exercises 26 Study Guides 34 Part 2: Strategies for Reading College Textbooks 37 Your Physical Reading Environment 38 Dealing with Distractions 39 Time Management 43 The Reading Process 43 More Active Reading Techniques 56 “Speed” Reading and Efficient Reading 63 Critical Reading 64 Language and Learning 70 Part 3: Using Textbook Features and the Reading Strategies: Practice Exercises 71 Exercise 26: Management: “Diversity” 72 Exercise 27: Psychology: “Stress and Stressors” 74 Exercise 28: Communication: “Kinesics: Body Communication” 79 Exercise 29: Chemistry: “The Scientific Method” 84 Exercise 30: Humanities: “Impressionism” 89 Part 4: College Textbook Chapters with Exercises 93 Business: “Exploring the World of Business” 94 Applying the Reading Strategies 94 Previewing the Chapter 94 Reading the Chapter 95 Check Your Understanding 106 Check Your Understanding 118 Check Your Understanding 133 An Introduction to Physical Science: “Atmospheric Effects” 135 Applying the Reading Strategies 135 Previewing the Chapter 135 Reading the Chapter 136 Check Your Understanding 144 Check Your Understanding 156 Check Your Understanding 173 4400117744__ffmm__ppttgg0011__ii--iivv..iinndddd 33 99//3300//1111 88::0055::4400 PPMM Contents iv A People and a Nation (American History): “Transforming Fire: The Civil War, 1861–1865” 177 Applying the Reading Strategies 177 Previewing the Chapter 177 Reading the Chapter 178 Check Your Understanding 191 Check Your Understanding 207 Check Your Understanding 221 Seeing Sociology: “Families” 222 Applying the Reading Strategies 222 Previewing the Chapter 222 Reading the Chapter 223 Check Your Understanding 238 Check Your Understanding 256 Check Your Understanding 270 Answer Key 272 Credits 284 4400117744__ffmm__ppttgg0011__ii--iivv..iinndddd SSeecc11::iivv 99//3300//1111 88::0055::4400 PPMM Part 1 Features of College Textbooks After reading this chapter, you will be able to: ■ understand and use learning goals or chapter objectives in your textbooks. ■ know why key terms and definitions are included and sometimes highlighted in texts. ■ recognize chapter outlines and their purpose. ■ understand the organization and headings in your text. ■ recognize visual aids and their purpose. ■ use a chapter summary to review the content in a text’s chapter. ■ use review questions, discussion questions, and exercises to your benefit. ■ utilize a text’s accompanying study guide to maximum benefit. 4400117744__ppaarrtt0011__ppttgg0011__000011--003366..iinndddd 11 99//2299//1111 11::0033::2244 PPMM Part 1 ✦ Features of College Textbooks 2 The purpose of all college textbooks is informative; that is, their goal is to help you increase your knowledge of a subject. Therefore, textbooks usually present a great deal of information about a subject in a relatively limited amount of space. The amount and density of information in a t extbook can seem intimidating, but because textbook authors and publishers want students to understand and to remember this information, they incorporate a number of features to assist you as you read and master the material. Becoming aware of these features and learning how to use them to your advantage is the first step to reading textbooks effectively. In this section, you will learn to recognize and use the following features, which are all common in college textbooks: ■ Learning goals or chapter objectives ■ Key terms and definitions ■ Chapter outlines ■ Organization and headings ■ Visual aids ■ Chapter summaries ■ Review questions, discussion questions, and exercises ■ Study guides Learning Goals or Chapter Objectives Many textbooks include lists of learning goals, statements about what you should know or be able to do after reading a chapter. These learning goals, which are also called chapter objectives or learning objectives, help you focus on the most important ideas and information in each chapter. They ask you to demonstrate your knowledge of the subject matter by performing different actions. These actions include: ■ explain ■ co ntrast ■ describe ■ summa rize ■ define ■ s olve ■ identify ■ na me ■ list ■ co mpute ■ compare ■ wri te The learning goals may appear in the form of a list at the beginning of a chapter. They might also appear in the margins throughout the chapter. Finally, they might be incorporated into the text itself, as in the following example from a physical science textbook: 4400117744__ppaarrtt0011__ppttgg0011__000011--003366..iinndddd 22 99//2299//1111 11::0033::2244 PPMM Part 1 ✦ Features of College Textbooks 3 4400117744__ppaarrtt0011__ppttgg0011__000011--003366..iinndddd 33 99//2299//1111 11::0033::2244 PPMM Part 1 ✦ Features of College Textbooks 4 You should get into the habit of using learning goals to check your understanding of what you read and to make sure that you have retained critical information. Try to perform the action stated in each goal, either in writing or by talking aloud to yourself or to a study partner. For example, the learning goal in the excerpt about the origins of the solar system is, “Describe the theory for the origin of the solar system that is most widely accepted by astronomers.” You might say to yourself: Most astronomers believe that the solar system began when a large rotating mass of gas and dust began to contract and condense. As particles moved toward the center and increased the size of the mass, it rotated faster and began to flatten and spread out. Eventually, the center formed a “protosun” and the material around it began to evolve into planets. Try to put the information in your own words to make sure that you understand it. If you find that you cannot perform the action stated in a learning goal, go back and reread the sections of the chapter that correspond to this particular goal. Name: Exercise 1 Using Learning Goals Look carefully at the excerpt from a business textbook on pages 5–6. Then answer the questions by circling the letter beside the correct answer. 1. In this particular textbook, the learning goal is called a a. le arning goal. b. le arning objective. c. c hapter objective. d. cha pter goal. 2. In this textbook, learning goals are located a. in a list at the beginning of the chapter. b. in the margins of the chapter. c. both at the beginning of the chapter and in the margins. d. in the text of the chapter. 3. How many objectives are there for this particular chapter? a. One b. T wo c. T en d. Fif teen 4. W hich of the following is NOT one of the things you should be able to do upon mastering the information in the chapter? a. Define the term product mix b. Explain the importance of packaging c. Discuss the life cycle of a product d. Compare and contrast different pricing methods 4400117744__ppaarrtt0011__ppttgg0011__000011--003366..iinndddd 44 99//2299//1111 11::0033::2244 PPMM