The SAGE Handbook of International Corporate and Public Affairs This is the first Public Affairs book to cover all the major continents and give in-depth insights and guidance on business, government policy and international trade communication. It will make a substantial contribution to the development of dialogue between nations and businesses worldwide. Xiaoying Zhang, Professor of International Journalism and Communication, Beijing Foreign Studies University As our profession continues to evolve it is critical that lobbyists and public affairs professionals have all the information and tools at their disposal. This Handbook is one of those resources all professionals should have sitting on their desk – I know I do. Paul A. Miller, President, National Institute for Lobbying & Ethics, Washington, DC This Handbook provides essential reading and analysis for practitioners, potential clients and academics. It will help politicians, public officials and the media to better understand that corporate and public affairs are not black arts; but prudent tools of good governance for those determining or being affected by the decisions of government at every level. Lord Tom McNally, Chair of the Youth Justice Board and former Deputy Leader of the House of Lords An essential companion, offering a rich account of the development of the field as well as its applications. It will be welcomed by students of the subject for years to come. C. Michael Hall, Professor of Marketing, University of Canterbury, New Zealand In this increasingly important, but under-examined field, no other collection of material comes close to giving such a comprehensive view of the development of public affairs research, teaching and practice. Geoff Allen, Founder of the Australasian Centre for Corporate Public Affairs This is an incredibly timely book that explores the global phenomena of public affairs in a way that answers the naive superficiality of the anti-lobbying narrative. Neil Collins, Emeritus Professor of Government, University College Cork, Ireland Read this book and you will understand the forces that are impacting your organization and how to engage in the process in a thoughtful, results-oriented way. Amy Showalter, The Showalter Group and Author of ‘The Underdog Edge’ An edited volume of scope and substance, featuring a cadre of authors with impeccable credentials as thought leaders to inform the new realities of public affairs. Louise Heslop, Professor Emeritus of Marketing, Carleton University, Canada A pragmatic discipline must remain open-ended because there is no predicting what strategic adaptations may work best. This handbook is educational in the best sense. John G Blair, Professor Emeritus of American Literature and Civilization, University of Geneva A must-read publication for every globally-minded government relations and corporate affairs professional whether they’re operating in London, Washington DC, Kenya or Korea. Craig Hoy, Executive Director, PublicAffairsAsia This is the book and guide on international Public Affairs that every businessman, politician and practitioner must have. Henry Sun, International Director of Business Research Institute, University of Chester The SAGE Handbook of International Corporate and Public Affairs Edited by Phil Harris and Craig S. Fleisher SAGE Publications Ltd Editorial arrangement and Introduction © Phil Harris and 1 Oliver’s Yard Craig S. Fleisher, 2017 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP Part I © John Mahon, 2017 Chapter 19 © Rinus van Chapter 1 © Craig S. Fleisher, 2017 Schendelen, 2017 SAGE Publications Inc. Chapter 2 © Duane Windsor, 2017 Chapter 20 © Alberto Bitonti and 2455 Teller Road Chapter 3 © Richard McGowan, Phil Harris, 2017 Thousand Oaks, California 91320 2017 Chapter 21 © John Mahon, 2017 Chapter 4 © Fruzsina M. Chapter 22 © Andréa Cristina SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd Harsanyi and Geoff Allen, 2017 Oliveira Gozetto and Clive S. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Chapter 5 © Shannon Blair Thomas, 2017 Mathura Road Creighton and Martin Meznar, 2017 Chapter 23 © Ronel Rensburg New Delhi 110 044 Part II © Phil Harris, 2017 and Olebogeng Selebi, 2017 Chapter 6 © Howard Viney, Paul Chapter 24 © Geoff Allen, 2017 SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd Baines and Laura Stegen, 2017 Chapter 25 © Andrew Hughes, 2017 3 Church Street Chapter 7 © Ian N. Richardson, Part V © Craig S. Fleisher, 2017 #10-04 Samsung Hub 2017 Chapter 26 © William D. Singapore 049483 Chapter 8 © Alberto Bitonti, 2017 Oberman, 2017 Chapter 9 © Amy D. Meli and Chapter 27 © Craig S. Fleisher, 2017 Edward A. Grefe, 2017 Chapter 28 © John M. Holcomb, Chapter 10 © Simon Bryceson 2017 and Simon Levitt, 2017 Chapter 29 © John Mahon, 2017 Chapter 11 © Bruce I. Newman, Chapter 30 © Irina Lock and Wojciech Cwalina and Andrzej Peter Seele, 2017 Falkowski, 2017 Chapter 31 © Arco Timmermans, Chapter 12 © Mordecai Lee, 2017 2017 Editor: Delia Martinez Alfonso Part III © John M. Holcomb, 2017 Part VI © Danny Moss, 2017 Editorial Assistant: Matthew Oldfield Chapter 13 © Catie Snow Bailard, Chapter 32 © Clive S. Thomas Production Editor: Sushant Nailwal 2017 and Kristina Klimovich, 2017 Copyeditor: Sunrise Setting Ltd. Chapter 14 © Michael Hadani, 2017 Chapter 33 © David Irwin and Proofreader: Derek Markham Chapter 15 © Laura Bernal- Kariuki Waweru, 2017 Indexer: Avril Ehrlich Bermudez and Tricia D. Olsen, 2017 Chapter 34 © Conor McGrath, 2017 Marketing Manager: Alison Borg Chapter 16 © Justin Greenwood, Chapter 35 © Koji Haraguchi and Cover design: Wendy Scott 2017 Ronald J. Hrebenar, 2017 Typeset by Cenveo Publisher Services Chapter 17 © Shannon A. Bowen, Chapter 36 © Goodluck Charles, Printed in the UK 2017 2017 Chapter 18 © Jeffrey A. Hart, 2017 Chapter 37 © Gianluca Vinicio Part IV © Carla Millar, 2017 Aguggini, 2017 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. Library of Congress Control Number: 2016957757 At SAGE we take sustainability seriously. Most of our products are printed in the UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication data using FSC papers and boards. When we print overseas we ensure sustainable A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library papers are used as measured by the PREPS grading system. We undertake an annual audit to monitor our sustainability. ISBN 978-1-4462-7611-2 Contents Contents v List of Figures ix List of Tables xi Notes on the Editors and Contributors xii Acknowledgments xxiv Introduction: The Continuing Development of International Corporate and Public Affairs 1 Phil Harris and Craig S. Fleisher PART I THE ESSENTIAL FOUNDATION OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS 17 John Mahon 1 Corporate Public Affairs: Revisiting the Development of the Field 23 Craig S. Fleisher 2 Theoretical Lenses and Conceptual Models for Understanding Public Affairs 40 Duane Windsor 3 Examining the Public Affairs Scholarship: What We’ve Learned (and still don’t know) from the Empirical Studies of Public Affairs 56 Richard McGowan 4 Achieving the Strategic Potential of Public Affairs 65 Fruzsina M. Harsanyi and Geoff Allen 5 The Status of Instruction in Public Affairs: Peace in the Eye of the Hurricane? 82 Shannon Blair Creighton and Martin Meznar PART II EXPANDING THE BOUNDARIES: PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER KEY DISCIPLINES 109 Phil Harris 6 Public Affairs and Marketing 115 Howard Viney, Paul Baines and Laura Stegen 7 International Relations and Public Affairs 134 Ian N. Richardson 8 Public Affairs and Political Philosophy 151 Alberto Bitonti vi THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL CORPORATE AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS 9 Public Affairs and Information Science/Systems 165 Amy D. Meli and Edward A. Grefe 10 PA and Ecology 184 Simon Bryceson and Simon Levitt 11 Political Marketing and Public Affairs 197 Bruce I. Newman, Wojciech Cwalina and Andrzej Falkowski 12 The Practice of Public Affairs in Public Administration 215 Mordecai Lee PART III KEY ISSUES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS 233 John M. Holcomb 13 Public Affairs, Digital Media, and Tech Trends 239 Catie Snow Bailard 14 Corporate Political Activity and Public Policy Outcomes: New Realities and Increasing Challenges 259 Michael Hadani 15 Business, Human Rights, and Sustainable Development 280 Laura Bernal-Bermudez and Tricia D. Olsen 16 The Regulation of Lobbying Activity 300 Justin Greenwood 17 Values, Ethics, and Professionalism in Public Affairs 316 Shannon A. Bowen 18 Globalization and Multinational Corporations 332 Jeffrey A. Hart PART IV REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND LOCALISED APPROACHES TO PUBLIC AFFAIRS 349 Carla Millar 19 Public Affairs in the Uncommon European Union 355 Rinus van Schendelen 20 Public Affairs in Europe 370 Alberto Bitonti and Phil Harris 21 Public Affairs in North America 388 John Mahon Contents vii 22 Public Affairs in Latin America: The Gradual and Uneven Formalization of a Long-Time Informal Activity 405 Andréa Cristina Oliveira Gozetto and Clive S. Thomas 23 Public Affairs in South Africa 422 Ronel Rensburg and Olebogeng Selebi 24 Public Affairs in Australia and Oceania 438 Geoff Allen 25 Public Affairs in East and South-East Asia 455 Andrew Hughes PART V TACTICAL APPROACHES TO EXECUTING PUBLIC AFFAIRS 477 Craig S. Fleisher 26 Lobbying Resources and Strategies 483 William D. Oberman 27 Managing Regulatory Affairs and Intelligence: The Often Hidden Domain of Public Affairs Practice 498 Craig S. Fleisher 28 Influencing the Legal and Judicial Process 517 John M. Holcomb 29 Corporate Issues Management 534 John Mahon 30 Corporate Social Responsibility, Public Affairs and Corporate Community Involvement: Torn between Instrumentalism and Deliberation 550 Irina Lock and Peter Seele 31 Making and Managing Lobbying Coalitions 565 Arco Timmermans PART VI CASE STUDIES IN PUBLIC AFFAIRS 581 Danny Moss 32 Three Case Studies from Latin America: A Living Museum of Government Affairs 585 Clive S. Thomas and Kristina Klimovich 33 The Kenya Chamber of Mines: A Case Study in Public Sector Advocacy 601 David Irwin and Kariuki Waweru viii THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL CORPORATE AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS 34 Lessons in Lobbying Regulation from the UK and Ireland 619 Conor McGrath 35 Public Affairs and National Level Lobbying in Japan: Winners and Losers in the Continuing Issue of the American Bases on Okinawa 637 Koji Haraguchi and Ronald J. Hrebenar 36 Public–Private Dialogue and Policy Reforms: Lessons from Tanzania 650 Goodluck Charles 37 Beppe Grillo: A Man, a Plan, a Van: The Tsunami Campaign and the National Elections, February 2013 669 Gianluca Vinicio Aguggini Index 682 List of Figures I.1 Benefits of benchmarking in public affairs 7 2.1 A basic conceptual model of political influence on public policy process 48 2.2 A basic model of communication to stakeholders 49 4.1 An integrated public affairs function 71 4.2 Evolution of public affairs 73 4.3 Public Affairs as an integral part of business operations 76 6.1 The Stakeholder Mapping Matrix 122 9.1 Tweet from Neil deGrasse Tyson 175 9.2 YouTube video of a hospice patient telling her story 176 10.1 Friends of the Earth campaigners place empty bottles outside the London HQ of Cadbury Schweppes in 1971, to promote re-use 187 11.1 The macro and micro view of political marketing 198 11.2 Strategic framework for lobbyists 209 15.1 Data on company policy and practice around human rights, in general 291 15.2 Data on company policy and practice specific to supply chain, child labor, and forced labor 291 17.1 Ethical Consideration Triangle 326 18.1 FDI inflows, global and by group of economies, 1995–2014 (Billions of dollars) 333 18.2 Value of cross-border M&As and announced greenfield projects, 2003–2014 (Billions of dollars) 336 18.3 Percentage of Global FDI Outflows by Country, 1914–2019 341 18.4 Annual Number of Investment Disputes Registered by ICSID, 1972–2014 342 P IV.1 Informal versus formal business systems 351 20.1 Plan of the prime floor of Westminster Parliament 372 21.1 Early business-government-society relationships 389 21.2 Evolving business-society relationships 389 21.3 The current chaotic state of business-government-NGOs-society relationships 390 21.4 Criteria for evaluation of stakeholder influence 396 23.1 Example of South African government department structures 430 23.2 Trade union members protesting against e-toll system 433 25.1 The rapid rise of Asia as an economic power: Asia % of World GDP from 1980–2020 456 25.2 Asian public affairs stakeholder conceptual model – relationship & exchange 462 25.3 The relationship between relationship quality/level and length of time in Asian Public Affairs 463 27.1 Genericized job description for a senior regulatory affairs director 503 27.2 Main industries in which RA officials are regularly employed (circa 2015) 505 27.3 Overview of opportunities and threats for businesses in the public policy environment 506 27.4 Generic process for developing regulatory strategy 508 27.5 Range of analytical tools commonly used in RACI activities 513 29.1 The Simple Model 535