The Roman Archaeology Conference 12 The Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference 26 Sapienza Università di Roma, Wednesday 16 – Saturday 19 March 2016 Programme and Abstracts 1.INTEGRATING REGIONAL SURVEY DATABASES AROUND ROME: METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES AND INTERPRETIVE POTENTIAL Organised by: Peter Attema (University of Groningen), Paolo Carafa (Sapienza Università di Roma), Willem M. Jongman (University of Groningen) and Christopher Smith (The British School at Rome) Ever since Giuseppe Lugli’s pioneering work for the Forma Italiae in the Pontine region in the early 20th c. on the Roman towns of Tarracina and Circeii, a vast amount of field survey data has been amassed for the suburbium of Rome sensu lato. North of the Tiber, the Tiber Valley Project, building on earlier projects, systematically recorded the southern Etruscan landscape. South of the Tiber the Latium Vetus project, and then the Suburbium project, covered large tracts of northern Latium Vetus, and the Pontine Region Project covered large parts of the southern part of Latium Vetus. Whilst the data of these individual projects have led to fundamental reassessments of developments in settlement and economy at the regional scale in relation to Rome, they have never been analyzed in tandem to confront fundamental questions regarding the role of ancient Rome as a regional centre with an expanding suburbium. This is not surprising as the challenges of integrating datasets acquired with different aims and methodologies, and stored in very different data formats, are considerable. It is certain, however, that a concerted effort of bringing together these data in an integrated data structure that allows detailed questions on demographic and socio- economic developments will be a major step forward in our understanding of the growing regional role of Rome from the Early Iron Age onwards north and south of the Tiber. This session will bring together scholars currently working on the integration of regional data pertaining to the suburbium of Rome. The aim of the session is to, first, present an overview of current work in this field; second, to identify and present shared methodological and interpretive issues in integrating the regional datasets available. Third, to establish a network of interested scholars, who may want to contribute to finding solutions to technical and methodological issues and to prepare a common research agenda, streamlining and guiding future work in this field. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] and [email protected] Thursday, 17 March 14.00 - Introduction and presentation of datasets on Rome’s Suburbium: “Integrating data from the Pontine Region Project, the Tiber valley Project and the Suburbium project”, Peter Attema, Paolo Carafa and Christopher Smith 14.30 - Rome’s suburbium; the potential of an integrated database on the Suburbium, Rob Witcher 15.00 - Integrating regional-scale data: a case study from the Pontine Region, Tymon de Haas and Gijs Tol 15.30 - Case studies from the Suburbium project, Maria Cristina Capanna 16.00 – Coffee break 16.30 - Integrating survey data: why?, Willem M. Jongman Introduction and presentation of datasets on Rome’s Suburbium: “Integrating data from the Pontine Region Project, the Tiber valley Project and the Suburbium project” Peter Attema (University of Groningen), Paolo Carafa (Sapienza Università di Roma) and Christopher Smith (British School at Rome) [email protected], [email protected] and [email protected] Ever since Giuseppe Lugli’s pioneering work for the Forma Italiae in the Pontine region in the early 20th c. on the Roman towns of Tarracina and Circeii, a vast amount of field survey data has been amassed for the suburbium of Rome sensu lato. North of the Tiber, the Tiber Valley Project, building on earlier projects, systematically recorded the southern Etruscan landscape. South of the Tiber the Latium Vetus project, and then the Suburbium project, covered large tracts of northern Latium Vetus, and the Pontine Region Project covered large parts of the southern part of Latium vetus. Whilst the data of these individual projects have led to fundamental reassessments of developments in settlement and economy at the regional scale in relation to Rome, they have never been analyzed in tandem to confront fundamental questions regarding the role of ancient Rome as a regional centre with an expanding suburbium. This is not surprising as the challenges of integrating datasets acquired with different aims and methodologies, and stored in very different data formats, are considerable. It is certain, however, that a concerted effort of bringing together these data in an integrated data structure that allows detailed questions on demographic and socio- economic developments will be a major step forward in our understanding of the growing regional role of Rome from the Early Iron Age onwards north and south of the Tiber. This introduction and presentation of the separate projects will set out the challenges and opportunities for a new initiative to unite the three databases. Rome’s suburbium; the potential of an integrated database on the Suburbium Rob Witcher (University of Durham) [email protected] The territory around Rome is one of the most intensively studied regions of the Mediterranean. For over a century, archaeologists have documented monuments, artefact scatters, and other landscape features. The resulting data are vast in quantity, and variable in quality. During the 1990s, three separate initiatives (the Suburbium Project; Pontine Region Project; Tiber Valley Project) began collating legacy datasets and supplementing them with targeted fieldwork. Individually, these projects have generated large databases and published re-evaluations of the data and new synthetic interpretations. While work on the individual projects continues, recent discussions have raised questions: could these separate initiatives be networked? What are the methodological and technological challenges? And—most importantly—what new questions could be addressed by an integrated database? The problems of combining field survey data are well known. The proximity of the existing projects lessens, to some degree, the difficulties. Most importantly, however, each of these projects has already demonstrated that disparate datasets can be integrated and used to address broader research questions. With the growth of computing power, the concept of ‘Big Data’ has recently come to the fore. Integrating the three project databases would produce a hinterland-scale dataset unparalleled by that from any other ancient Mediterranean metropolis. But more data does not guarantee better results. The aim of this paper is therefore to consider the potential of an integrated database to transform interpretations. There are two broad approaches: methodological and modelling. First, by comparing and integrating individual datasets, we understand better what is general and what is unique, and how these are affected by scale of observation. Questions of methodological (in)compatibility can elucidate issues of historical relevance, for example, were pots of the same form type used at the same time (and in the same way)? In turn, the integration of these projects will provide a case study for the incorporation of more diverse datasets from other parts of the Mediterranean/Roman world. Second, a key area for consideration is demographic modelling; population figures are central to varied social and economic questions; integration would provide a more robust dataset for understanding the scale, distribution, organisation and flow of population. In turn, such figures feed into issues of urbanisation, market economies, inequality, migration/mobility, technological innovation, and environmental sustainability/resilience. All of these topics speak to the list of ‘Grand Challenges for Archaeology’ (Kintigh et al. 2014) and remind us that, collectively, these datasets are of great potential interest to a wide range of researchers seeking high-quality data to explore these topics using theories and methods such as niche construction, urban scaling, and network analysis. Clearly both technical and conceptual problems abound—which platform should be used? How can we explore ‘hinterland’ data without resorting to a teleological account of the rise and fall of Rome?—but we perceive transformative potential in the process of addressing these issues and the ability to contribute to wider archaeological debates. Integrating regional-scale data: a case study from the Pontine Region Tymon de Haas (University of Groningen) and Gijs Tol (University of Groningen) [email protected] and [email protected] As part of the long-term Pontine Region Project (PRP), the authors are in the process of integrating existing survey datasets and databases (including sub-phases of the PRP, Forma Italiae and other topographic studies) into a single database structure. This database currently holds information on some 600 sites and more than 250.000 artefacts. In this paper we will first discuss the challenges encountered in the process of database design and data entry, which include both methodological and interpretive issues. Subsequently we will illustrate the considerable potential of this type of integration of both site and artefact data for a better understanding of regional trends in settlement and economy and the intra-regional trajectories within such regional trends. Case studies from the Suburbium project Maria Cristina Capanna (Sapienza Università di Roma) [email protected] The Suburbium project covered an area of 200 sq km within the Comune di Roma coinciding with a large portion of Rome’s ancient suburbium and those of neighbouring ancient cities (on the left bank of the Tiber: Fidenae, Crustumerium, Cameria, Ficulea, Caenina, Bovillae and a small part of Tusculum; on the right bank Veii). In this paper we will discuss the data obtained from the surveys and will present research results of three different contexts, viz. Rome’s northern and south-eastern Suburbium; the suburbia of the other Latin cities and that of Veii). First, data sets will be compared with datasets resulting from previous research. Second, results of spatial analyses will be presented (Thiessen poligons) elaborated in GIS and aimed at the reconstruction of the territories of cities and land plots belonging to villas. The size of territories and land plots will be adjusted according to the average distribution of sites per square kilometer taking into account “archaeological visibility”. Third, it will be shown how “weighted average analyses” , which only include precisely date objects, may be of help in evaluating whether data increase corresponds with increase of productive and commercial activities during certain periods. Integrating survey data: why? Willem M. Jongman (University of Groningen) [email protected] The study of Roman society has witnessed enormous changes in recent years. It was not long ago that the big narratives such as Finley’s Ancient Economy were primarily written from written sources, while the archaeological data were often used to underscore the local and the particular. This has changed quite dramatically in recent years, with significant revisions of economic history based on aggregate archaeological data, and an increasing interest in generalization among archaeologists. Survey results are beginning to figure in such revisionist histories, but the analysis is hampered by the fragmentation and inaccessibility of the data. Field survey data can indeed play an important role in big histories of larger chronological trends in, for example, population, market integration, rural manufacture, agricultural technology, rural material culture, or social (in)equality. However, such bigger data driven histories can only be written if the results of surveys from many regions of the Empire are integrated and aggregated into one coherent dataset or set of datasets. And once we have reconstructed a bigger trend, we are in a much better position to identify and understand the locally specific. 2.SENSING ROME: SENSORY APPROACHES TO MOVEMENT AND SPACE Organised by: Eleanor Betts (The Open University) Roman archaeology is currently experiencing both a spatial and a sensory turn. Taking as its theme the multiple perspectives of sensory space, this session explores the role played by the senses in recognising, understanding and using Roman urban space, with a specific focus on movement within the cities of Rome, Ostia and Pompeii. The multisensory body is the locus of human identity, experience and memory, and the body in motion gives meaning to space and place. Bringing these perspectives together, this session explores the value of applying a sensory approach to the archaeology of Roman urbanism. It will examine the extent to which the senses played a central role within distinctive cultural, social, political and economic activities, with the aim of increasing our understanding of how people identified and interacted with the city as they moved within it. In particular, the speakers will ask how we might develop and apply methodologies for recreating experiences of Roman urban landscapes, as well as the activities, behaviours and meanings associated with them, with attention given to how empirical sensory data may combine or conflict with that of ancient sources. Consideration will be given to the impact sensory stimuli had on the perceptions and experiences of those who lived in Rome, Ostia and Pompeii, and the extent to which an attempt to recapture sensory data and reconstruct sensory experiences alters our perceptions of these cities. Were sensory stimuli instrumental to navigating urban space and characterising particular locales or activities, or did they cut across them? A further aim of the session is to develop methodologies for reconstructing sensory experiences of space, with a particular focus on movement through urban landscapes, as well as to consider the issues of approaching movement from a multisensory perspective, some methodological problems and their solutions. [email protected] Friday, 18 March Chair: Ray Laurence 9.00 - A Multisensory Exploration of Movement through Rome’s Urban Bridges, Catherine Hoggarth 9.30 - Experiencing Rome’s Tiberscape, Simon Malmberg 10.00 - Multisensory Mapping of Ostia’s Regio I.IV, Eleanor Betts 10.30 – Coffee break 11.00 - Structure of Noise: Aural Architecture and Movement in Ostian Streets, Jeffrey Veitch 11.30 - Commerce and the Senses: Everyday work and the Roman Urban Landscape, Miko Flohr 12.00 - Visibility and Movement in the Ancient Space: Some Thoughts about the Use of 3D GIS, Giacomo Landeschi A Multisensory Exploration of Movement through Rome’s Urban Bridges Catherine Hoggarth (University of Kent) [email protected] The urban bridges of ancient Rome have been relegated to obscurity by scholars; conventional wisdom perceives them as structures devoid of agency and impact, or simply as extensions of roads. However the bridges that spanned the Tiber were far from passive structures, they were agents of change: they shaped the topography of Rome, created iconic routes and determined key areas of trade and ritual. The bridges spanning the urban section of the Tiber represented a unique and diverse series of spaces and multisensory experiences. The array of sensory stimuli a person would have encountered when approaching and crossing one of the bridges illustrates the bridges’ unique role within urban movement: crossing between light spaces and dark, and from enclosed to open areas, the sense of the elements on the skin and the visual assault of the decoration, all served to create discrete sensory experiences. These experiences would also have altered significantly over time, as wood was replaced by stone and as increased building and the erection of walls changed the visual landscape, altering the Tiberscape beyond recognition. An exploration of the senses can offer a new perspective on Rome’s bridges and demonstrate their central role in both the life and movement of the city. Experiencing Rome’s Tiberscape Simon Malmberg (University of Bergen) [email protected] How did people experience the spatial relationship between river and city – the Tiberscape of Rome? By the Empire, the Tiber was mostly screened from view by a dense mass of housing, with only brief moments of engagements as travellers crossed the bridges – much like the Servian Wall, which was only glimpsed when passing one of the gates. Indeed, in Late Antiquity the Tiber banks got its own set of city walls, described by Claudian ‘as they were two cities parted by the sundering waters: with equal threatening height the tower-clad banks rise in lofty buildings’. The river was thus mainly experienced in Rome when used, either on river craft or from the docks. The tight curves of the Tiber’s urban course give rise to a series of spaces and visual revelations. The series of river spaces were often framed by bridges, working as both portals and viaducts. The bridges were decked out with symbols and inscriptions similar to triumphal arches or city gates, creating delimited spaces that could be viewed as elongated riverine fora. This interaction between river and city, the Tiberscape of Rome, became central to the city’s commercial and social life. Multisensory Mapping of Ostia’s Regio I.IV Eleanor Betts (The Open University) [email protected] Underpinned by a theoretical framework which builds on Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenology of Perception and the concept of the human body as a ‘universal measurement’, and Lefebvre’s Architecture of Enjoyment, in which he categorises sensations (2014, pp. 114-15), this paper examines the role played by sensory data in the definition and use of space within insula I.IV in Ostia. It presents a methodology for obtaining multisensory data from the archaeological record, as well as use of comparative data mined from textual sources. The main focus is a quantitative assessment of the architectural spaces within and bordering the insula, which illustrates how particular sounds, smells, tastes, textures, visual effects and kinaesthetic experiences defined those spaces, as well as movement within and between them. In combining spatial theory and sensory approaches, we can begin to better define and understand the ‘intimate’ and ‘open’ spaces within the insula, as well as the relationship of the insula to the surrounding streets, in the context of the rhythms of everyday life in Ostia. A key question addressed is the extent to which sensory stimuli helped characterise particular locales and activities, and how reconstructing sensory data alters our perceptions of this ancient city. Structure of Noise: Aural Architecture and Movement in Ostian Streets Jeffrey Veitch (University of Kent) [email protected] In this paper the streets of Ostia will be analysed for their acoustic properties. The architecture of streets, consisting of facades, carriageways and street furniture, provide the foundation for the acoustic character of the street, an examination of which will nuance the role of Ostian streets in the sensory landscape. The density of doorways along Ostian streets is higher than that of doorways in Pompeii (Laurence 2007: 107), with the result that the two cities’ acoustic characteristics differ. The acoustic measures for Ostian streets can also be compared with space syntax studies of the street network (Stöger 2011; Kaiser 2011), offering insights into the way sounds influenced potential movements. The prevalence of porticoes along Ostian streets created an acoustic division between the carriageway and the portico, which also served to separate types of movement. This paper argues that the division of movement, between pedestrian and cart, was structured by the acoustic division of the street space. Through the use of porticoes, the inhabitants of Ostia were able to acoustically separate the different experiences of travelling along the streets. Commerce and the Senses: Everyday work and the Roman Urban Landscape Miko Flohr (University of Leiden) [email protected] Urban landscapes in Roman Italy were to a large extent defined and dominated by commerce. There was a proliferation of shops and workshops, especially along through-routes, which, through their wide openings, were closely connected with the street. This not only enhanced the possibilities of commercial interaction, it also had a deep impact on the sensory experience of public urban space, particularly in cases where commercial space was used for activities in the productive sphere. This sensory impact of commerce has often been alluded to in discussions of Roman urban space, but it has rarely been critically investigated. Starting from the material evidence of Pompeii and Ostia, this paper will discuss some new ways to assess and contextualize the impact of everyday work on the Roman urban experience, focusing not only on possible ways to identify locations with higher or lower sensory impact, and on comparing urban landscapes with each other, but also on the more complex issue of the extent to which perceived impact led to counter- measures or taboos. The paper will discuss the existence of sensory ‘hotspots’ in city centres and highlight some apparent spatial conflicts, particularly related to the use of fire and to food production. Visibility and Movement in the Ancient Space: Some Thoughts about the Use of 3D GIS Giacomo Landeschi (University of Lund) [email protected] A recently developed project about the digitization of insula V.1 in Pompeii has raised new research questions, not only concerned with visualisation, but also offering potential for multisensory analyses. The possibility of three-dimensionally acquiring and importing in a GIS the structures of the various buildings provided archaeologists with novel opportunities of investigation. A superimposed reconstruction of the house of Caecilius Iucundus was added to the still visible structures of the buildings, and new methods of spatial analysis introduced. The main purpose was to try to define a methodological framework through which to quantitatively assess the visual impact of artefacts originally placed within the space of the house. As the space of the private house was usually intimately connected to the patron’s self-representation, it is plausible that objects on display within the house were intended for a precise type of view. By making a quantitative assessment of this significance it has been possible to determine the existence of certain patterns of presence and areas of movement within the house. Compared to other methods of investigation recently explored, 3D GIS presents several advantages and encourages further investigation into the use of this platform as a ‘heuristic’ tool for multisensory analysis and interpretation. 3.EMPERORS AND FRONTIERS Organised by: David Breeze (Universities of Durham), Erik Graafstal (Municipal Archaeologist, City of Utrecht) and Rebecca H. Jones (Historic Environment Scotland) This session will explore the relationships between various emperors and activities on frontiers during their reigns. How do the literary sources relate to the archaeological evidence? How active were emperors, especially those who did not move from Rome? How much did they leave decision making to their governors? How can we recognise the activities of particular emperors on frontiers? The session aims to reach behind the conventional interpretations of the actions of emperors, especially the bias of the ancient sources, and thereby also examine the interplay between these sources and the archaeological evidence. [email protected], [email protected] and [email protected] Wednesday, 16 March 9.00 - Gaius and Claudius, 40-43: the slow build-up for Britain, Erik Graafstal 9.30 - Domitian on the Danube: Dealing Death to the Dacians?, Christoph Rummel 10.00 - Antoninus Pius: A peaceful reign?, David Breeze 10.30 – Coffee break 11.00 - Marcus Aurelius: from Philosophy to Reality, Sonja Jilek 11.30 - Septimius Severus – Expeditio felicissima Britannica, Rebecca H. Jones 12.00 - Caracalla beyond the Limes Raetiae – Planned campaign, immediate reaction or pure fiction?, C. Sebastian Sommer