THE PRINCIPLES, CONSTRUCTION, AND APPLICATION OF PUMPING MACHINERY STANDARD ENGINEERING PUBLICATIONS. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With Numerous Woodcuts and Sixty-nine Plates. 34s. HYDRAULIC POWER AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY, By HENRY ROBINSON, M.Inst. C.E., F.G.S., Fellow of King's College, London; Professor of Civil Engineering, King's College, Etc., Etc. " A Book of great Professional Usefulness."—Iron. With Numerous Plates, Diagrams, and Illustrations. CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS: THEIR DESIGN, ORGANISATION, AND MANAGEMENT. By CHAS. H. WoRDINGHAM, M. Inst. C.E., M. Inst. Mech. E., Member of Council, Institution of Electrical Engineers ; Engineer to the City and Electric Tramways, Manchester. Second Revised and Enlarged Edition. With Thirty-Seven Plates. 30s. SEWAGE DISPOSAL WORKS: A GUIDE TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF WORKS FOR THE PREVENTION OF THE POLLUTION BY SEWAGE OF RIVERS AND ESTUARIES. By W. SANTO CRIMP, M.Inst. C.E., F.G.S., Late Assistant-Engineer to the London County Council, " The BEST AND MOST COMPLETE TREATISE on the subject in our language."—Edin. Med. Jovr Second Edition, Revised. With Diagrams, Tables, EU. Ws. THE DESIGN OF STRUCTURES: A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE BUILDING OF BRIDGES, ROOFS, ETC. By S. ANGLIN, C.E., Master of Engineering, Royal University of Ireland, late Whitworth Scholar, etc. "Students of Engineering will find this Text-Book INVALUABLE."—Architect Second Edition, Revised. With Plates and Illustrations. 30s. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON BRIDGE- CONSTRUCTION. By T. CLAXTON FlDLER, M.Inst. C.E., Professor of Engineering, University College, Dundee. " One of the VERY BEST RECENT WORKS on Strength of Materials and Bridge-Construction.*'— Engineering. With Tables, Illustrations, Etc. Price 21s. LUBRICATION AND LUBRICANTS: THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF LUBRICATION, AND NATURE, PROPERTIES, AND TESTING OF LUBRICANTS. By LEONARD ARCHBUTT, F.I.C., F.C.S. ; and R. MOUNTFORD DEELEY, M.I.M.E., F.G.S. " Contains practically ALL THAT IS KNOWN on the subject."—Railway Official Gazette. Second Edition. With Illustrations and Folding Plates. 7s. 6d. VALVES AND VALVE-GEARING: INCLUDING CORLISS VALVES AND TRIP GEAR. By CHARLES HURST. " Mr Hurst's ' VALVES AND VALVE-GEARING ' Avill prove a VERY VALUABLE aid to design and economical working.'"—Marine Engineer. In Mo, with Plates. 25s. HEAT EFFICIENCY OF STEAM BOILERS: LAND AND MARINE, With Tests and Experiments, Heating Value, Analyses of Gases, etc. By BRYAN DONKIN, M. Inst. C.E. " A work of reference which is at present UNIQUE."—Engineer. BOILERS, MARINE AND LAND : Their Con­ MUNRO'S STEAM BOILERS. Their Defects, struction and Strength. Rules and Management, and Construction. By R. D. Tables, relative to Material, Scantlings, and MUNRO, Engineer, Scottish Boiler Insurance Pressures up to 200 lbs. per square inch, and Engine Inspecting Company. THIRD Valves, Fittings, etc. By T. W. TRAILL. EDITION. Illustrated. 4s. 6d. THIRD EDITION. Cloth or Leather. 12s. 6d. " Trustworthy, clear, and practical."— "Information to be had nowhere else."— Engineer. Engineer. STEAM AND STEAM ENGINES. By Prof. A. MUNRO AND JAMIESON'S ELECTRICAL JAMIESON, F.R.S.E., Glasgow and West of POCKET-BOOK. For Electricians and Scotland Technical College. With Illustra­ Engineers. By JOHN MUNRO, C.E., and tions and Plates. TWELFTH EDITION. 8s. 6d. Prof. JAMIESON. FOURTEENTH EDITION, "The BEST BOOK yet published for students." Revised and Enlarged. 8s. 6d. —Engineer. " WONDERFULLY PERFECT."—Electrician. LONDON: CHAELES GRIFFIN & CO., LTD., EXETER STREET, STRAND. THE PRINCIPLES, CONSTRUCTION, AND APPLICATION OF PUMPING MACHINERY (STEAM A ND W A T ER PRESSURE) With Practical Illustrations of Engines and Pumps applied to Mining, To7vn Water Supply, Drainage of Lands, etc. ; also Economy and Efficiency Trials of Pumping Machinery. H E N RY D A V EY MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, F.G.S., ETC WITH FRONTISPIECE, FIVE PLATES, AND OVER 250 ILLUSTRATIONS. LONDON: CHARLES GRIFFIN & COMPANY, LIMITED, EXETER STREET, STRAND. 1900. [All Rights Reserved.] Published by ICE Publishing, 40 Marsh Wall, London E14 9TP. Distributors for ICE Publishing books are USA: Publishers Storage and Shipping Corp., 46 Development Road, Fitchburg, MA 01420 www.icevirtuallibrary.com A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-7277-5250-5 © Thomas Telford Limited 2011 ICE Publishing is a division of Thomas Telford Ltd, a wholly- owned subsidiary of the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE). All rights, including translation, reserved. Except as permitted by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publisher, ICE Publishing, 40 Marsh Wall, London E14 9TP. This book is published on the understanding that the author is solely responsible for the statements made and opinions expressed in it and that its publication does not necessarily imply that such statements and/or opinions are or reflect the views or opinions of the publishers. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the statements made and the opinions expressed in this publication provide a safe and accurate guide, no liability or responsibility can be accepted in this respect by the author or publishers. PREFACE. THE purpose of this book is to present the information in such a form as will make it most useful to the practical engineer engaged in the application of pumping machinery in mines and elsewhere, or in circum­ stances under which large quantities of water have to be dealt with. A large number of illustrations are therefore given, which will fully exemplify the best methods of procedure to be adopted in the general run of cases, and also the modifications required to overcome the special difficulties which are occasionally met with. In some of these special cases the machinery was designed by myself. A considerable proportion of the figures are reduced copies of the working drawings used in the execution of various important undertakings. The information on ' pit workJ is based on actual examples, and is put in the form best adapted to the needs of the resident engineer. In the chapter on steam engines, the term ' efficiency ratio' has been adopted, as it allows of a comparison being made between what is actually done and what is theoretically possible, although the absolute thermal efficiency represents heat economy. Types of machinery are described for the purpose of illustrating general principles only, no account being taken of the modifications by any particular individual. I have to acknowledge the courtesy of the Institutions of Civil and of Mechanical Engineers for allowing me to make the extracts which I have taken from their Transactions, and my indebtedness to the authors who have supplied me with accounts of engine trials, and other information. HENRY DAVEY May 1900. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. EARLY HISTORY OF PUMPING-ENGINES. PAGE PAGE Hero, ] Hornblower, . . 12 Savery, . 1 Lean, . 15 Newcomen, 5 Trevithick, 16 Francois, 7 Woolf, . 17 Beighton, 7 Grose, . 19 Watt, . 8 Sims, 20 Smeaton, . 10 CHAPTER II. STEAM ENGINES (PUMPING). Superheating, . . . .. 22 Standard of Comparison,. 25 Clearance, . . . .. 23 Efficiency Ratio, . . .. 29 Back Pressure, . . 23 Practical Use of the Ratio, 30 Incomplete Expansion, 24 Nordberg Company's Pumping- Priming and Steam Pipe Radiation, 24 Engine, . . . .. 32 Frictional Losses, . . .. 25 Steam Distribution, 39 L e a k a g e , . . . . .. 25 Cornish Cycle Engines, . 42 CHAPTER III. PUMPS AND PUMP VALVES. Types of Pumps, . . .. 45 Three-throw Bucket Pump without Bucket Pump, . . .. 45 Foot Valves, . . .. 49 Plunger Pump, . . .. 46 Pumps and Pump Valves, 50 Bucket and Plunger Pumps, 47 Pumps without Foot Valves, 51 Piston and Plunger Pumps, . 48 Pumps with Mechanically Con­ Double-acting Piston Box Pump, . 48 trolled Valves, 55 Double-acting Plunger Pumps, 49 Valves, 57 Three-throw Plunger and Bucket Speed of Pumps, . . .. 61 Pumps, . . . .. 49 Pump Displacement Diagrams, 62 TABLE OF CONTENTS. IX CHAPTER X. VALVE GEARS OF PUMPING-ENGINES. PAGE PAGE The Cornish Gear, . . . .179 Steam Pumps, 190 The Differential Valve Gear, . .182 Duplex Valve Gear, . . .191 Balancing Valve, . . .. 188 Cam Motion, 192 Rotative Engine Valve Gears, . . 189 Eccentric or Crank Motion, . .193 CHAPTER XL WATER PRESSURE PUMPING-ENGINES. Water Pressure Engines, . . .194 Inertia of Water Column and Pump ! Rods, 211 CHAPTER XII. WATERWORKS ENGINES. Town Water Supply, . . .216 Waterworks Engine, Widnes, . .234 Types of Waterworks Engines, . 218 Steam Distribution, . . . 238 Bore-hole Wells for Town Water Description, . . .. 238 Supply, 228 Steam Pumps, 240 CHAPTER XIII. PUMPING-ENGINE ECONOMY AND TRIALS OF PUMPING MACHINERY. Trials of Pumping-Engines, 242 Copenhagen Waterworks Pumping- Waltham Abbey Pumping-Engine, . 243 Engine, . . . . . 253 Lea Bridge „ 245 Losses due to Working Conditions, . 254 )? Wapping 246 Load Factor, . . . . .255 Liverpool Waterworks Pumping- Influence of Load and Speed on Engine, . . . .. 248 Economy, 256 Hampton Pumping-Engine, 250 CHAPTER XIV. CENTRIFUGAL AND OTHER LOW-LIFT PUMPS. Low-Lift Pumps, . . .. 258 Experimental Data, . . . 268 The Scoop Wheel, . . . .258 Comparative Trials of Piston Pumps Piston and Bucket Pumps, . .261 and Centrifugal Pumps, . . 270 Centrifugal Pump, . . . .261