This page intentionally left blank THE LAW OF ENERGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Thisbookisacompilationofarticlesbyleadingworldenergyexpertsonthelawsforimple- mentingenergyprogramstomeettheeconomicdevelopmentneedsofdevelopingcoun- triesbyenvironmentallysustainablemeans.AnintroductionbyUnitedNationsSecretary- GeneralKofiAnnanemphasizestheimportanceofthiswork–andthecreationoftheIUCN AcademyonEnvironmentalLawwherethearticleswerepresented–foraddressingtheenergy aspectsofalleviatingworldpoverty,health,andgenderchallenges.Thearticlesincludelead piecesbyProfessorJoseGoldembergofBrazilandProfessorThomasJohanssonofSweden, respectivelyeditorandcoordinatoroftheWorldEnergyAssessment,andbyDr.ZhouDadi, DirectoroftheChinaEnergyResearchInstitute.Thearticlesaddressenvironmentallysound legislationforallenergymediaandtheenergychallengesofeveryregionoftheworldby renownedregionalauthors. AdrianJ.BradbrookistheBonythonProfessorofEnergyLawattheUniversityofAdelaide, Australia,andtheformerChairoftheIUCNCommissiononEnvironmentalLaw,Energy Law, and Climate Change Working Group. He is a Fellow of the Australian Institute of EnergyandtheInternationalEnergyFoundation.HeistheauthorofthebookSolarEnergy andtheLaw(1984),andhehaspublishednumerouslegalacademicarticles,primarilyon environmental aspects of energy law, with particular emphasis on energy efficiency and renewableenergyresources. RosemaryLysterisSeniorLecturerintheFacultyofLaw,UniversityofSydney.Shespecializes inenvironmentallawandadministrativelaw.Inenvironmentallaw,herprimaryareasof interestareenergylaw,waterlaw,Asia-Pacificenvironmentallaw,andenvironmentaldispute resolution.SheisDirectoroftheAustralianCentreforEnvironmentalLaw(Sydney)and editor-in-chief of the Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law. She is a member of the IUCN/WorldConservationUnion’sCommissiononEnvironmentalLaw. RichardL.OttingerisDeanEmeritusandProfessorofLawatPaceLawSchoolinWhite Plains,NewYork,wherehetaughtenvironmentallawandwasdeanfrom1994to1999.He isamemberoftheIUCNCommissiononEnvironmentalLawandChairofitsClimateand Energy Working Group. He served for 16 years in the U.S. Congress, chairing the House SubcommitteeonEnergy,ConservationandPower.Hewasafoundingstaffmemberofthe U.S.PeaceCorpsandwasanassociateintheNewYorklawfirmofClearly,Gottlieb,Friendly &Hamilton. Dr.WangXireceivedhisB.A.degreefromWuhanNormalCollegein1981.Hegraduated fromWuhanUniversityin1984(M.L.)andfromWashingtonUniversityin1987(M.J.S.). HeconcludedhisPh.D.atWuhanUniversityin2000.HeiscurrentlyProfessorandAssociate DeanoftheSchoolofLaw,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity,andDirectorofEnvironmentaland ResourcesLawInstituteatthesameuniversity.HeisamemberoftheAcademicCommittee ofEnvironmentalLawundertheMinistryofEducationofChina. IUCN ACADEMY OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW RESEARCH STUDIES The Law of Energy for Sustainable Development Edited by ADRIAN J. BRADBROOK UniversityofAdelaide ROSEMARY LYSTER UniversityofSydney RICHARD L. OTTINGER PaceUniversity WANG XI ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity with a Message from Kofi A. Annan, Secretary-General of the United Nations    Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge  , UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521845250 © IUCN 2005 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format - ---- eBook (EBL) - --- eBook (EBL) - ---- hardback - --- hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents Acknowledgments page ix MessagefromKofiA.Annan,Secretary-General,UnitedNations xi Introduction–AGlobalLearnedSocietytoAddressEarth’sEvolution: TheIUCNAcademyofEnvironmentalLaw 1 NicholasA.Robinson PublicLecturesonInternationalEnvironmentalLaw 6 AlexandreKiss(France) PARTONE. SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTANDTHEROLEOFENERGYLAW 1 DevelopmentandEnergy 37 JoseGoldemberg(Brazil) 2 TheImperativesofEnergyforSustainableDevelopment 46 ThomasB.Johansson(Sweden) 3 2020EnergyDemandofChinaandEnergyConservation 53 ZhouDadi(China) 4 SustainableDevelopmentandtheMarrakechAccords 56 DavidR.Hodas(USA) 5 EthicalImplications 74 KlausBosselmann(NewZealand) 6 TechnologicalImplications 93 WilliamChandler(USA) PARTTWO. LEGALISSUESINCONTEMPORARYENERGYLAW 7 LegalFrameworksforEnergyforSustainableDevelopment 103 RichardL.Ottinger(USA) 8 AirPollutionControlLaws:CommonbutDifferentiated ResponsibilitiesforManagingtheAtmosphere 124 NicholasA.Robinson(USA) 9 GreenPricingandGreenPowerMarketing:Demand-Side MechanismsforPromoting“GreenPower”inDeregulated EnergyMarkets 138 AlexandraS.Wawryk(Australia) 10 AgriculturalRenewableEnergyandItsManagementinChina 156 ZhuJian-guo(China) v vi CONTENTS PARTTHREE. INTERNATIONALENERGYLAW 11 InternationalLawandGlobalSustainableEnergyProduction andConsumption 181 AdrianJ.Bradbrook(Australia)andRalphD.Wahnshafft (UNDESA,NY) 12 PolicyOptions 202 Kui-Nang(Peter)MakandFriedrichSoltau(UNDESA,NY) 13 FinancingEnergyforSustainableDevelopment 222 JayaraoGururaja(UNECOSOC,NY) 14 TheCleanDevelopmentMechanismandUNFCCC/Kyoto ProtocolDevelopments 231 MariaSocorroZ.Manguiat(Philippines) 15 TheReportoftheWorldCommissiononDams:Some ImplicationsforEnergyLaw 237 AchimSteiner(Germany)andLawrenceJ.M.Haas(Canada) 16 InternationalIssuesforSustainableDevelopment: IUCNPerspective 255 JohnScanlon(Australia) 17 EnhancedImplementationandEnforcementofInternational EnvironmentalLawsbytheJudiciary 260 AlfredRest(Germany) PARTFOUR. COMPARATIVEENERGYLAW 18 UNDP:China’sEnergyPortfolio 291 RusongLi(UNDP,Beijing) 19 ImplementingtheKyotoProtocolbeyondtheWSSD atJohannesburg–TheJapanesePerspective 295 AkioMorishima 20 Strategy,Policy,andLawPromotingRenewableEnergy ResourcesinChina 302 WangXi,MaoRunlin,andMaggieDong(China) 21 EnergyDevelopmentandUtilizationinAfrica 324 IbibiaWorika(Nigeria) 22 EuropeanEnergyLawInitiatives 370 BernhardNagel(Germany) 23 TheLawofEnergyforSustainableDevelopmentinBritain 395 AndrewWarren(UK) PARTFIVE. ELECTRICITYRESTRUCTURING 24 SomeEnvironmentalLessonsfromElectricityRestructuring 407 PeterA.Bradford(USA) 25 TheImplicationsofElectricityRestructuringforaSustainable EnergyFramework:What’sLawGottoDowithIt? 415 RosemaryLyster(Australia) 26 ElectricityMarketLiberalizationandEnergySustainability 449 BarryBarton(NewZealand) CONTENTS vii PARTSIX. FINANCINGFORSUSTAINABLEENERGY 27 FinancingCleanEnergyforDevelopment 473 AlanS.Miller(IFCWorldBank) 28 LegalAspectsofInternationalProjectFinanceforSustainable EnergyDevelopment 487 DonggenXu(China) 29 EmissionsTradingSystems 507 CaoMing-de(China) PARTSEVEN. CIVILSOCIETYANDTHEPROCEDURALREQUIREMENTSOF ENERGYLAWFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT 30 TheRoleofCivilSociety 521 SvitlanaKravchencko(Ukraine) 31 FoundationsinUniversityEducation 540 MichaelI.Jeffery(Australia) 32 TheRoleoftheJudiciary 560 PaulStein(Australia) 33 AccesstoJusticeandCitizenEnforcement 567 JohnBonine(USA) 34 TheBusinessCaseandApproachtoSustainableEnergy 577 NickWood(USA) Index 593