The Hydrogen Atom The Hydrogen Atom Proceedings of the Symposium, Held in Pisa, Italy, June 30 -July 2, 1988 Editors: G. F. Bassani, M.lnguscio, w. and t Hansch With 157 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Professor G. Franco Bassani Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 1-56100 Pisa, Italy Professor Massimo Inguscio Universita di Napoli, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Pad. 20 Mestra d'Oltremare, 1-80125 Napoli, Italy Professor Dr. Theodor W. Ha.nsch Max-Planck-Institut fOr Quantenoptik, Ludwig-Prandtl-StraBe 10, Postfach 1513, D-8046 Garching, Fed. Rep. of Germany ISBN 978-3-642-88423-8 ISBN 978-3-642-88421-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-88421-4 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is con cerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, re production on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its version of June 24, 1985, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prose cution act of the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1989 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1989 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. 2156/3150-543210 - Printed on acid-free paper Preface The idea of having a symposium on the hydrogen atom arose from our many discussions of the fact that the simplicity and generality of physics are often obscured by the endless sophistication of the theoretical analyses and the enormous variety of experimental techniques. Nowadays we have periodic international conferences on atomic physics, on laser spectroscopy, and on quantum electronics, where all aspects of the theory of interaction of radiation with matter are discussed and new techniques and experi mental results are presented. However, none of these conferences brings together and shows the connections between the major physical ideas on which the differ ent branches of modem physics are based. It occurred to us that a good way to achieve this goal would be to organize a symposium around the simplest bound quantum system, the system which stimulated the birth of modem physics, the system in which effects associated with electro-magnetic interactions, quantum physics, and relativity can be measured with the highest accuracy, thus making possible the most rigorous tests of the theories of these effects. That system is, of course, the hydrogen atom. The fact that the solutions of the Schrooinger and of the Dirac equations for hydrogen are given in textbooks as well as treatments of hyperfine splittings and quantum electrodynamic corrections, and the long history of these subjects, could make people think that this is an old-fashioned topic, not appropriate for a stimulating symposium. But as we went on to review the progress recently made in studies of the hydrogen atom, we found the opposite to be true. The exploration of hydrogen has led to the development of powerful new techniques and experimental tools, greatly advancing the frontiers of spectroscopy. The possibility of producing new hydrogenic atoms with all types of particles and antiparticles has opened up completely new fields, further extending the role of the hydrogen atom as an ideal testing ground for the theory of elementary particles and their interactions, and for the quantum theory of matter and radiation. After that we invited people from all over the world, belonging to different scientific communities, to present the latest results of their investigations of hy drogenic systems. We were gratified by their enthusiastic response and by their participation. The symposium was held at the Scuola Normale in Pisa at the end of June, and we believe the participants became more convinced than ever of the unity of physics and of the key role that the hydrogen atom is playing and will continue to play in the future. We wish to thank all the participants, and in particular F.T. Arecchi, R. Barbieri, B. Cagnac, L. Foa, J. Gay, A. Gozzini, v H. Layer, G. zu Putlitz, L.A. Radicati, and F. Strumia, who agreed to chair the various sessions. We are also grateful to the sponsoring institutions listed before this preface. In organizing the material for these proceedings, we decided to subdivide it into four chapters, according to the most recent developments in the exploration of hydrogenic systems. In the first chapter we have included a number of subjects which originate from the enormous improvements in spectroscopic techniques, such as those involving two-photon spectroscopy, atom trapping and Rydberg state transitions. Values of universal constants of extreme accuracy, as well as of hyperfine splittings and of radiative corrections have been obtained by these methods. In the second chapter we consider more exotic two-particle systems: the hydrogen-like ions with large relativistic effects, positronium and muonium with their large hyperfine splittings, antihydrogen, and a new atom formed by a proton and an antiproton - with excitation spectrum in the X-ray region. In the third chapter we present the contributions dealing with quantum electro dynamics corrections, including the weak interaction effects which lead to parity lion-conserving transitions. An original presentation of the field by C. Cohen Tannoudji has not been reported here, because it appears in the new book on the interaction of photons and atoms by him, J. Dupont-Roc, and G. Grynberg. Finally, in the last chapter, we include all papers dealing with transitions in strong fields to discrete and continuum states, where chaotic behavior becomes relevant. Though many of the above described phenomena are treated in a number of books, and some of them in the new book on the spectrum of atomic hydrogen edited by G.W. Series, we hope that our effort to collect in one book information on as many as possible of the fascinating aspects of the physics of the hydrogen atom will be found useful. Pisa, Italy F. Bassani January 1989 T.W.Hiinsch M.lnguscio VI - - - - - ; V l l Contents Part I Precision Spectroscopy of Hydrogen: Fundamental Physics and Universal Constants The Hydrogen Atom (An Historical Account of Studies of Its Spectrum) By G.W. Series (With 1 Figure) ............................ 2 futerference of the Hydrogen Atom States (n=2) By Yu.L. Sokolov (With 12 Figures) ......................... 16 Separated Oscillatory Field Measurement of the Lamb Shift in H, n=2 By F.M. Pipkin (With 7 Figures) ........................... 30 Hydrogen Spectroscopy and Fundamental Physics By W. Lichten (With 2 Figures) ............................ 39 Doppler-Free Two-Photon Spectroscopy of Hydrogen Rydberg States: Remeasurement of Roo By M. Allegrini, F. Biraben, B. Cagnac, J.C. Garreau, and L. Julien (With 9 Figures) ................................... . . . . 49 Two-Photon Transitions Between Discrete States By A Quattropani and N. Binggeli (With 1 Figure) 61 Two-Photon Spectroscopy of Hydrogen IS-2S By D.N. Stacey (With 4 Figures) ........................... 68 IS-2S Transition-Frequency Calibration By AI. Ferguson, J.M. Tolchard, and M.A Persaud (With 8 Figures) 81 High Resolution Spectroscopy of Hydrogen By T.W. Hiinsch (With 5 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Trapped Atomic Hydrogen By D. Kleppner (With 2 Figures) 103 Atomic Hydrogen in a Magnetic Trapping Field By J.T.M. Walraven, R. van Roijen, and T.W. Hijmans (With 6 Figures) 112 Frequency Standards in the Optical Spectrum By D.J. Wineland, J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, F. Diedrich, and C.S. Weimer (With 2 Figures) .......................... 123 IX Precision RF Spectroscopy of Circular Rydberg Atoms By M. Gross, J. Hare, P. Goy, and S. Haroche (With 3 Figures) 134 PartIl Positronium, Muonium, and Other Hydrogen-Like Systems Laser Spectroscopy of Positronium and Muonium By S. Chu (With 6 Figures) ............................... 144 Positronium Decay Rates By A. Rich, R.S. Conti, D.W. Gidley, and P.W. Zitzewitz (With 2 Figures) ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 153 New Schemes for the Production and Spectroscopy of Positronium By G. Werth (With 5 Figures) ............................. 161 Some Recent Advances in Muonium By V.W. Hughes (With 11 Figures) 171 Transitions in Muonic Helium Ions Induced by Laser Radiation By E. Zavattini (With 6 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 182 Positrons for Low Energy Antibydrogen Production By G. Gabrielse and B.L. Brown (With 2 Figures) ............... 196 Antibydrogen by Positronium-Antiproton Interaction By B.1. Deutch (With 1 Figure) ............................ 210 Antiprotonic Hydrogen By E. Klempt (With 7 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 211 The Spectroscopy of Hydrogen-Like Highly Ionised Atoms By J.D. Silver (With 5 Figures) ............................ 221 PartID Quantum Electrodynamics and Beyond The Bound State Problem in QED By A. Hill, F. Ortolani, and E. Remiddi (With 3 Figures) 240 Electron g - 2 and High Precision Determination of a By T. Kinoshita ....................................... 247 General QED/QCD Aspects of Simple Systems By V.L. Telegdi and S.J. Brodsky (With 4 Figures) ............... 257 Search for Parity Nonconservation in Hydrogen By E.A. Hinds (With 1 Figure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 268 Part IV Hydrogen in Strong Fields and Chaos Multiphoton Transition to the Continuum of Atomic Hydrogen By N.K. Rahman (With 1 Figure) ........................... 274 x Hydrogen in Strong DC and Low Frequency Electric Fields - One Dimensional Atoms By M.H. Nayfeh, D. Humm, and M. Peercy (With 23 Figures) ....... 280 Hydrogen Atoms in Strong Magnetic Fields - in the Laboratory and in the Cosmos By G. Wunner, W. Schweizer, and H. Ruder (With 7 Figures) ....... 300 Theory of Chaos in the Atomic Hydrogen By G. Casati (With I Figure) .............................. 311 Quantum Chaos and the Hydrogen Atom in Strong Magnetic Fields By D. Delande and J.-C. Gay (With 6 Figures) .................. 323 Highly Excited Hydrogen in Strong Microwaves: Experimental Tests for Classically Chaotic Semiclassical Dynamics and for Quantum Localization By J.E. Bayfield and D.W. Sokol (With 4 Figures) ............... 335 Quasi-Landau Spectrum of the Chaotic Diamagnetic Hydrogen Atom By A. Holle, J. Main, G. Wiebusch, H. Rottke, and K.H. Welge (With 5 Figures) ....................................... 344 Index of Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 353 XI Part I Precision Spectroscopy of Hydrogen: Fundamental Physics and Universal Constants