The Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of England, by T.F. Tout This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The History of England From the Accession of Henry III. to the Death of Edward III. (1216-1377) Author: T.F. Tout Editor: William Hunt and Reginald L. Poole Release Date: September 10, 2005 [EBook #16679] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND *** Produced by Lee Dawei, Anurag Garg, Turgut Dincer and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND FROM THE ACCESSION OF HENRY III. TO THE DEATH OF EDWARD III. (1216-1377) BY T.F. TOUT, M.A. PROFESSOR OF MEDIÆVAL AND MODERN HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND IN TWELVE VOLUMES Seventy-six years have passed since Lingard completed his HISTORY OF ENGLAND, which ends with the Revolution of 1688. During that period historical study has made a great advance. Year after year the mass of materials for a new History of England has increased; new lights have been thrown on events and characters, and old errors have been corrected. Many notable works have been written on various periods of our history; some of them at such length as to appeal almost exclusively to professed historical students. It is believed that the time has come when the advance which has been made in the knowledge of English history as a whole should be laid before the public in a single work of fairly adequate size. Such a book should be founded on independent thought and research, but should at the same time be written with a full knowledge of the works of the best modern historians and with a desire to take advantage of their teaching wherever it appears sound. The vast number of authorities, printed and in manuscript, on which a History of England should be based, if it is to represent the existing state of knowledge, renders co-operation almost necessary and certainly advisable. The History, of which this volume is an instalment, is an attempt to set forth in a readable form the results at present attained by research. It will consist of twelve volumes by twelve different writers, each of them chosen as being specialty capable of dealing with the period which he undertakes, and the editors, while leaving to each author as free a hand as possible, hope to insure a general similarity in method of treatment, so that the twelve volumes may in their contents, as well as in their outward appearance, form one History. As its title imports, this History will primarily deal with politics, with the History of England and, after the date of the union with Scotland, Great Britain, as a state or body politic; but as the life of a nation is complex, and its condition at any given time cannot be understood without taking into account the various forces acting upon it, notices of religious matters and of intellectual, social, and economic progress will also find place in these volumes. The footnotes will, so far as is possible, be confined to references to authorities, and references will not be appended to statements which appear to be matters of common knowledge and do not call for support. Each volume will have an Appendix giving some account of the chief authorities, original and secondary, which the author has used. This account will be compiled with a view of helping students rather than of making long lists of books without any notes as to their contents or value. That the History will have faults both of its own and such as will always in some measure attend co-operative work, must be expected, but no pains have been spared to make it, so far as may be, not wholly unworthy of the greatness of its subject. Each volume, while forming part of a complete History, will also in itself be a separate and complete book, will be sold separately, and will have its own index, and two or more maps. Vol. I. to 1066. By Thomas Hodgkin, D.C.L., Litt.D., Fellow of University College, London; Fellow of the British Academy. Vol. II. 1066 to 1216. By George Burton Adams, M.A., Professor of History in Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Vol. III. 1216 to 1377. By T.F. Tout, M.A., Professor of Medieval and Modern History in the Victoria University of Manchester; formerly Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford. Vol. IV. 1377 to 1485. By C. Oman, M.A., Fellow of All Souls' College, and Deputy Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford. Vol. V. 1485 to 1547. By H.A.L. Fisher, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of New College, Oxford. Vol. VI. 1547 to 1603. By A.F. Pollard, M.A., Professor of Constitutional History in University College, London. Vol. VII. 1603 to 1660. By F.C. Montague, M.A., Professor of History in University College, London; formerly Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. Vol. VIII. 1660 to 1702. By Richard Lodge, M.A., Professor of History in the University of Edinburgh; formerly Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. Vol. IX. 1702 to 1760. By I.S. Leadam, M.A., formerly Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. Vol. X. 1760 to 1801. By the Rev. William Hunt, M.A., D. Litt, Trinity College, Oxford. Vol. XI. 1801 to 1837. By the Hon. George C. Brodrick, D.C.L., late Warden of Merton College, Oxford, and J K. Fotheringham, M.A., Magdalen College, Oxford, Lecturer in Classics at King's College, London. Vol. XII. 1837 to 1901. By Sidney J Low, M.A., Balliol College, Oxford, formerly Lecturer on History at King's College, London. The Political History of England IN TWELVE VOLUMES EDITED BY WILLIAM HUNT, D. LITT., AND REGINALD L. POOLE, M.A. III. THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND FROM THE ACCESSION OF HENRY III. TO THE DEATH OF EDWARD III. 1216-1377 CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. THE REGENCY OF WILLIAM MARSHAL. 19 Oct., 1216. Death of King John 1 Position of parties 1 The Church on the king's side 2 28 Oct. Coronation of Henry III. 3 11 Nov. Great council at Bristol. 4 12 Nov. The first charter of Henry III. 5 1216-17. Progress of the war. 6 1217. Rising of Wilkin of the Weald. 7 Louis' visit to France 8 22 April. Return of Louis from France. 9 Sieges of Dover, Farnham, and Mount Sorrel. 9 20 May. The fair of Lincoln. 10 23 Aug. The sea-fight off Sandwich. 11 11 Sept. Treaty of Lambeth. 12 6 Nov. Reissue of the great charter. 13 Restoration of order by William Marshal. 14 14 May, 1219. Death of William Marshal. 15 His character and career. 15 CHAPTER II. THE RULE OF HUBERT DE BURGH. 1219. Pandulf the real successor of William Marshal 17 July, 1221. Langton procures Pandulf's recall. 19 Ascendency of Hubert de Burgh. 20 Jan.-Feb., 1221. The rebellion of Albemarle. 20 July, 1222. The sedition of Constantine FitzAthulf. 22 1221-24. Marriage alliances. 23 1219-23. War in Wales. 23 April, 1223. Henry III. declared by the pope competent to govern. 24 June, 1224. Revolt of Falkes de Bréautè. 25 20 June-14 Aug. Siege of Bedford. 25 Fall of Falkes. 26 Papal and royal taxation. 27 April, 1227. End of the minority. 29 Relations with France during the minority. 29 The Lusignans and the Poitevin barons. 30 1224. Louis VIII.'s conquest of Poitou. 31 1225. Expedition of Richard of Cornwall and William Longsword to Gascony. 32 Nov., 1226. Accession of Louis IX. in France. 34 1229-30. Henry III.'s campaign in Brittany and Poitou. 34 21-30 July, 1230. Siege of Mirambeau. 36 1228. The Kerry campaign. 37 2 May, 1230. Death of William of Braose. 38 1231. Henry III.'s second Welsh campaign. 38 Aug. Death of Archbishop Richard le Grand. 39 Gregory IX. and Henry III. 39 1232. Riots of Robert Twenge 39 29 July. Fall of Hubert de Burgh. 40 1231. Death of William Marshal the Younger. 41 1232. Death of Randolph of Blundeville, Earl of Chester. 41 CHAPTER III. THE ALIEN INVASION. 1232-34. Rule of Peter des Roches. 43 Aug., 1233. Revolt of Richard Marshal 45 23 Nov. Fight near Monmouth. 47 1234. Richard Marshal in Ireland. 48 1 April. Defeat and death of the Earl Marshal near Kildare. 49 2 April. Edmund Rich consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury. 50 9 April. Fall of Peter des Roches. 51 Beginning of Henry III.'s personal government 51 Character of Henry III. 52 The alien invasions 53 14 Jan., 1236. Henry's marriage to Eleanor of Provence. 54 The Savoyards in England. 54 Revival of Poitevin influence. 55 1239. Simon of Montfort Earl of Leicester. 56 1237. The legation of Cardinal Otto. 57 1239. Quarrel of Gregory IX. and Frederick II. 58 1235. Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln. 59 16 Nov., 1240. Death of Edmund Rich in exile. 60 Henry III. and Frederick II. 61 Attempted reconquest of Poitou. 62 May-Sept., 1242. The campaign of Taillebourg. 63 1243. Truce with France. 64 The Lusignans in England. 65 The baronial opposition. 66 Grosseteste's opposition to Henry III., and Innocent IV.. 66 1243. Relations with Scotland and Wales. 67 1240. Death of Llewelyn ap Iorwerth. 67 1246. Death of David ap Llewelyn. 68 CHAPTER IV. POLITICAL RETROGRESSION and NATIONAL PROGRESS. 1248-58. Characteristics of the history of these ten years. 69 Decay of Henry's power in Gascony. 69 1248-52. Simon de Montfort, seneschal of Gascony. 70 Aug., 1253. Henry III. in Gascony. 72 1254. Marriage and establishment of Edward the king's son. 73 Edward's position in Gascony. 73 Edward's position in Cheshire. 74 1254. Llewelyn ap Griffith sole Prince of North Wales. 75 Edward in the four cantreds and in West Wales. 76 1257. Welsh campaign of Henry and Edward. 76 Revival of the baronial opposition. 77 1255. Candidature of Edmund, the king's son, for Sicily. 78 1257. Richard of Cornwall elected and crowned King of the Romans. 80 Leicester as leader of the opposition. 81 Progress in the age of Henry III. 81 The cosmopolitan and the national ideals. 82 French influence. 83 The coming of the friars. 84 1221. Gilbert of Freynet and the first Dominicans in England. 84 1224. Arrival of Agnellus of Pisa and the first Franciscans in England. 84 Other mendicant orders in England. 85 The influence of the friars. 86 The universities. 88 Prominent English schoolmen. 89 Paris and Oxford. 90 The mendicants at Oxford. 91 Roger Bacon and Duns Scotus. 92 Academic influence in public life. 92 Beginnings of colleges. 93 Intellectual characteristics of thirteenth century. 93 Literature in Latin and French. 94 Literature in English. 95 Art. 90 Gothic architecture. 90 The towns and trade. 90 CHAPTER V. THE BARONS' WAR. 2 April, 1258. Parliament at London. 98 11 June. The Mad Parliament 99 The Provisions of Oxford. 100 22 June. Flight of the Lusignans. 102 Appointment of the Fifteen 103 Working of the new Constitution 104 4 Dec., 1259. Treaty of Paris. 104 Its unpopularity in England and France. 106 1259. Dissensions among the baronial leaders. 107 1259. Provisions of Westminster. 108 1261. Henry III.'s repudiation of the Provisions. 109 1263. Reconstitution of parties. 110 The changed policy of the marchers. 111 Outbreak of civil war. 112 The appeal to Louis IX. 112 23 Jan., 1264. Mise of Amiens. 113 Renewal of the struggle. 113 4 April. Sack of Northampton. 114 The campaign in Kent and Sussex. 115 14 May. Battle of Lewes. 116 Personal triumph of Montfort. 118 CHAPTER VI. THE RULE OF MONTFORT AND THE ROYALIST RESTORATION. 15 May. Mise of Lewes. 119 15 Dec. Provisions of Worcester. 121 Jan.-Mar., 1265. The Parliament of 1265. 121 Split up of the baronial party. 123 Quarrel of Leicester and Gloucester. 123 28 May. Edward's escape. 124 22 June. Treaty of Pipton. 125 Small results of the alliance of Llewelyn and the barons. 125 The campaign in the Severn valley. 126 4 Aug. Battle of Evesham. 127 The royalist restoration. 128 1266. The revolt of the Disinherited. 129 15 May. Battle of Chesterfield. 130 31 Oct. The Dictum de Kenilworth. 131 Michaelmas. The Ely rebellion. 131 April, 1267. Gloucester's support of the Disinherited. 132 July. End of the rebellion. 132 25 Sept. Treaty of Shrewsbury. 133 1267. Statute of Marlborough. 134 1270-72. Edward's Crusade. 134 16 Nov., 1272. Death of Henry III. 135 CHAPTER VII. THE EARLY FOREIGN POLICY AND LEGISLATION OF EDWARD I. Character of Edward I. 136 1272-74. Rule of the regency. 139 Edward's doings in Italy and France. 139 Edward's relations with Philip III. 140 1273-74. Wars of Béarn and Limoges. 141 Edward I. and Gregory X. 142 May-July, 1274. Council of Lyons. 142 Relations of Edward I. and Rudolf of Hapsburg. 143 23 May, 1279. Treaty of Amiens. 145 1281. League of Macon. 146 1282. Sicilian vespers. 146 1285. Deaths of Philip III., Charles of Anjou, Peter of Aragon, and Martin IV. 146 Bishop Burnell. 147 1275. Statute of Westminster, the first. 147 1278. Statute of Gloucester. 148 Hundred Rolls and placita de quo warranto. 149 Archbishops Kilwardby and Peckham. 150 1279. Statute of Mortmain. 151 1285. Circumspecte agatis. 152 1285. Statute of Westminster, the second (De Donis). 153 1285. Statute of Winchester. 154 CHAPTER VIII. THE CONQUEST OF NORTH WALES. Execution of the Treaty of Shrewsbury. 155 Llewelyn's refusal of homage. 156 1277. Edward's first Welsh campaign. 157 1277. Treaty of Aberconway. 159 Edward's attempts to introduce English law into the ceded districts. 160 1282. The Welsh revolt. 161 1282. Edward's second Welsh campaign. 162 Llewelyn's escape to the Upper Wye. 163 11 Dec. Battle of Orewyn Bridge. 164 1283. Parliaments and financial expedients. 164 Subjection of Gwynedd completed. 165 3 Oct. Parliament of Shrewsbury and execution of David. 165 The Edwardian castles. 165 Mid-Lent, 1284. Statute of Wales. 166 Effect of the conquest upon the march. 167 Peckham and the ecclesiastical settlement of Wales. 167 1287. Revolt of Rhys ap Meredith. 168 CHAPTER IX. THE SICILIAN AND THE SCOTTISH ARBITRATIONS. Edward I. at the height of his fame. 169 April, 1286-Aug, 1289. Edward's long visit to France. 170 1289. The Sicilian arbitration. 170 1287. Treaty of Oloron. 171 1288. Treaty of Canfranc. 171 1291. Treaty of Tarascon. 171 Maladministration during Edward's absence. 172 Judicial and official scandals. 172 1289. Special commission for the trial of offenders. 172 1290. Statute of Westminster, the third (Quia emptores). 173 The feud between Gloucester and Hereford. 174 1291. The courts at Ystradvellte and Abergavenny. 174 Humiliation of the marcher earls. 174 1290. Expulsion of the Jews. 175 The rise of the Italian bankers. 176 1272-86. Early relations of Edward to Scotland. 177 1286. Death of Alexander III. of Scotland. 177 1286-89. Regency in the name of the Maid of Norway. 177 1289. Treaty of Salisbury. 178 1290. Treaty of Brigham. 178 Death of the Maid of Norway. 179 The claimants to the Scottish throne. 179 May, 1291. Parliament of Norham. Edward recognised as overlord of Scotland. 181 1291-92. The great suit for Scotland. 181 17 Nov., 1292. John Balliol declared King of Scots. 183 Edward's conduct in relation to Scotland. 183 1290. Death of Eleanor of Castile. 184 Transition to the later years of the reign. 184 Edward's later ministers. 185 CHAPTER X. THE FRENCH AND SCOTTISH WARS AND THE CONFIRMATION OF THE CHARTERS. Commercial rivalry of English and French seamen. 186 15 May, 1293. Battle off Saint-Mahé. 186 1294. Edmund of Lancaster's failure to procure a settlement with Philip IV. 187 The French occupation of Gascony. 187 June, 1294. War with France. 188 Preparations for a French campaign. 188 1294. Revolts of Madog, Maelgwn, and Morgan. 189 Edward's danger at Aberconway. 189 22 Jan., 1293. Battle of Maes Madog. 190 July. Welsh revolts suppressed. 190 1295. Failure of the Gascon campaign. 191 Failure of attempted coalition against France. 191 Organisation of the English navy. 192 Treason of Sir Thomas Turberville. 192 The naval attack on England. 192 Rupture between Edward and the Scots. 193 5 July. Alliance between the French and Scots. 194 Nov. The "Model Parliament". 195 1296. Gascon expedition and death of Edmund of Lancaster. 196 Edward's invasion of Scotland. 196 27 April. Battle of Dunbar. 197 10 July. Submission of John Balliol. 197 Conquest and administration of Scotland. 198 The Ragman Roll. 198 Sept., 1294. Consecration of Archbishop Winchelsea. 199 29 Feb., 1296. Boniface VIII. issues Clericis laicos. 200 Conflict of Edward and Winchelsea. 200 24 Feb., 1297. Parliament at Salisbury. 202 Conflict of Edward with the earls. 202 July. Break up of the clerical opposition. 203 Increasing moderation of baronial opposition. 204 24 Aug. Edward's departure for Flanders. 205 May. Revolt of the Scots under William Wallace. 205 11 Sept. Battle of Stirling Bridge.. 207 12 Oct. Confirmation of the charters with new clauses. 208 CHAPTER XI. THE SCOTTISH FAILURE. 1297. Edward's unsuccessful campaign in Flanders. 210 31 Jan., 1298. Truce of Tournai, and end of the French war. 211 July. Edward's invasion of Scotland. 212 22 July. Battle of Falkirk. 213 Slowness of Edward's progress towards the conquest of Scotland. 215 >19 June, 1299. Treaty of Montreuil. 216 9 Sept. Marriage of Edward and Margaret of France. 217 Mar., 1300. Articuli super cartas. 217 July-Aug. Carlaverock campaign. 218 20 Jan.-14 Feb., 1301. Parliament of Lincoln. 218 The barons' letter to the pope. 219 Edward of Carnarvon, Prince of Wales. 220 1302. Philip IV.'s troubles with the Flemings and Boniface VIII. 221 20 May, 1303. Peace of Paris between Edward and Philip. 222 Increasing strength of Edward's position. 222 The decay of the earldoms. 223 Additions to the royal demesne. 224 1303. Conquest of Scotland seriously undertaken. 225 24 July, 1304. Capture of Stirling. 225 Aug., 1305. Execution of Wallace and completion of the conquest. 226 The settlement of the government of Scotland. 227 1305. Disgrace of Winchelsea and Bek. 228 Edward I. and Clement V.. 230 1307. Statute of Carlisle. 230 1305. Ordinance of Trailbaston. 231 10 Jan., 1306. Murder of Comyn. 232 Rising of Robert Bruce. 233 25 Mar. Bruce crowned King of Scots. 233 Preparations for a fresh conquest of Scotland. 234 7 July, 1307. Death of Edward I. 235 CHAPTER XII. GAVESTON, THE ORDAINERS, AND BANNOCKBURN. Character of Edward II.. 236 1307. Peter Gaveston Earl of Cornwall. 238 25 Jan., 1308. Marriage of Edward with Isabella of France. 239 25 Feb. Coronation of Edward II. 239 Power and unpopularity of Gaveston. 240 8 May. Gaveston exiled. 241 July 1309. Return of Gaveston condoned by Parliament at Stamford. 242 1310. Renewal of the opposition of the barons to Gaveston. 243 16 Mar. Appointment of the lords ordainers. 244 Sept. Abortive campaign against the Scots. 245 Character and policy of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster. 245 1311. The ordinances. 247 Nov., 1311, Jan., 1312. Gaveston's second exile and return. 249 The earls at war against Edward and Gaveston. 250 Gaveston's surrender at Scarborough. 250 19 June, 1312. Murder of Gaveston. 251 Consequent break up of the baronial party. 252 Oct., 1313. Edward and Lancaster reconciled. 253 May. Death of Archbishop Winchelsea. 254 1312. Fall of the Templars. 254 Walter Reynolds Archbishop of Canterbury. 256 Complaints of papal abuses. 256 Progress of Bruce's power in Scotland. 257 1314. The siege of Stirling. 258 An army collected for its relief. 259 24 June, Battle of Bannockburn. 260 The results of the battle. 262 CHAPTER XIII. LANCASTER, PEMBROKE, AND THE DESPENSERS. Failure of the rule of Thomas of Lancaster. 264 1315. Revolts of Llewelyn Bren. 267 1315. Rising of Adam Banaster. 267 1316. The Bristol disturbances.. 268 1315. Edward Bruce's attack on the English in Ireland. 268 1317. Roger Mortimer in Ireland.. 271 1318. Death of Edward Bruce at Dundalk. 272 Lancaster's failure and the break up of his party. 272 Pembroke and the middle party. 273 9 Aug. Treaty of Leek and the supremacy of the middle party. 274 1314-18. Progress of Robert Bruce.. 275 1319. Renewed attack on Scotland. 275 Battle of Myton. 276 Rise of the Despensers. 277 1317. The partition of the Gloucester inheritance. 279 1320. War between the husbands of the Gloucester heiresses in South Wales. 280 June, 1321. Conferences at Pontefract and Sherburn. 281 July. The exile of the Despensers. 281 Break up of the opposition after their victory. 282 23-31 Oct., 1321. The siege of Leeds Castle. 282 Jan.-Feb., 1322. Edward's successful campaign in the march. 284 11 Feb. Recall of the Despensers. 284 The king's march against the northern barons. 284 16 Mar. Battle of Boroughbridge. 285 22 Mar. Execution of Lancaster. 286 2 May. Parliament at York and repeal of the ordinances. 287 The triumph of the Despensers. 288 CHAPTER XIV. THE FALL OF EDWARD II. AND THE RULE OF ISABELLA AND MORTIMER. Aug. Renewed attack on the Scots. 289 Oct. Edward II.'s narrow escape at Byland. 289 Mar., 1323. Treason and execution of Andrew Harclay. 290 Incapacity of the Despensers as administrators. 290 Their quarrels with the old nobles. 290 1324. Their breach with Queen Isabella. 291 Their chief helpers: Walter Stapledon and Ralph Baldock. 292 Reaction against the Despensers. 293 1303-14. Relations of England and France. 294 1314-22. Edward's dealings with Louis X. and Philip V. 294 1322. Accession of Charles IV. 295 1324. Affair of Saint-Sardos. 295 Renewal of war. Sequestration of Gascony. Charles of Valois' conquest of the Agenais and La Réole. 296 Isabella's mission to Paris. 297 Edward of Aquitaine's homage to Charles IV. 297 1325. Treachery of Charles IV. and second sequestration of Gascony. 297 1326. Relations of Mortimer and Isabella. 298 The Hainault marriage. 298 23 Sept. Landing of Isabella and Mortimer. 299 Riots in London: murder of Stapledon. 299 26 Oct. Execution of the elder Despenser. 300 16 Nov. Capture of Edward and the younger Despenser. 300 Triumph of the revolution. 301 7 Jan., 1327. Parliament's recognition of Edward of Aquitaine as king. 301 20 Jan. Edward II.'s resignation of the crown. 302 24 Jan. Proclamation of Edward III. 302 22 Sept., 1328. Murder of Edward II. 303 1327-30. Rule of Isabella and Mortimer. 304 1327. Abortive Scottish campaign. 304 April, 1328. Treaty of Northampton; "the shameful peace". 305 Character and ambition of Mortimer. 306 Oct. Mortimer Earl of the March of Wales. 306 Henry of Lancaster's opposition to him. 307 Mar., 1330. Execution of the Earl of Kent. 307 Oct. Parliament at Nottingham. 308 19 Oct. Arrest of Mortimer. 308 29 Nov. His execution. 309 1330-58. Later life of Isabella. 309 CHAPTER XV. THE PRELIMINARIES OF THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR. Character and policy of Edward III. 310 1330-40. The rule of the Stratfords. 314 1337. The new earldoms. 314 Scotland during the minority of David Bruce. 315 Edward Balliol and the Disinherited. 315 6 Aug., 1332. The Disinherited in Scotland. 317 Battle of Dupplin Moor. 318 6 Aug.-16 Dec. Edward Balliol's brief reign and expulsion. 319 Treaty of Roxburgh. 319 1333. Attempt to procure his restoration. 319 Siege of Berwick. 319 19 July. Battle of Halidon Hill. 320 Edward Balliol restored. 320 12 June, 1334. Treaty of Newcastle, ceding to Edward south-eastern Scotland. 321 Failure of Edward Balliol. 300 1334-36. Edward III.'s Scottish campaigns. 322 1341. Return of David Bruce from France. 323 1327-37. Relations of England and France. 323 31 Mar., 1327. Treaty of Paris. 324 Edward's lands in Gascony after the treaty of Paris. 324 1328. Accession of Philip of Valois in France. 325 Protests of the English regency. 325 1328. The legal and political aspects of the succession question. 326 Edward III.'s claim to France. 327 6 June, 1329. Edward's homage to Philip VI. 327 8 May, 1330. Convention of the Wood of Vincennes. 328 9 Mar., 1331. Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. 300 April. Interview of Pont-Sainte-Maxence. 328 Crusading projects of John XXII.. 329 1336. Abandonment of the crusade by Benedict XII. 329 Strained relations between England and France. 330 1337. Mission of the Cardinals Peter and Bertrand. 330 Edward and Robert of Artois. 330 The Vow of the Heron. 331 Preparations for war. 331 Breach with Flanders and stoppage of export of wool. 332 Alliance with William I. and II. of Hainault. 332 Edward's other Netherlandish allies. 332 1337. Breach between France and England. 333 Nov. Sir Walter Manny at Cadzand. 334 Fruitless negotiations and further hostilities. 334 July, 1338. Edward III.'s departure for Flanders. 335 5 Sept. Interview of Edward and the Emperor Louis of Bavaria at Coblenz. 335 The Anglo-imperial alliance. 335 Further fruitless negotiations. 336 Renewal of Edward's claim to the French crown. 337 The responsibility for the war. 337 CHAPTER XVI. THE EARLY CAMPAIGNS OF THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR. 1339. Edward's invasion of France. 339 Oct. Campaign of the Thiérache. 340 23 Oct. The failure at Buironfosse. 340 Alliance between Edward and the Flemish cities. 341 James van Artevelde. 342 Jan., 1340. Edward III. at Ghent. 343 His proclamation as King of France. 344 20 Feb. His return to England. 344 22 June. His re-embarkation for Flanders. 344 Parallel naval development of England and France. 344 The Norman navy and the projected invasion of England. 345 24 June. Battle of Sluys. 346 Ineffective campaigns in Artois and the Tournaisis. 347 25 Sept. Truce of Esplechin. 348 30 Nov. Edward's return to London. 349 The ministers displaced and a special commission appointed to try them. 349 30 Nov. Controversy between Edward and Archbishop Stratford. 350 23 April, 1341. Parliament at London supporting Stratford and forcing Edward to choose ministers after consulting it. 350 1 Oct. Edward's repudiation of his concessions. 351 April, 1343. Repeal of the statutes of 1341. 351 John of Montfort and Charles of Blois claim the duchy of Brittany. 352 War of the Breton succession. 353 June, 1342. The siege of Hennebont raised. 354 1343. Battle of Morlaix. 354 19 Jan., 1343. Edward III. in Brittany. 354 Truce of Malestroit. 355 Edward's financial and political troubles. 355 End of the Flemish alliance. 356 June, 1345. Henry of Derby in Gascony. 357 21 Oct. Battle of Auberoche. 358 1346. Siege of Aiguillon and raid in Poitou. 358 Preparations for Edward III.'s campaign. 359 >July-Aug. The march through Normandy. 359 26 July. Capture of Caen. 360 Aug. The march up the Seine valley. 360 The retreat northwards. 361 The passage of the Somme at the Blanche taque. 361 26 Aug. Battle of Crecy. 362 17 Oct. Battle of Neville's Cross. 364 4 Sept. Siege of Calais. 366 3 Aug., 1347. Capture of Calais. 367 20 June. Battle of La Roche Derien. 368 28 Sept. Truce of Calais. 368 CHAPTER XVII. FROM THE BLACK DEATH TO THE TREATY OF CALAIS. 1347-48. Prosperity of England after the truce. 369 1348-50. The Black Death and its results. 370 1351. Statute of labourers. 372 Social and economic unrest. 374 Religious unrest. 376 The Flagellants. 376 The anti-clerical movement. 377 1351. First statute of provisors. 377 1353. First statute of præmunire. 378 Richard Fitzralph and the attack on the mendicants. 379 1354. Ordinance Of the Staple. 380 1352. Statute of treasons. 380 1349. Foundation of the Order of the Garter. 380 Dagworth's administration of Brittany. 381 Hugh Calveley and Robert Knowles. 382 27 Mar., 1351. Battle of the Thirty. 382 1352. Battle of Mauron. 383 Fighting round Calais. 383 1352. Capture of Guînes. 384 29 Aug., 1350. Battle of the Spaniards-on-the-sea. 384 6 April, 1354. Preliminaries of peace signed at Guînes. 385 1355. Failure of the negotiations and renewal of the war. 385 Failure of John of Gaunt in Normandy. 386 Sept.-Nov. Black Prince's raid in Languedoc. 386 1356. Operations of John of Gaunt in Normandy in alliance with Charles of Navarre and Geoffrey of Harcourt. 387 9 Aug.-2 Oct. Black Prince's raid northwards to the Loire. 388 19 Sept. Battle of Poitiers. 390 23 Mar., 1357. Truce of Bordeaux. 392 Oct. Treaty of Berwick. 393 1357-71. The last years of David II. 393 1371. Accession of Robert II. in Scotland. 393 1358. Preliminaries of peace signed between Edward III. and John. 393 State of France after Poitiers. 394 24 Mar., 1359. Treaty of London. 395 The rejection of the treaty by the French. 395 Nov., 1359-April, 1360. Edward III.'s invasion of Northern France Champagne and Burgundy. 396 11 Jan., 1360. Treaty of Guillon. 396 7 April. Siege of Paris. 396 8 May. Treaty of Brétigni. 396 24 Oct. Treaty of Calais. 396 CHAPTER XVIII. THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR FROM THE TREATY OF CALAIS TO THE TRUCE OF BRUGES. Difficulties in carrying out the treaty of Calais. 399 Guerilla warfare: exploits of Calveley, Pipe, and Jowel. 400 16 May, 1364. Battle of Cocherel. 401 29 Sept. Battle of Auray. 401 1365. Treaty of Guérande. 402 Exploits of the free companies: John Hawkwood. 402 1361. The charters of renunciation not exchanged. 402 1364. Death of King John: accession of Charles V.. 403 1366. Expulsion of Peter the Cruel from Castile by Du Guesclin and the free companies. 404 Feb., 1367. The Black Prince's expedition to Spain. 404 3 April. Battle of Nájera. 405 The Black Prince's rule in Aquitaine. 406 His difficulties with the great nobles. 407 Jan., 1368. The hearth tax imposed. 408 Jan., 1369. Renewal of the war. 408 Changed military and political conditions. 409 Relations of England and Flanders. 409 1371. Battle in Bourgneuf Bay. 410 Successes of the French. 411 Sept., 1370. Sack of the cité of Limoges. 412 1371. The Black Prince's return to England with shattered health. 413 1370. Futile expeditions of Lancaster and Knowles. 413 Treason of Sir John Minsterworth. 413 Battle of Pontvallain. 414 1370-72. Exploits of Sir Owen of Wales. 414 23 June, 1370. Defeat of Pembroke at La Rochelle. 415 Aug. Defeat of Thomas Percy at Soubise. 415 1372. Edward III.'s last military expedition. 416 Expulsion of the English from Poitou and Brittany. 416 July-Dec., 1373. John of Gaunt's march from Calais to Bordeaux. 417 1374. Ruin of the English power in France. 417 27 June, 1375. Truce of Bruges. 418 CHAPTER XIX. ENGLAND DURING THE LATTER YEARS OF EDWARD III. Glories of the years succeeding the treaty of Calais. 419 1361-69. John Froissart in England. 419 His picture of the life of court and people. 420 The national spirit in English literature. 420 Gower and Minot. 420 Geoffrey Chaucer. 421 The standard English language. 421 Lowland Scottish. 422