THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY VOLUME TWO, BOOK THREE THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY J. B. Harley and David Woodward, Founding Editors 1 Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean 2.1 Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies 2.2 Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies 2.3 Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies 3 Cartography in the European Renaissance 4 Cartography in the European Enlightenment 5 Cartography in the Nineteenth Century 6 Cartography in the Twentieth Century THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY VOLUME TWO, BOOK THREE Cartography in the Traditional African!J Atnerican!J Arctic!J Australian!J and Pacific Societies Edited by DAVID WOODWARD and G. MALCOLM LEWIS THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS • CHICAGO AND LONDON DavidWoodward is Arthur H. Robinson Professor of Geographyatthe University ofWisconsin-Madison. Until his retirement, G. MalcolmLewis was Reader in Geography atthe University ofSheffield, England. The University ofChicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University ofChicago Press, Ltd., London © 1998 by The University ofChicago Allrights reserved. Published 1998 Printedin the United States ofAmerica 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 1 2 3 4 5 ISBN: 0-226-90728-7 (cloth) @ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements ofthe American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence ofPaper for Printed LibraryMaterials, ANSI Z39.48-1992. LibraryofCongress Cataloging-in-PublicationData Cartography in the traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific societies/ edited byDavid Woodward and G. Malcolm Lewis p. cm. -(The history ofcartography; v. 2, bk. 3) Includes bibliographicalreferences and index. ISBN: 0-226-90728-7 1. Cartography-Africa-History. 2. Cartography America-History. 3. Cartography-Arctic regions History. 4. Cartography-Australia-History. 5. Cartography-Pacific Area-History. I. Woodward, David, 1942- . II. Lewis, G. Malcolm III. Series. GA201.C37 1998 98-21504 912.6-dc21 CIP Editorial work on The History ofCartography is supported in part by grants from the Division ofResearch Programs of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Geography and Regional Science Program ofthe National Science Foundation, independent federal agencies. For a complete list offoundations, organizations, and individuals who supported the editorial work, see pages v and vi. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in The History ofCartography are those ofthe authors and do not necessarily reflect the views ofthe agencies thatprovided financial support. Financial Support Federal Agencies Division ofPreservation and Access ofthe National Endowment for the Humanities Geography and Regional Science Program ofthe National Science Foundation Foundations and Institutions The Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation Rand McNally The Gaylord and Dorothy Donnelley Foundation The Hermon Dunlap Smith Center for the History of Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Cartography, The Newberry Library Organizations Association ofCanadian Map Libraries and Archives Michigan Map Society California Map Society The New York Map Society The Chicago Map Society North Caroliniana Society Map Society ofBritish Columbia The Rocky Mountain Map Society The Mercator Society ofthe Research Libraries, Western Association ofMap Libraries The New York Public Library Founders Roger S. andJulie Baskes Bernard Lisker Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Nebenzahl William B. Ginsberg Duane F. Marble Brian D. Quintenz Arthur andJanet Holzheimer Douglas W. Marshall David M. Rumsey Arthur L. 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LeRoy Frederick and Howard Baron John W. Docktor Scott andJudith Loomer High Ridge Books Mr. and Mrs. James R. Donnelley Curtis A. Manchester III Anibal A. Biglieri Michael A. Dulka George F. McCleary,Jr. Jens P. Bornholt Clinton R. Edwards P. J. Mode Stephen D. Brink Barbara Adele Fine John T. Monckton Stephen A. Bromberg Richard and Dorothy Fitch Mark Monmonier Jim and Barbara Butler John M. Gubbins Jose Navarro-Ferre The Cartophile Francis H. Heller Elaine andJerome Nerenberg Alfred W. Newman Thomas F. Sander William S. Swinford Braham Norwick Sinclair Adams Sheers Norman]. W. Thrower Judy M. Olson John D. Shugrue J. Thomas Touchton Theodore W. Palmer Douglas W. and Elzbieta Sims Edward R. Tufte Mary Pedley Susan D. Slaughter Richard Umansky Samuel T. Perkins Dava Sobel Bernard Vinaty, O.P. Kiky Polites Margaret C. Sowers Rainer Vollmar Francesco Prontera Stephen Stares Ann Harwell Wells George S. Read Muriel Strickland Louis Werner Mo Reilly Thomas, Ahngsana, and Sainatee Rena and Ron Whistance-Smith C. D. Reynolds Suarez Cliffand Alberta Wood Rear Admiral G. S. Ritchie Antiques ofthe Orient Pte. Ltd., Mei Xie and Deepak Bhattasali Arthur H. Robinson MichaelJ. Sweet Additionalsupport from Michele Aldrich John Fondersmith Richard Pietro Palmieri JonathanJ. G. Alexander Theodore N. Foss Robert Pavelec SeymourH. Amkraut John Frye Miklos Pinther RandyAnders John B. Garver BeverlyA. Poling Sona Andrews John F. C. Glenn,Jr. Joseph Poracsky James Axtell Bob and Linda Graebner Jean M. Ray Gwendolyn R. Barckley Linda H. Graff John H. Rebenack J. Bartholomew Ronald E. Grim Geoffrey and Mingmei Redmond Phil Barton PeterJ. Guthorn Dennis andJudy Reinhartz Christopher Baruth Isidro Guzman,Jr. Jeanne Rhoden Thomas and Linda Beall RobertJ. Haber John R. Ribeiro Cathy L. andWendell K. BeckwithII John M. Hackett WalterW. Ristow John Bennetand DeborahHarlan J. ScottHamilton George and Mary Ritzlin Yasha Beresiner, InterCol London William B. Hill Robert Ross Winthrop P. Boswell Marianne Hinckle Pierre L. Sales Kenneth B. Bowser Daniel P. Hopkins Don Schnabel R. W. Bremner Bangbo Hu Helaine Selin WesleyA. Brown Alice C. Hudson Marsha L. Selmer David C. Buisseret MurrayHudson Cherie Ann Semans Michael Burack J. Andrew Hutchinson Merle Severy CharlesA. Burroughs TeriJaeger Joseph Shein Gretchen Burton Dr. and Mrs. SaulJarcho David C. Sheldon Kenneth L. Campbell WendyE.Jepson and Christian Robert Shilkret Martin M. Cassidy Brannstrom T. Sinnema Reginald C. Chambers NancyA. Kandoian BruceN. Spring PaulH. Chapman Mark D. Kaplanoff CarolA. Springer BarbaraMae Christy EltonR. Kerr Jack Stadler Harold C. Conklin Jay I. Kislak David H. and Deirdre Starn Michael R. C. Coulson Larry B. Kramer RichardW. Sullivan Jeremy Crampton John G. Krisilas Harold L. Sweed JoyceW. Crim Sarah Kuhn Alexander M. Tait Robert F. Dahl, Cartesia Software James P. Lacy RichardJ. A. Talbert BrianJ. Dalsing Fran~oisJ. Lampietti G. Thomas Tanselle Gerald Danzer G. MalcolmLewis John and Anne Tedeschi Louis DeVorsey Bruce Lohman Richard F. Thomas Richard Dittman John H. Long Richard M. and PeggyW. Ugland MaynardWeston Dow Dee Longenbaugh CarolUrness MichaelJ. Dubin Ira S. Lourie Diane D. Vasica Gary S. Dunbar Jack Lowell Mr. and Mrs. Richard C. Veit Mrs. ElizabethF. Dunlap E. PaulMartin StevenJames Vogel Oliver C. Dunn Vincent G. Mazzucchelli Larry A. Vos William G. Earle Catharine McClellan StephenJ. Walsh Clark Eide Darrel andJ. P. McDonald Dr. and Mrs. SherwynWarren PeterM. Enggass Victoria M. Morse Scott D. Westrem Edward B. Espenshade,Jr. Gene A. Moser James H. Wolfe Maurizio Favretto HeidiJ. Muench JohnA. Wolter Siegfried Feller Mary Murphy JenniferWoodward LucyA. Fellowes Curtis Musselman Cordell D. K. Yee Clifton F. Ferguson HenryA. Norris Jeanne and StephenYoung Bruce Fetter DonaldJ. Orth His Royal Highness, The Duke Norman Fiering FrankT. Padberg,Jr. ofCornwall Dick de Pagter Contents List ofIllustrations IX Terrestrial Maps in Rock Art 57 Rock Art ofCosmographical and Celestial Preface, David Woodward XIX Subjects 63 Northeast 66 1 Introduction, David Woodward and Southeast 94 G. Malcolm Lewis 1 FarWest 106 Definitions 1 Great Plains and Canadian Prairies 115 Cognitive Cartography 3 Subarctic 135 Performance Cartography 4 Arctic 154 Material Cartography 5 Cartographic Affinities betweenthe Eurasian and Overlaps and Inconsistencies 5 American Arctic and Subarctic Regions 170 Problems and Issues 7 ConcludingThemes 172 Reversing the Marginalization ofMaps 9 5 Mesoamerican Cartography, Barbara E. Mundy 183 Traditional Cartography in Africa Introduction 183 What Is a MesoamericanMap? 184 2 Cartographic Content ofRock Art in Southern Historiography 190 Africa, Tim Maggs 13 Mesoamerican Maps and the Spatialization TheHunter-GathererArt 14 ofTime 191 The AgriculturistEngravings 17 Types ofMesoamerican Maps 204 Conclusion 23 Continuations ofNative Mapping after the Conquest 240 3 Indigenous Mapmaking in Intertropical Africa, Conclusion 247 Thomas]. Bassett 24 Cosmographic Maps 25 6 Mapmaking in the Central Andes, Mnemonic Maps 30 William Gustav Gartner 257 SolicitedMaps 33 Andean Conceptions ofSpace and Geographic AfricanInfluences on European Mapmaking 38 Relations: Past and Present 258 EuropeanInfluences on African Mapmaking 41 Rock Art 270 Conclusion 48 AChronological Perspective on Andean Mapmaking in the Archaeological Record 271 Traditional Cartography in the Americas Inka Mapmaking 284 Conclusion 297 4 Maps, Mapmaking, and Map Use by Native North Americans, 7 Indigenous Cartography in Lowland South G. Malcolm Lewis 51 America and the Caribbean, Precontact, Contact, and Postcontact Maps 51 Neil L. Whitehead 301 Native Words for "Map" 52 Theoretical Considerations 302 The Importance ofCosmography 53 Native Celestialand Cosmological Mapping 304 Access and Conservation 54 Historical Reports ofIndigenous Mapmaking 319 Historiography 55 Europeans' Inclusion ofNative Information 322 Approach 57 Conclusion 325 VB Vi11 Contents Traditional Cartography in Arctic AreThere Maps in Melanesia? 425 and SubarcticEurasia MelanesianMaps 425 Conclusion 442 8 Traditional Cartography in Arctic and Subarctic Eurasia, Elena Okladnikova 329 13 Nautical Cartography and Traditional Navigation Evidence ofMappinginPrehistory 330 in Oceania, Ben Finney 443 Cosmographical and CelestialMaps 332 Mental Cartography 443 Terrestrial Mapmakingand Maps 338 The European Penetration ofRemote Oceania 444 HistoricalAccounts ofMapmaking Early Charts Drawn by EuropeanExplorers and (with BorisPolevoy) 338 Missionaries 446 Maps onWood and Bark 340 An Outline ofOceanicNavigation and Decorativeand TradeMaps 344 Cartography 454 Conclusion 348 The Issue ofNavigational Accuracy 460 Caroline Island Navigation and Cartography 461 Piloting bySwell PatternDisruptions in the Marshall Traditional Cartography in Australia Islands 475 Did OceanicNavigatorsUse NavigationalInstruments? 9 Icons ofCountry: Topographic Representations 485 in Classical Aboriginal Traditions, Colonization, Continuity, and Connections 487 Peter Sutton 353 Introduction 353 14 Maori Cartography and the European Encounter, The Range ofArtifacts 354 Phillip Lionel Barton 493 Concepts 360 CulturalAttributes with Affinities to Mapping 495 Means and Interpretations 366 European Accounts ofMaori Maps and Rock Paintings and Engravings 374 Mapping 500 Regional Examples 375 ExtantMaori Maps and Derivatives of Conclusion 384 Maori Maps 508 Conclusion 530 10 Aboriginal Maps and Plans, PeterSutton 387 Major Collections ofAboriginal Maps 387 15 Concluding Remarks, David Woodward and SmallerScholarly Collections 399 G. Malcolm Lewis 537 Aboriginal Maps in the Land Claims Era: Topological Structure 537 Nicholson River Land Claim 405 Secular and Sacred 538 Mud Maps and Sand Drawings 405 Cosmos, Circle, and Center 538 Plans 408 Landscape and Event 539 Aboriginal Maps: Politics and the Law 413 Closeness to the Human Lifeworld 540 TheWayAhead 541 Traditional Cartography in the Pacific Basin Editors, Authors, and Project Staff 542 11 The Pacific Basin: An Introduction, Ben Finney 419 Bibliographical Index 543 12 Traditional Cartography in Papua New Guinea, General Index, Ellen D. Goldlust-Gingrich 579 Eric Kline Silverman 423 Social Life, Cosmology, and Politics in Melanesia 423 Illustrations with Tables and Appendixes COLOR PLATES 24 Hand sketch ofthe south part ofthe Middle (Following Page 170) (South) Island by Mantell, ca. 1848-52 1 Fight and flight 2 Lukasa memory board used during the FIGURES last stage ofBudye society initiation 2.1 Reference map ofsouthern Africa 13 ceremonIes 2.2 Portion ofBamboo Mountain panel 15 3 King Njoya's survey map ofBarnum 2.3 Rock surface as context 16 Supplemented manuscript copy ofthe ca. 1721 2.4 Painting with trees and ovals 16 Catawba map on skin ofIndian areas in the 2.5 Rock art distribution in southern Africa South Carolina hinterland 18 5 Navajo Male Shootingway, "The Skies," 2.6 Engraving from Mahakane, northern Cape before 1933 18 6 Quapaw painted bison hide showing the route 2.7 Classic Zulu homestead 19 followed by Quapawwarriors to confront 2.8 Engraving ofZulu homestead from Erskine enemies, mid-eighteenth century 19 7 Painted Pawnee celestial chart on tanned 2.9 KwaZulu-Natal stone settlement ruins 20 antelope skin or deerskin 2.10 KwaZulu-Natal rock engraving 20 8 Ikmallik, accompanied byTiagashu, extending 2.11 Line drawing ofKwaZulu-Natal rock a map for CaptainJohn Ross engraving (fig. 2.10) 20 (Following Page 394) 2.12 Natural surface of rock as topography 21 9 Page 1 ofthe Codex Xolotl, ca. 1542 2.13 Line drawing ofthe natural surface of rock as 10 Venus as the morning star in the Codex Borgia topography (fig. 2.12) 21 11 Mapa de Santa Cruz 2.14 Meandering pattern oflines across three 12 Lienzo ofPetlacala boulders 22 13 Cosmic fertility mapped by Bia ofthe 2.15 Line drawing ofmeandering pattern oflines Tukano across three boulders (fig. 2.14) 22 14 Koryak dancing coat 2.16 Lydenburg district agriculturist engraving 15 "X-ray" image ofsaltwater turtle, western 22 ArnhemLand, ca. 1884 2.17 Rock engraving reflects topographic 16 Water holes atJilaJapingka and Pajpara with preference 23 parallel sand hills, 1987 3.1 Reference map ofintertropical Africa 25 17 Sacred Places at Milmindjarr' 3.2 Dogon aduno kine rock painting 26 18 Djarrakpi landscape 3.3 Dogon rock painting showing cardinal 19 Pankalangu Ceremonies at Yamunturnga, directions 26 1987 3.4 Kongo cosmogram shown in a ceramic stele 20 Various toas, ca. 1904 from a village cemetery in Lamba Teye, 21 Map ofthe Goromuru (Gurrumuru) Democratic Republic of Congo 27 River area 3.5 Map ofthe mythic waters drawn by Bozo 22 Detail ofthe Port ofMacassar by Munggeraui elders (Mali) 28 (Munggurrawuy) 3.6 Tigrean circle map and wind rose collected by 23 Three mountains ofthe Iatmul mai ritual, Antoine Thomas d'Abbadie 29 representing the three totemic regions of 3.7 Tabwa woman with Butwa scarification on her the world back 30 IX x Illustrations 3.8 Tabwa ancestral figure showing mulalambo map reconstructing the eastern extent of line and V-shaped pattern 31 Pequot country before 1637 73 3.9 Lukala wall map from Budye initiation 4.16 Map delimiting an area ofthe southern coast ceremony 32 ofwhat is now Massachusetts that Metacom 3.10 Translation ofthe lukasa in plate 2 33 (King Philip) was willing to sell to the 3.11 Sultan Bello's map ofthe Niger River's course Plymouth colonists 74 34 4.17 Redrawing ofthe map ofthe land King Philip 3.12 Sabatele's map ofthe main caravan routes in was willing to sell to the Plymouth colonists East Africa 37 (fig. 4.16) 74 3.13 Explanation ofSabatele's map (fig. 3.12) 37 4.18 Map ofthe Susquehanna River and its 3.14 Reference map for figures 3.12 and 3.13 38 potential significance in Iroquois trade toward 3.15 Depuis's "A Map ofWangara" 39 Chesapeake Bay 75 3.16 Map ofa Tuareg transhumance zone made by 4.19 Mapped distances and journey times on the Kili Kilu ag Najim and modified by Edmond Susquehanna River route 76 Bernus 40 4.20 Aprobable Indian map ofparts offour major 3.17 Woman drawing a map in the sand 41 but separate drainage systems, 1696 or 1697 3.18 King Njoya's route map between his farm and 78 Fumban (1906) 42 4.21 Pictograph A showing Oshcabawis and other 3.19 King Njoya's map ofhis kingdom presented to Chippewa chiefs 80 British authorities in 1916 44 4.22 Pictograph Eshowing Kaizheosh and his band 3.20 King Njoya ofBarnum (or his son, Sultan from Lac Vieux Desert, Michigan and Seidou) 45 Wisconsin 81 3.21 Royal tapestry ofthe king's palace at Fumban 4.23 Geographical interpretation ofRed Sky's 46 birchbark migration scroll 83 3.22 Map of Ethiopia attributed to "the camp of 4.24 Possibly the oldest extant map on birchbark Ras Makonnen," 1899 47 85 4.1 Reference map ofNorth America 58 4.25 Map on birchbark ofthe Rangeley Lakes 4.2 Drawing of a rock painting in Baja California region, Maine 86 61 4.26 Drawing ofthe pictographic content of a 4.3 Petroglyph from the lower White River Valley, kikaigon with a linear spatial structure 86 Lincoln County, Nevada 62 4.27 Copy ofa Chippewa painting on a blazed tree, 4.4 Part of a petroglyph panel on Mohave Rock 1767 87 on the lower Colorado River, Arizona 62 4.28 An early example ofa line engraving 4.5 Interpretation ofMohave Rock petroglyph containing an Indian map 88 (fig. 4.4) 63 4.29 Five Nations war belt 90 4.6 Map Rock petroglyph, southwestern Idaho 4.30 Five Nations peace belt 90 64 4.31 Possible profile ofpart ofthe coast ofMaine 4.7 Speculative interpretation ofMap Rock 65 91 4.8 Petroglyph panel showing hunters, animals, 4.32 Map on skin, with Indian characteristics, of and enclosure 66 the Wabash and adjacent valleys, ca. 1775 4.9 Star panel in Largo Canyon, New Mexico 92 67 4.33 Interpretive redrawing ofthe ca. 1775 map on 4.10 Reconstruction ofAikon Aushabuc's gestural skin (fig. 4.32) 93 map 69 4.34 Reconstruction ofa 1762 Delaware 4.11 Reconstruction of a Virginia Algonquian cosmographical map on skin offormer, cosmography 70 current, and afterlife habitats 93 4.12 Virginia Algonquians (Powhatans) modeling a 4.35 Map ofFlorida and the Gulf Coast, ca. 1544 cosmographical map in 1607 70 96 4.13 Virginia (1612), byJohn Smith 71 4.36 Manuscript copy, ca. 1694, of a map by 4.14 1608 manuscript map, possibly a transcript of Lawrence van den Bosh, possibly based on a Powhatan's map made on the ground ofareas map brought east by Shawnees 97 to the west and north of Chesapeake Bay 4.37 Contemporary manuscript transcript of 72 Lamhatty's map 98 4.15 Contemporary transcript ofa probable Indian 4.38 Supplemented manuscript copy of a ca. 1723