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IItt iiss iilllluussttrraatteedd wwiitthh ffiifftteeeenn ccoolloouurr ll iinn tthhee llaattee ffiifftteeeenntthh cceennttuurryy.. ppllaatteess aanndd ffoouurr mmaappss.. nn aa ii ss aa rr ee nn nn ii ss isbn 90 04 13707 6 bi l’l’ al ll ii by This book is volume 10 in the series rr brill’s inner asian library. 10 bb stephen f. dale 9 789004 137073 ll ll ii rr iissssnn 11556666--77116622 wwwwww..bbrriillll..nnll bbrriillll bb fondkleur: pms 288 Ingestelde rugdikte:544 pag’s = 39.83 mm THE GARDEN OF THE EIGHT PARADISES BRILL’S INNER ASIAN LIBRARY edited by NICOLA DI COSMO DEVIN DEWEESE CAROLINE HUMPHREY VOLUME 10 THE GARDEN OF THE EIGHT PARADISES B§bur and the Culture of Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India (1483-1530) BY STEPHEN F. DALE BRILL LEIDEN•BOSTON 2004 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dale, Stephen Frederic. The garden of the eight paradises : Babur and the culture of Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India (1483-1530) p. cm. — (Brill’s inner Asian library ; 10) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 90-04-13707-6 1. Babur, Emperor of Hindustan, 1483-1530. 2. Asia, Central—History. 3. Afghanistan—History. 4. India—Kings and rulers—Biography. 5. India—History—1000-1765. I. Title. II. Series. DS461.1.D35 2004 954.02’52’092—dc22 [B] 2003063901 ISSN 1566-7162 ISBN 90 04 13707 6 © Copyright 2004 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands v PREFACE TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................ vii Maps and Illustrations................................................................ ix Abbreviations.............................................................................. xi A Note on Transliteration .......................................................... xiii Introduction............................................................................... 1 Chapter One. Emperors and Individuals.................................. 15 Chapter Two. The TÊmårid Denouement in Mawarannahr.... 67 Chapter Three. B§bur’s Cultural Personality............................ 135 Chapter Four. The P§dsh§h of Kabul....................................... 187 Chapter Five. Poetry and Autobiography.................................. 247 Chapter Six. The Conquest of Hindustan................................ 291 Chapter Seven. Strangers in a Strange Land............................ 355 Chapter Eight. The Rewards of Empire, the Loneliness of Exile 403 Epilogue: B§bur and the TÊmårid Renaissance ........................ 459 Bibliography .............................................................................. 473 Glossary..................................................................................... 495 Index.......................................................................................... 501 i PREFACE vii PREFACE PREFACE Writing a biography of ZahÊr al-DÊn Muhammad B§bur has meant relying on generations of scholars, the help of contemporaries and the kindness and tolerance of friends. This biography would not have been possible first of all, were it not for the publication of scholarly editions and translations of B§bur’s remarkable autobiog- raphy. Three works in particular have been especially important. They are: the critical edition compiled by Professor E. J. Mano of Kyoto University, the first English translation of B§bur’s original TurkÊ text by Annette Susannah Beveridge, the self-taught, late- Victorian scholar, and the edited Turkish translation of Reâit Rahmeti Arat. Beyond these textual foundations I am especially indebted to the scholarship of a group of late Soviet-era scholars, in particular A. Azimdzhanova, I. V. Stebleva, O. D. Chekhovich and Elena A. Davidovich. I first read B§bur’s poetry in Azimd- zhanova’s and Stebleva’s Russian translations, and I have greatly benefited from the numismatic and social-economic studies of Davidovich and Chekhovich. Regarding the TÊmårids in particu- lar, I have been educated by the scholarship and conversations with Beatrice F. Manz, Jo-Ann Gross, Jürgen Paul and Maria E. Subtelny. I have also made repeated use of Wheeler M. Thackston’s valuable translations of B§bur’s text and that of B§bur’s Mongol cousin, Haydar MÊrz§ Dughlat. Over the course of many years I have been especially fortunate to benefit from the expertise of several scholars, especially Thomas T. Allsen, Cornell H. Fleischer and Peter B. Golden, who all have patiently contributed to the knowledge of someone trained prima- rily in Indo-Islamic studies. I have had innumerable conversations about Central Asia with Tom Allsen, who also has generously sup- plied me with dozens of references and/or articles and books that reflect his own encylopedic knowledge of Mongol and post-Mongol Central Asia. I first began studying Turkish with Cornell Fleischer, who also, early in my work, presented me with a splendid copy of Arat’s Turkish translation of B§bur’s autobiography. In many con- versations and in his writings Peter Golden has shared his own exceptional knowledge of Turks and Turkish history. Professor viii PREFACE Dona Straley, the scholarly Middle East Librarian at Ohio State University, has also generously supported this work with her own expertise. Many friends have openly shared my enthusiasm for this project over a course of many years. One of the earliest was Carole J. Dale, who among other things, organized the party to commemorate B§bur’s 500th birth anniversary on the steppes of Central Ohio. Alam and Parwin Payind have enriched my own knowledge of Afghan culture—and cuisine—during many conversations and din- ners. Beth Russell has graciously listened—on probably too many occasions—to discussions of arcane aspects of B§bur’s life and Cen- tral Asian, Afghan and Indian history. A number of Uzbek friends and colleagues were wonderfully welcoming and helpful during my most recent trip to Uzbekistan. These include Professor Shermatov Akram of Samarqand State University, Majlis Deputy and Head of the Babur International Fund, Zakhirjon Mashrabov, Dr. Kozim- jon Turdaliev of the Andijan Ministry of Foreign Economic Rela- tions and Professor Saifuddin Jalilov of Andijan State University. Mr. Ted Elder of the Andijan Development Center also went out of his way to help me when I stayed in Andijan. Finally, Anarbaev Abdulhamid of the Uzbek Institute of Archeology kindly took the time to explain the excavations at the site of the ancient city of Akhsi. I tentatively began this project with a generous grant from the Social Science Research Council that allowed me to make my first trip to then Soviet Uzbekistan. Later I had the opportunity to study B§bur’s poetry during a year at the Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington D.C., where the friendship of ”umit Ganguly and Tapan Raychaudhuri was especially meaningful. A subsequent fel- lowship at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton gave me the time and support to write early drafts of several chapters of the manuscript. The TÊmårid seminar held at the Institute was an es- pecially valuable forcing ground for some of the ideas in this biog- raphy. The College of Humanities at the Ohio State University has given me research leave on several occasions and a grant that sup- ported the publication of illustrations in this volume. The maps were drawn by Mr. Ron Mclean of Ohio State University. I have dedicated this volume to Lillian Li, whose encourage- ment, criticism, warmth and laughter have meant more than I can adequately express. ix PREFACE MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS A. Maps 1. The Middle East, Central Asia and India 2. The Ferghanah Valley 3. Central Asia, Afghanistan and Northwestern India 4. Kabul and Hindustan B. Illustrations 1. Photograph: View from ancient Akhsi southeast toward Andijan 2. Photograph: Går-i AmÊr: TÊmår’s tomb in Samarqand 3. Photograph: Madrasah of Ulugh Beg in Samarqand 4. Photograph: Yånas Khan’s tomb in Tashkent 5. Miniature: Review of Mongol Yak Tail Standards in Ferghanah, June 1502. 6. Miniature: B§bur orders a stream straightened at Istalif, sometime after September 1504. Illustrating the Kabul gazetteer. 7. Photograph: The Harat fortress 8. Photograph: Masjid-i J§mi#: Friday mosque of Harat 9. Miniature: B§bur visits female relatives at Husayn Bay- qara’s madrasah in Harat. December 1506.