M D D A L I M # 9 1 5 8 7 7 7 /1 8 /0 7 C Y A N M A G Y E L O B L K THE FEMINIST PHILOSOPHY READER Alison Bailey and Chris Cuomo Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogotá Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto bbaaiill0077339999__ffmm..iinndddd ii 77//2277//0077 88::5555::2222 PPMM Published by McGraw-Hill, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2008. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 0 9 8 7 ISBN: 978-0-07-340739-5 MHID: 0-07-340739-9 Publisher: Lisa Moore Sponsoring Editor: Mark Georgiev Marketing Manager: Pamela Cooper Editorial Coordinators: Sora Kim and Briana Porco Production Editor: Chanda Feldman Manuscript Editor: Jean Dal Porto Design Manager: Cassandra Chu Cover Designer: Ayelet Arbel Art Editor: Emma Ghiselli Production Supervisor: Tandra Jorgensen Composition: 10/12 Times New Roman by ICC Macmillan, Inc. Printing: 45# New Era Matte, R. R. Donnelley & Sons, Inc. Cover: © Royalty-Free/CORBIS Credits: The credits section for this book begins on page 881 and is considered an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bailey, Alison. The feminist philosophy reader / Alison Bailey, Chris Cuomo. — 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-07-340739-5 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-07-340739-9 (alk. paper) 1. Feminist theory. I. Cuomo, Chris J. II. Title. HQ1190.B34 2008 305.4201—dc22 2007030064 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a Web site does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill, and McGraw-Hill does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. www.mhhe.com bbaaiill0077339999__ffmm..iinndddd iiii 88//1111//0077 22::4477::1144 PPMM CONTENTS Preface viii For Further Reading 80 Acknowledgments x Media Resources 80 1. A FEMINIST TURN IN 3. SEX AND GENDER 83 PHILOSOPHY 1 Introduction to The Second Sex Simone de Beauvoir Translated 2. OPPRESSION AND and edited by H. M. Parshley 87 RESISTANCE 9 Performative Acts and Gender The Traffi c in Women: Notes Constitution: An Essay in on the “Political Economy” of Sex Phenomenology and Feminist Gayle Rubin 13 Theory Oppression Judith Butler 97 Marilyn Frye 41 Reconstructing Black Masculinity The Master’s Tools Will Never bell hooks 107 Dismantle the Master’s House Should There Be Only Two Sexes? Audre Lorde 49 Anne Fausto-Sterling 124 On Psychological Oppression Transgender Butch: Butch/FTM Sandra Lee Bartky 51 Border Wars and the Masculine White Privilege and Male Privilege Continuum Peggy McIntosh 61 Judith Halberstam 144 Playfulness, “World”-Travelling, Visualizing the Body: Western and Loving Perception Theories and African Subjects María Lugones 69 Oyèrónké Oyeˇwùmí 163 iii bbaaiill0077339999__ffmm..iinndddd iiiiii 77//2277//0077 88::5555::2233 PPMM iv Contents For Further Reading 177 American Anthropological Association Statement on Media Resources 178 “Race” (1998 ) 309 Some Kind of Indian: On 4. SEXUALITIES 179 Race, Eugenics, and This Sex Which Is Not One Mixed-Bloods Luce Irigaray Translated by M. Annette Jaimes 312 Catherine Porter Purity, Impurity, and Separation with Carolyn Burke 183 María Lugones 329 A Desire of One’s Own: Locating Traitorous Identities: Psychoanalytic Feminism Toward a View of Privilege- and Intersubjective Space Cognizant White Character Jessica Benjamin 188 Alison Bailey 344 Sexuality Tiddas Speakin’ Strong: Catherine A. Mackinnon 204 Indigenous Women’s Sex War: The Debate Between Self-Presentation within Radical and Libertarian Feminists White Australian Feminism Ann Ferguson 222 Aileen Moreton-Robinson 355 Kiss and Tell: Questioning For Further Reading 371 Censorship Media Resources 372 Persimmon Blackbridge, Lizard Jones, and Susan Stewart 227 6. POSTCOLONIAL AND Claiming the Right to TRANSNATIONAL FEMINISMS 375 Be Queer Women Workers and Chris Cuomo 241 Capitalist Scripts: Toward a Genealogy of Black Female Ideologies of Domination, Sexuality: The Problematic of Silence Common Interests, and Evelynn M. Hammonds 249 the Politics of Solidarity For Further Reading 259 Chandra Talpade Mohanty 379 Media Resources 260 Feminism and Globalization Processes in Latin America Ofelia Schutte 401 5. RACE AND RACISM 261 The Prison Industrial Complex Gender & Race: The Ampersand Angela Y. Davis 412 Problem in Feminist Thought Elizabeth V. Spelman 265 Sexual Violence as a Tool of Genocide Mapping the Margins: Andrea Smith 421 Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Experiments with Freedom: Women of Color Milieus of the Human Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw 279 Aihwa Ong 439 bbaaiill0077339999__ffmm..iinndddd iivv 77//3311//0077 44::3311::2255 PPMM Contents v From A Critique of Postcolonial Act, Dependency Work, and Reason Gender Equality Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak 450 Eva Feder Kittay 584 For Further Reading 460 Vulnerability by Marriage Media Resources 461 Susan Orkin 600 After the Family Wage: Gender 7. FEMINIST ETHICAL THEORY 463 Equity and the Welfare State Nancy Fraser 622 Moral Orientation and Moral Development Difference and Social Policy: Carol Gilligan 467 Refl ections in the Context of Social Movements The Generalized and the Concrete Iris Marion Young 638 Other: The Kohlberg-Gilligan Controversy and Moral Theory Updating the Gendered Empire: Seyla Benhabib 478 Where Are the Women in Occupied Afghanistan and Iraq? Taking Care: Care as Practice Cynthia Enloe 649 and Value Virginia Held 497 For Further Reading 667 Media Resources 668 Confl icted Love Kelly Oliver 506 9. FEMINIST EPISTEMOLOGIES 669 Separating from Heterosexualism Purifi cation and Transcendence Sarah Hoagland 519 in Descartes’s Meditations Susan Bordo 672 Seeing Power in Morality: A Proposal for Feminist Love and Knowledge: Naturalism in Ethics Emotion in Feminist Margaret Urban Walker 539 Epistemology Alison M. Jaggar 687 The Moral Powers of Victims How Is Epistemology Political? Claudia Card 548 Linda Martín Alcoff 705 For Further Reading 565 Taking Subjectivity into Media Resources 566 Account Lorraine Code 718 8. FEMINIST POLITICAL “Strong Objectivity” and PHILOSOPHIES 567 Socially Situated Knowledge Autonomy, Social Disruption, Sandra Harding 741 and Women The Project of Feminist Marilyn Friedman 570 Epistemology: Perspectives Taking Dependency Seriously: from a Nonwestern Feminist The Family and Medical Leave Uma Narayan 756 bbaaiill0077339999__ffmm..iinndddd vv 77//2277//0077 88::5555::2233 PPMM vi Contents Coming to Understand: Be-Longing: The Lust for Orgasm and the Epistemology Happiness of Ignorance Mary Daly 841 Nancy Tuana 765 Mothers, Monsters, and Machines For Further Reading 791 Rosi Braidotti 857 Media Resources 792 La Conciencia de la Mestiza/ Towards a New Consciousness 10. FEMINIST ONTOLOGIES 793 Gloria Anzaldúa 870 The Moral Signifi cance of Birth For Further Reading 878 Mary Anne Warren 796 Media Resources 879 A Phenomenology of Fear: The Threat of Rape and Feminine Credits 881 Bodily Comportment Index 883 Ann J. Cahill 810 Toward a Feminist Theory of Disability Susan Wendell 826 bbaaiill0077339999__ffmm..iinndddd vvii 77//2277//0077 88::5555::2244 PPMM This book is dedicated to our Mothers Bonnie Powers Cuomo and Judith Stanton Bailey (1933–2000) bbaaiill0077339999__ffmm..iinndddd vviiii 77//2277//0077 88::5555::2244 PPMM PREFACE F eminism sparked one of the most important and infl uential theoretical endeavors of the last fi fty years, and feminist philosophical contributions to that effort have been profound. Today the number of scholarly works and publications, university courses, conferences, and organizations dedicated to feminist philosophy is impressive indeed. In addition to articulating and investigating key questions and issues concerning sexism and its vicissi- tudes, feminist philosophers have brought new insights to nearly every area of the discipline of philosophy, from ethics to philosophy of science, from political theory to aesthetics to the study of historical philosophical fi gures. But twenty years ago, when we were graduate students, we read and as- sembled photocopied packets of readings for our courses. This was the only way to provide students with a thorough survey of the most signifi cant and engaging articles in the fi eld. T oday there are many more textbooks on feminist philosophy, but most anthologies focus on specifi c areas of inquiry, such as ethics, political theory, or epistemology. After years of reading, teaching, and winnowing through the literature, we are now delighted to present a reader that captures a few of the more defi ning moments in feminist philosophy, from the earli- est second wave to the post-9/11 present. Our emphasis is on the fi eld as it emerged in the United States Europe, out of both feminist movements and academic communities, and most of the essays included here fi rst appeared in English. The chapters focus on central issues in feminism, such as the meanings of privilege and o ppression, sex, gender, sexuality, race, nation, and some of the core areas of philosophy, including ethics, epistemology, politics, and ontology. Theoretical methods represented include analytic, viii bbaaiill0077339999__ffmm..iinndddd vviiiiii 77//2277//0077 88::5555::2244 PPMM Preface ix continental, psychoanalytic, postmodern, and postcolonial, and a few things in between. This volume refl ects the view that feminism’s founda- tional concerns necessarily include racism, heterosexism, and other forms of oppression and injustice. And although this text was also shaped by his- torical factors, including our own limitations and the hegemonic infl uence of Anglophone philosophy and American feminist theory, we hope to have presented a pluralist and inclusive reading of what history has provided. The Feminist Philosophy Reader will introduce some readers to feminist theory, and others to the discipline of Philosophy. Brief essays at the begin- ning of each chapter provide overviews of the general issues and methods connecting the various selections. Because the work presented here is both practically signifi cant and theoretically sophisticated, we believe students at many different levels will fi nd it informative, useful, and perhaps chal- lenging as well. The table of contents is structured in relation to several primary themes, but there is a phenomenal amount of conversation, com- mon ground, and creative tension among the essays overall. A number of innovative courses in feminist philosophy could be built around the text. Each chapter also includes a list of resources for further reading and fi lms that complement the topics addressed in each section. Writing philosophy is commonly considered a solo pursuit, but that impression hides the fact that all philosophy is generated out of historical infl uences, conversations, communities, and cross-pollinations. Feminist philosophy is no exception. In fact, phallocratic and other marginalizing traditions in the discipline of philosophy have made it necessary for femi- nists and other “outsiders” to create and nurture intellectual spaces where critical and resistant understandings can develop. It is quite unlikely that a volume such as this would have been possible without those spaces, including organizations such as the Society for Women in Philosophy, the International Association of Women Philosophers, and the National Women’s Studies Association, all founded in the 1970s, and still going strong today. We are indebted to those legacies of feminist creativity and resistance, and the webs of relation, support, and knowledge they have fostered. And we are deeply grateful to the authors included in this volume, along with the genera- tions of feminist intellectuals who comprised their surrounding communi- ties, and all the contemporary theorists and activists who comprise ours. Alison Bailey and Chris Cuomo July 2007 bbaaiill0077339999__ffmm..iinndddd iixx 88//1111//0077 99::2277::2299 AAMM