THE EUROCENTRIC CONCEPTION OF WORLD POLITICS JohnHobsonclaimsthatthroughoutitshistorymostinternationaltheory has been embedded within various forms of Eurocentrism. Rather than producingvalue-freeanduniversalisttheoriesofinter-staterelations,inter- national theory instead provides provincial analyses that celebrate and defendWesterncivilizationasthesubjectof,andidealnormativereferent in,worldpolitics.HobsonalsoprovidesasympatheticcritiqueofEdward Said’s conception of Eurocentrism and Orientalism, revealing how Eurocentrism takes different forms, which can be imperialist or anti- imperialist,andshowinghowthesehaveplayedoutininternationaltheory since1760.ThebookthusspeakstoscholarsofInternationalRelations,but alsotoallthoseinterestedinunderstandingEurocentrisminthedisciplines ofpoliticalscience/politicaltheory,politicaleconomy/internationalpolitical economy,geography,culturalandliterarystudies,sociologyand,notleast, anthropology. johnm.hobsonisProfessorofPoliticsandInternationalRelationsat theUniversityofSheffield.HispublicationsincludeEverydayPoliticsof the World Economy (2007), co-edited with Leonard Seabrooke; The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation (2004); Historical Sociology of International Relations (2002), co-edited with Steve Hobden and The StateandInternationalRelations(2000). THE EUROCENTRIC CONCEPTION OF WORLD POLITICS – Western International Theory, 1760 2010 JOHN M. HOBSON cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,SãoPaulo,Delhi,Tokyo,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107604544 ©JohnM.Hobson2012 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2012 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-1-107-02020-7Hardback ISBN978-1-107-60454-4Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. ForGabbyHobson CONTENTS Listoffigures pageix Listoftables x Acknowledgments xi 1 Introduction:constructingEurocentrismand internationaltheoryasEurocentricconstruct 1 i 1760–1914:ManifestEurocentrismandscientific racismininternationaltheory 31 2 Eurocentricimperialism:liberalismandMarxism, c.1830–1914 33 3 Eurocentricanti-imperialism:liberalism,c.1760–1800 59 4 Racistanti-imperialism:classicalliberalismand cultural-realism,c.1850–1914 84 5 Racistimperialism:racist-realism,liberalismand socialism,1860–1914 106 ii 1914–1945:ThehightideofmanifestEurocentrism andtheclimaxofscientificracism 131 6 Anti-imperialismandthemythsof1919:Marxist Eurocentrismandracistcultural-realism,1914–1945 133 7 RacistandEurocentricimperialism:racist-realism, racist-liberalismand‘progressive’Eurocentric liberalism/Fabianism,1919–1945 150 iii 1945–1989:SubliminalEurocentrismininternational theory 183 8 OrthodoxsubliminalEurocentrism:fromclassical realismtoneorealism,1945–1989 185 vii viii contents 9 OrthodoxsubliminalEurocentrism:neoliberal institutionalismandtheEnglishSchool,c.1966–1989 214 10 CriticalsubliminalEurocentrism:Gramscianismand world-systemstheory,c.1967–1989 234 iv 1989–2010:Backtothefutureofmanifest ‘Eurocentrism’inmainstreaminternationaltheory 255 11 Imperialistandanti-imperialistEurocentrism:post- 1989‘Westernrealism’andthespiritualreturntopost- 1889racist-realism 257 12 ImperialistEurocentrism:post-1989‘Western- liberalism’andthereturntopost-1830liberal paternalistEurocentrism 285 v Conclusion:Mappingthepromiscuousarchitectureof Eurocentrismininternationaltheory,1760–2010 311 13 Constructingcivilization:globalhierarchy,‘gradated sovereignty’andglobalizationininternationaltheory, 1760–2010 313 References 345 Index 376