THE CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY OF JUDAISM AND JEWISH CULTURE TheCambridgeDictionaryofJudaismandJewishCultureisanauthoritativeandaccessibleref- erenceworkforatwenty-first-centuryaudience.Itsentries,writtenbyeminentscholars, define the spiritual and intellectual concepts and the religious movements that distin- guish Judaism and the Jewish experience. They cover central personalities and places, formative events, and enduring literary and cultural contributions, and they illuminate thelivesofordinaryJewishwomenandmen.EssaysexploreJewishhistoryfromancient timestothepresentandconsiderallaspectsofJudaism,includingreligiouspracticesand rituals,legalteachings,legendarytraditions,rationalism,mysticism,andmessianism.This referenceworkdiffersfrommanyothersinitsbroadexplorationoftheJewishexperience beyondJudaism.Entriesdiscusssecularandpoliticalmovementsandachievementsand delineate Jewish endeavors in literature, art, music, theater, dance, film, broadcasting, sports, science, medicine, and ecology, among many other topics from the ancient Near EasttotheInternet. Judith R. Baskin is Philip H. Knight Professor of Humanities and Associate Dean for Humanities in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Oregon. Her books include Pharaoh’s Counsellors: Job, Jethro, and Balaam in Rabbinic and Patristic Tradition (1982) and MidrashicWomen:FormationsoftheFeminineinRabbinicLiterature (2002). She istheeditorofJewishWomeninHistoricalPerspective(1991;2ndedition,1998)andWomen oftheWord:JewishWomenandJewishWriting(1994)andiscoeditorofTheCambridgeGuide toJewishHistory, Religion,andCulture (with Kenneth Seeskin, 2010), which received the 2010NationalJewishBookAwardforanthologiesandcollections. THE CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY OF JUDAISM AND JEWISH CULTURE EDITOR: JudithR.Baskin,UniversityofOregon SUBEDITORS: GlendaAbramson,St.CrossCollege,OxfordUniversity:Literature ZacharyBraiterman,SyracuseUniversity:ModernJewishThought JosephDan,HebrewUniversityofJerusalem:Mysticism DavidEngel,NewYorkUniversity:Antisemitism;Holocaust IsaiahGafni,HebrewUniversityofJerusalem:RabbinicJudaism RelaMintzGeffen,BaltimoreHebrewInstitute,TowsonUniversity,Emerita:Religious LifeandPractice SaraR.Horowitz,YorkUniversity:Literature EphraimKanarfogel,YeshivaUniversity:MedievalandEarlyModernEurope CarolMeyers,DukeUniversity:BibleandAncientNearEast PamelaS.Nadell,AmericanUniversity:ContemporaryReligiousMovements JonathanD.Sarna,BrandeisUniversity:TheAmericas LawrenceH.Schiffman,YeshivaUniversity:SecondTemplePeriod JeffreyShandler,RutgersUniversity:PopularCulture AnitaShapira,TelAvivUniversity:ModernMiddleEast;Israel NormanStillman,UniversityofOklahoma:TheMuslimWorld StevenJ.Zipperstein,StanfordUniversity:Europe,1800tothePresent T H E CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY O F J U D A I S M A N D J E W I S H C U LT U R E Editedby JUDITH R. BASKIN UniversityofOregon CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESS Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,Tokyo,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress 32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,NY10013-2473,USA www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521825979 (cid:2)C JudithR.Baskin2011 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2011 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata TheCambridgedictionaryofJudaismandJewishculture/[editedby]JudithR.Baskin. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-521-82597-9(hardback) 1.Judaism–Dictionaries. I.Baskin,JudithReesa,1950– II.Title. BM50.C26 2011 909(cid:3).04924–dc22 2010047383 ISBN978-0-521-82597-9Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofURLsforexternal orthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublicationanddoesnotguaranteethatanycontent onsuchWebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. CONTENTS Plates and Maps page ix Contributors xiii Preface xxvii How to Use This Book xxix A Note on Transliteration xxxi Abbreviations xxxiii Entries 1 Index of Names 677 vii