Also by Frans de Waal Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among Apes Peacemaking Among Primates Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape Frans de Waal For Catherine: my rock Prologue: The Apes' Tea Party 1 Section 1 Cultural Glasses: The Way We See Other Animals 35 1 The Whole Animal: Childhood Talismans and Excessive Fear of Anthropomorphism 37 2 The Fate of Gurus: When Silverbacks Become Stumbling Blocks 85 3 Bonobos and Fig Leaves: Primate Hippies in a Puritan Landscape 127 4 Animal Art: Would You Hang a Congo on the Wall? 149 Section 2 What Is Culture, and Does It Exist in Nature? 177 5 Predicting Mount Fuji, and a Visit to Koshima, Where the Monkeys Salt Their Potatoes 179 6 The Last Rubicon: Can Other Animals Have Culture? 213 7 Tl'lie Nutcracker Suite: Reliance on Culture in Nature 239 8 Cultural Naturals: Tea and Tibetan Macaques 273 Section 3 Human Nature: The Way We See Ourselves 295 9 Apes with Self-Esteem: Abraham Maslow and the Taboo on Power 297 10 Survival of the Kindest: Of Selfish Genes and Unselfish Dogs 315 11 Down with Dualism! Two Millennia of Debate About Human Goodness 337 Epilogue: The Squirrel's Jump 359 Notes 365 Bibliography 389 Acknowledgments 407 Index 411 Mari is innately programmed in such a way that he needs a culture to complete him. Culture is not an alternative or replacement for instinct, but its outgrowth and supplement. Mary Midgley, 1979 o Mendi, a cigar-smoking, brandy-drinking blue-collar worker with stocky legs and long arms, was used to having his name larger on the billboards than that of comedian Bob Hope, with whom he once co-starred. In the 1930s, he dominated Detroit's entertainment industry. Every day, he would show up in overalls at the side of the zoo director, who carried a cane and kept a watchful eye on his companion, who-being many times stronger than a grown man-had been known to molest unsuspecting bystanders. Such was Jo Mendi's fame that the chimpanzee drew a crowd twice as large as the one that greeted the presidential candidate visiting the city, an issue Franklin Delano Roosevelt's opponents didn't hesitate to bring to the nation's attention.' Petermann, a performing chimpanzee at the Cologne Zoo in the 1980s, was less lucky. Like Jo Mendi, he had a huge following and was, behind the scenes, not to be trifled with. His relationship with the zoo director was less amicable, however. After attacking the director, Petermann was shot by the police. His fatal defiance of authority temporarily turned the ape into a martyr for the German anarchist movement.