The Analysis of Gothic Architecture AVISTA Studies in Medieval Technology, Science and Art Editor-in-Chief Jennifer M. Feltman (University of Alabama) Editorial Board Robert Bork (University of Iowa) George Brooks (Valencia College) Ellen Shortell (Massachusetts College of Art & Design) Sarah Thompson (Rochester Institute of Technology) volume 14 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/mtsa The Analysis of Gothic Architecture Studies in Memory of Robert Mark and Andrew Tallon Edited by Robert Bork leiden | boston Cover illustration: Bourges Cathedral; photoelastic cross-section of choir model by Robert Mark at left, laser-scanned longitudinal section of choir by Andrew Tallon at right Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Mark, Robert, honouree. | Tallon, Andrew, 1969-2018, honouree. | Bork, Robert, editor. | International Congress on Medieval Studies (56th : 2021 : Kalamazoo, Mich.) Title: The analysis of Gothic architecture : studies in memory of Robert Mark and Andrew Tallon / edited by Robert Bork. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2023] | Series: AVISTA studies in Medieval technology, science, and art, 2634-4750 ; volume 14 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2022048702 (print) | LCCN 2022048703 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004529113 (hardback) | ISBN 9789004529335 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Architecture, Gothic--Expertising. | Structural analysis (Engineering) | Imaging systems in architecture. Classification: LCC NA440 .A53 2023 (print) | LCC NA440 (ebook) | DDC 723/.5–dc23/eng/20221011 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022048702 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022048703 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 2634-4750 isbn 978-90-04-52911-3 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-52933-5 (e-book) Copyright 2023 by Robert Bork. 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Contents List of Figures vii Notes on Contributors xii 1 Introduction 1 Robert Bork 2 Robert Mark: In Memoriam 8 Ethan Mark 3 Andrew Tallon: Singing with the Cathedral 12 Stephen Murray 4 Robert Mark’s Career: Patterns of Insight 19 Robert Bork 5 From Stephen Murray to Andrew Tallon: Writing the History of Medieval Architecture between France and America 35 Arnaud Timbert 6 Remembering Robert Mark and Andrew Tallon: A Roundtable Discussion 49 Robert Bork, Sergio Sanabria, Ellen Shortell, Elizabeth Smith and Nancy Wu 7 Ad Triangulum Geometries in Parisian Early Gothic Choirs (and Their Implications for Understanding Suger’s Saint-Denis) 75 Robert Bork 8 Archaeology and Standing Structure: An Archaeological Approach to the Relative Building Chronology of Santa Maria at Alcobaça 104 Sheila Bonde and Clark Maines 9 Between Reims and Soissons: Gothic Space and Place in a Medieval Landscape 132 Kyle Killian 10 Revisiting the Reims High Vaults 152 Rebecca Smith vi Contents 11 Reims Reconsidered: New Arguments for Dating the West Façade of the Cathedral 174 Peter Kurmann 12 Drawing Flyers at the Cathedral of Clermont-Ferrand 192 Michael T. Davis and Stefaan Van Liefferinge 13 Tracing the Past: A Digital Analysis of the Choir Vaults at Wells Cathedral and Ottery Saint Mary 212 James Hillson with Alexandrina Buchanan and Nicholas Webb 14 “And They Stand...by Their Very Own Selves”: The Nave Vaults of Santa Maria Novella in Florence 238 Elizabeth B. Smith 15 Notre-Dame after Notre-Dame: The Workshop of the Cathedral in the Fourteenth Century According to the Fabric Accounts 253 Dany Sandron 16 The Image of Notre-Dame: Architectural and Artistic Responses to the Cathedral of Paris 264 Lindsay S. Cook Index 289 Figures 1.1 Andrew Tallon and Robert Mark together in June 2017 2 1.2 Bourges Cathedral; photoelastic cross-section of choir model by Robert Mark at left, laser-scanned longitudinal section of choir by Andrew Tallon at right 2 1.3 Sens Cathedral; ANSYS finite-element model by Robert Mark, 1986 3 1.4 Sens Cathedral; laser-scanned 3D model by Andrew Tallon, 2011 4 1.5 Quadripartite vaulting; finite element model mesh above, and force trajectories, below, by Robert Mark 4 1.6 Notre-Dame Cathedral, Paris; laser-scanned cross-section of choir with equilateral triangle superposed by Andrew Tallon 5 2.1 Robert Mark 8 2.2 Amiens Cathedral; photoelastic patterns in model of nave, by Robert Mark 9 3.1 Andrew Tallon 12 3.2 Beauvais Cathedral, laser scan model by Andrew Tallon, 2013 15 4.1 Robert Mark in his office, with photoelastic model of Amiens nave 20 4.2 Robert Mark’s polariscope equipment at Princeton 20 4.3 Beauvais Cathedral, photoelastic model of choir section 26 4.4 Hagia Sophia, finite-element model by Robert Mark and Ahmet Çakmak 31 4.5 Joe Alonso and Robert Mark together at Washington Cathedral 32 5.1 Stephen Murray 36 5.2 Amiens Cathedral, computer model from Stephen Murray’s Amiens Trilogy, 1996 38 5.3 Andrew Tallon, with Leica laser scanner in the nave of Notre-Dame, Paris 40 5.4 Saint-Denis Abbey, photo by Andrew Tallon as seen in Mapping Gothic France 41 5.5 Amiens Cathedral, successive phases of laser-scan model development, by Andrew Tallon 45 6.1 Robert Mark, seen with model of Chartres Cathedral nave in polariscope 51 6.2 Andrew Tallon, Princeton graduation photo, 1991 53 6.3 Bourges Cathedral, view from roof down staircase on southeast flying buttress of choir 54 6.4 Amiens Cathedral, photoelastic model being pulled laterally by fishing weights to simulate wind load 56 6.5 Noyon Cathedral, caveau phonocamptique, panoramic photo by Andrew Tallon 57 viii Figures 7.1 Comparative plans of four Parisian Early Gothic choirs: Saint-Martin-des- Champs, Saint-Denis, Saint-Germain-des-Prés, and Notre-Dame. Saint- Martin-des-Champs after Deneux 1913 Saint-Denis after Crosby 1987 Saint- Germain-des-Prés modified after Plagnieux 2000, and Notre-Dame after Andrew Tallon and Laurence Stefanon 77 7.2 Paris, Saint-Martin-des-Champs, basic steps of plan geometry 78 7.3 Paris, Saint-Martin-des-Champs, geometry of plan and section 81 7.4 Saint-Denis Abbey, geometry of crypt plan 84 7.5 Paris, Saint-Germain-des-Prés, geometry of plan and section 88 7.6 Paris, Notre-Dame, geometry of choir plan. Graphic by Robert Bork overlaid on plan by Andrew Tallon and Laurence Stefanon 94 7.7 Paris, Notre-Dame, geometry of choir section 96 7.8 Saint-Denis Abbey, geometry of choir plan and section, with hypothetical superstructure alternatives 100 8.1 Santa Maria d’Alcobaça, satellite view of the monastery 110 8.2 Santa Maria d’Alcobaça, redrawn plan of the medieval monastery 111 8.3 Santa Maria d’Alcobaça, interior view looking east 112 8.4 Santa Maria d’Alcobaça, plan of the church, showing phases and pier forms, (after Cocheril, Études, 1966, p. 247) 113 8.5 Santa Maria d’Alcobaça, reconstructed medieval plan (after Cocheril, Notes sur l’architecture, 1972, fig. 9) with arrows showing location of construction breaks identified by interruptions in the integrity of masonry courses 122 8.6. a) Santa Maria d’Alcobaça, construction break in the 5th bay of the south nave side-aisle. b) Santa Maria d’Alcobaça, construction break at the twelfth bay of the north nave side-aisle. c) Santa Maria d’Alcobaça, construction break above the portal of the west façade 123 8.7 a) Santa Maria d’Alcobaça, water reservoir in seventh bay of the south side- aisle of the church b) Santa Maria d’Alcobaça, redrawn plan of the medieval monastery showing hydraulics 124 8.8 Santa Maria d’Alcobaça, axonometric projection of the church, construction phase 1 126 8.9 a) Santa Maria d’Alcobaça, axonometric projection of the church, construction phase 2. b) Santa Maria d’Alcobaça, axonometric projection of the church, construction phase 3 130 9.1 Medieval parishes between the cities of Reims and Soissons 136 9.2 Medieval parishes showing medieval architectural survival 138 9.3 Parish church of Notre-Dame in Rosnay 139 9.4 Parish church Notre-Dame in Saponay. Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Estampes et photographie, 4-VE-374 (14). Étienne Moreau- Nélaton, Recueil. Monuments du département de l’Aisne détruits ou endommagés pendant la guerre de 1914–1918 Roucy à Sermoise 140 Figures ix 9.5 Parish church of Saint-Laurent in Chavonne before World War One. Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Estampes et photographie, 4-VE-378 (4). Étienne Moreau-Nélaton, Recueil. Patrimoine architectural du département de l’Aisne: Arrondissement de Soissons. Bucy-le-Long à Chavonne 141 9.6 Parish church of Saint-Laurent in Chavonne after World War One. Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Estampes et photographie, 4-VE-374 (4). Étienne Moreau-Nélaton Recueil, Monuments du département de l’Aisne détruits ou endommagés pendant la guerre de 1914–1918: Charèves à Chéry-Chartreuve 142 9.7 Pages from Robert Rouet’s 4th album of photographs and ephemera showing among other things the destroyed Cluniac priory of Binson 143 9.8 Nave, parish church of Saint-Pierre in Crugny. Estève, Georges (1890–1975)  144 9.9 Choir, parish church of Saint-Pierre in Crugny. Estève, Georges (1890–1975)  145 9.10 Crossing, parish church of Saint-Martin in Lagery. Estève, Georges (1890–1975)  146 9.11 Tessellation showing the stylistic characteristics of medieval parish churches 147 9.12 Monastic church of Saint-Yved in Braine 148 9.13 Parish church of Notre-Dame in Vailly-sur-Aisne. Apse and Transept. Estève, Georges (1890–1975)  148 10.1 LiDAR Model of Reims Cathedral 153 10.2 Geometric analysis of vault deformation and change in angles 154 10.3 Geometric analysis of Reims’s elevation 158 10.4 Reims Cathedral, chevet flying buttresses & pinnacles 160 10.5 Diagram of Reims’s choir cross-section with flyers and tas-de-charge 161 10.6 Villard de Honnecourt, Folio 32v, Drawing of choir buttresses at Reims 165 10.7 Villard de Honnecourt, Folio 31v, Drawing of nave elevation at Reims 168 10.8 South Transept, Reims Cathedral 172 11.1 West façade, Reims Cathedral 175 11.2 View from southwest, Reims Cathedral 176 11.3 West façade, north portal, local saints on the right jamb, Reims Cathedral 176 11.4 Saint John the Apostle from the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris (c.1248), Paris, Musée de Cluny, Musée national du Moyen Âge 178 11.5 West façade, north portal, unknown saint, right jamb (1250–1260), Reims Cathedral 179 11.6 Reverse of the west façade, saint John the Baptist accompanied by two prophets, Reims Cathedral 183