ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: POLITICAL PROTEST Volume 1 THE AGE OF PROTEST THE AGE OF PROTEST Dissent and Rebellion in the Twentieth Century NORMAN F. CANTOR FirstpublishedinGreatBritainin1970byGeorgeAllen&UnwinLtd Thiseditionfirstpublishedin2022 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN andbyRoutledge 605ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10158 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©1969HawthornBooksInc. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilised inanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownor hereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformation storageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregistered trademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanationwithoutintentto infringe. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-1-03-203038-8(Set) ISBN:978-1-00-319086-8(Set)(ebk) ISBN:978-1-03-203796-7(Volume1)(hbk) ISBN:978-1-03-203797-4(Volume1)(pbk) ISBN:978-1-00-318906-0(Volume1)(ebk) DOI:10.4324/9781003189060 Publisher’sNote Thepublisherhasgonetogreatlengthstoensurethequalityofthisreprintbut pointsoutthatsomeimperfectionsintheoriginalcopiesmaybeapparent. Disclaimer Thepublisherhasmadeeveryefforttotracecopyrightholdersandwouldwelcome correspondencefromthosetheyhavebeenunabletotrace. THE AGE OF PROTEST DISSENT AND REBELLION IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY BY NORMAN F. CANTOR LONDON GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN LTD RUSKIN HOUSE MUSEUM STREET FIRST PUBLISHED IN GREAT BRITAIN IN 1970 This book is copyright under the Berne Convention. All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, 1956, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Enquiries should be addressed to the Publishers. © Hawthorn Books Inc., 1969 ISBN 0 04 301038 8 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY COMPTON PRINTING LTD LONDON AND AYLESBURY The author wishes to express appreciation to the following for permission to reprint copyrighted material: Lines from "L'Homme Moyen Sensuel" by Ezra Pound, from 'Personae. Copyright © 1926 by Ezra Pound. Reprinted by permission of New Directions Publishing Corporation. Lines from "I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die-Rag" by Country Joe and the Fish. Reprinted by permission of Tradition Music Company. Lines from "September 1913" by William Butler Yeats, from Collected Poems, reprinted with permis- sion of Mr. M. B. Yeats; The Macmillan Company, New York, N. Y.; and The Macmillan Company of Canada. Copyright © 1916 by The Macmillan Com- pany, renewed 1944 by Bertha Georgie Yeats. Lines from "Inishfallen Fare Thee Well" by Sean O'Casey, reprinted with permission of The Macmil- lan Company, New York, N. Y., and Macmillan & Co. Ltd., London. Copyright © 1949 by Sean O'Casey. Lines from "Kill, Kill, Kill for Peace" by The Fugs. Reprinted courtesy of United International Copyright Representatives Ltd., New York, N. Y. Excerpt from Waiting for Lefty by Clifford Odets, reprinted by permission of the Estate of Clifford Odets. TO HOWARD AND JUDY, YOUNG REBELS PREFACE P ROTEST movements have become central concerns in our society, along with industrialization, urban problems, television, professional football, the pill, and pollution. The aim of this book is to provide the educated public with an historical perspective on this efflorescence of protest. The book shows that the techniques of protest and the style of life that protest movements both engender and depend upon have been ever-recurring aspects of the twentieth century. These techniques and this style have been used by both the Left and the Right, by suffra- gettes, Nazis, Communists, and students. The book reminds the reader that often the very group condemned in one generation for employing protest methods has in the next generation been part of the respectable establishment that is angered when the same methods are used by new dissident groups. This book neither praises nor condemns protest but examines it as a social phenomenon and thus seeks to add to the reader's experience and sophistication when he encounters protest in his own life. The book should be particularly useful to bleeding-heart liberals, stony- hearted conservatives, the young and the old, the great middle class, and the literate poor. University presidents, chiefs of police, and politi- cians will find it immediately practical, and from reading it parents may come to understand their children better, though they will not necessarily be happier about the behavior and attitudes of the young. This book draws upon historical and sociological scholarship, but it