The African Diaspora Columbia Studies in International and Global History CC55003333..iinnddbb ii 33//1188//0099 1100::2244::4488 AAMM J’aime la couleur, by Cheri Samba, 2003 CC55003333..iinnddbb iiii 33//1188//0099 1100::2244::4499 AAMM Patrick Manning The African Diaspora (cid:2) a history through culture (cid:3) Columbia University Press / New York CC55003333..iinnddbb iiiiii 33//1188//0099 1100::2244::5511 AAMM Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York Chichester, West Sussex Copyright © 2009 Patrick Manning Paperback edition, 2010 All rights reserved A Caravan book. For more information, visit www.caravanbooks.org. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Manning, Patrick, 1941– The African diaspora : a history through culture / Patrick Manning. p. cm. — (Columbia studies in international and global history) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-231-14470-4 (cloth : alk. paper) — isbn 978-0-231-14471-1 (pbk. : alk. paper)—isbn 978-0-231-51355-5 (e-book) 1. African diaspora—History. 2. Africa—Civilization. 3. Blacks— History. I. Title. dt16.5.m35 2009 909′.0496—dc22 2008026555 Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper. This book is printed on paper with recycled content. Printed in the United States of America c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 p 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Designed by Lisa Hamm R eferences to Internet Web sites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor Columbia University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared. Job Name: 565039 PDF Page: txt_565039.p 2 . p d f tinan 0000--CC55003333--FFMM--RRVV11..iinndddd iivv 44//33//0099 1111::2299::4433 AAMM For Robin Kilson brilliant historian of the black experience ardent bibliophile fearless critic dear friend CC55003333..iinnddbb vv 33//1188//0099 1100::2244::5522 AAMM CC55003333..iinnddbb vvii 33//1188//0099 1100::2244::5522 AAMM Contents List of Maps ix List of Graphs and Tables xi List of Illustrations xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xxi 1 Diaspora: Struggles and Connections 1 2 Connections to 1600 35 3 Survival, 1600–1800 92 4 Emancipation, 1800–1900 156 5 Citizenship, 1900–1960 209 6 Equality, 1960–2000 283 Epilogue: The Future of the African Diaspora 335 Notes 355 Index 375 CC55003333..iinnddbb vviiii 33//1188//0099 1100::2244::5522 AAMM CC55003333..iinnddbb vviiiiii 33//1188//0099 1100::2244::5522 AAMM Maps 1.1 Regions of the African Diaspora 4 2.1 Africa, Showing Regions, Rivers, and Ecology 44 2.2 African Language Groups and Major Subgroups 46 2.3 The Old World Diaspora to 1600 62 2.4 The Eastern Atlantic, 1400–1550 74 2.5 The Americas, 1492–1600 77 3.1 Africa, 1600–1800 108 3.2 The Americas, 1600–1800 120 4.1 Slave Populations of Africa and the Diaspora, c. 1850 175 4.2 Slave Populations of Africa and the Diaspora, c. 1900 183 5.1 Religion in Africa and the Diaspora, 1960 273 6.1 Language of Government in Africa and the Diaspora 311 6.2 Major Cities of the Black World, 2000 319 CC55003333..iinnddbb iixx 33//1188//0099 1100::2244::5522 AAMM