2 March 2001 FM 3-09.22 (FM 6-20-2) Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Corps Artillery, Division Artillery, and Field Artillery Brigade Operations DISTRAIRBUMTYION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY * FM 3-09.22 (FM 6-20-2) Field Manual Headquarters No. 3-09.22 Department of the Army Washington, DC, 2 March 2001 Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Corps Artillery, Division Artillery, and Field Artillery Brigade Operations Contents Page PREFACE...................................................................................................................viii Chapter 1 FIELD ARTILLERY MISSION, ROLES, CAPABILITIES, AND TASKS....................1-1 Section I - Mission, Roles, and Capabilities..........................................................1-1 Field Artillery Mission.................................................................................................1-1 Field Artillery Roles....................................................................................................1-2 Capabilities................................................................................................................1-4 Section II - Field Artillery Organization for Combat.............................................1-6 General......................................................................................................................1-6 Command Relationships............................................................................................1-7 Fundamentals............................................................................................................1-7 Section III - Tasks and Responsibilities................................................................1-8 Corps Artillery.............................................................................................................1-8 Division Artillery.......................................................................................................1-11 Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. *This publication supersedes FM 6-20-2, 7 January 1993. i FM 3-09.22 (6-20-2) ________________________________________________________________________ Field Artillery Brigades............................................................................................1-12 US Marine Corps Artillery Regiment.......................................................................1-13 Chapter 2 ORGANIZATIONS AND SYSTEMS CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS..............2-1 Section I - Field Artillery Organizations................................................................2-1 Corps Artillery............................................................................................................2-1 Division Artillery.........................................................................................................2-2 Field Artillery Brigade................................................................................................2-4 US Marine Corps Artillery Regiment.........................................................................2-5 Section II - Intelligence and Target Acquisition Systems.................................. 2-6 General......................................................................................................................2-6 Intelligence Force Structure......................................................................................2-7 Corps Arty and Div Arty Target Acquisition Assets...................................................2-7 Chapter 3 FIELD ARTILLERY TACTICS AND TECHNIQUES.................................................3-1 Section I - FA Fires in Support of Offensive Combat Operations......................3-1 General......................................................................................................................3-1 Employment of Offensive FA Fires............................................................................3-1 FA Organization for Combat......................................................................................3-4 FA Positioning in the Offense....................................................................................3-5 Displacements in the Offense...................................................................................3-6 Communications........................................................................................................3-6 Target Acquisition......................................................................................................3-7 Survey........................................................................................................................3-7 Section II - FA Fires in Support of Defensive Combat Operations.....................3-8 General......................................................................................................................3-8 Employment of Defensive FA Fires...........................................................................3-9 FA Organization for Combat....................................................................................3-10 Positioning and Displacements in the Defense.......................................................3-12 Target Acquisition.............................................................................................................3-12 Meteorology.............................................................................................................3-13 Survey......................................................................................................................3-13 Section III - FA Fires in Support of Other Operations........................................3-13 General....................................................................................................................3-13 Counterfire Operations............................................................................................3-13 Deep Operations.....................................................................................................3-15 Rear Security Operations........................................................................................3-16 Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses.......................................................................3-17 Section IV - Other Operations..............................................................................3-18 ii ________________________________________________________________________ FM 3-09.22 (6-20-2) General....................................................................................................................3-18 Infiltrations................................................................................................................3-19 Retrograde Operations............................................................................................3-19 River Crossings........................................................................................................3-20 Encirclements..........................................................................................................3-20 Passage of Lines and Relief in Place......................................................................3-21 Section V - Stability Operations and Support Operations.................................3-23 General....................................................................................................................3-23 FA Tactics and Techniques in Support of Stability Operations and Support Operations...............................................................................................................3-24 Chapter 4 FIELD ARTILLERY COMMAND POST OPERATIONS...........................................4-1 Section I - FA CP Responsibilities, Organizations, and Functions....................4-1 Role of Effective Information Management................................................................4-1 FA Command Posts...................................................................................................4-2 Role of FA Commanders and Staff............................................................................4-2 CP Organizations.......................................................................................................4-4 Functions and Responsibilities of Key Personnel......................................................4-5 Tactical Operations Center Functions and Responsibilities......................................4-9 Administration and Logistic Operations Center Functions and Responsibilities.....4-11 Section II - Corps Arty CP Operations.................................................................4-12 General....................................................................................................................4-12 Tactical Operations Centers....................................................................................4-12 Survey Planning and Coordination Element............................................................4-14 Liaison Sections.......................................................................................................4-15 Corps Arty Administration and Logistic Center........................................................4-15 Section III - Div Arty CP Operations.....................................................................4-16 Tactical Operations Center......................................................................................4-16 Target Acquisition Battery........................................................................................4-19 Section IV – FA Brigade CP Operations..............................................................4-19 Tactical Operations Centers....................................................................................4-19 Headquarters Support Section................................................................................4-21 Section V – FA Relationship and Interfaces with External FS Agencies.........4-21 General....................................................................................................................4-21 Force Fire Support Cells/Elements..........................................................................4-21 Deep Operations Coordination Cells.......................................................................4-22 Chapter 5 FIELD ARTILLERY COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT...............................................5-1 Combat Service Support Characteristics...................................................................5-1 iii FM 3-09.22 (6-20-2) ________________________________________________________________________ Combat Service Support Functions...........................................................................5-2 Combat Service Support Infrastructure...................................................................5-18 Combat Service Support of Offensive Operations..................................................5-20 Combat Service Support of Defensive Operations.................................................5-20 Combat Service Support of Stability Operations.....................................................5-20 Combat Service Support of Support Operations.....................................................5-21 Chapter 6 FIELD ARTILLERY MISSION PLANNING, PREPARATION, AND EXECUTION..6-1 Section I – Force Headquarters-Force Artillery Planning Interfaces.................6-1 General......................................................................................................................6-1 Force Main CP Planning Steps and Outputs............................................................6-2 Section II – The Field Artillery Mission Planning Process..................................6-6 General......................................................................................................................6-6 Force Artillery Planning Steps and Outputs..............................................................6-7 Section III – Field Artillery Planning Considerations.........................................6-22 Field Artillery-Focused Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield...........................6-22 The FA Commander’s and Staff Estimates.............................................................6-24 FA Force Projection Operations..............................................................................6-29 Field Artillery Organization for Combat...................................................................6-30 Command Post and Unit Positioning and Displacements.......................................6-31 Targeting.................................................................................................................6-33 Counterfire Operations............................................................................................6-34 FA Communications................................................................................................6-36 Fire Support Coordinating Measures......................................................................6-37 Fratricide Prevention and Clearance of Fires..........................................................6-39 Combat Service Support Planning Procedures.......................................................6-42 Survey Operations...................................................................................................6-48 Meteorological Operations......................................................................................6-48 Target Acquisition Radar Operations......................................................................6-49 Alternate Command Post Capabilities.....................................................................6-49 Section IV – Mission Preparation Phase.............................................................6-50 General....................................................................................................................6-50 Validity Checks........................................................................................................6-50 Force Protection......................................................................................................6-51 Target Tracking.......................................................................................................6-52 Logistic Preparations...............................................................................................6-52 Rehearsals and Back Briefs....................................................................................6-53 Section V – Mission Execution Phase.................................................................6-54 iv ________________________________________________________________________ FM 3-09.22 (6-20-2) General....................................................................................................................6-54 Information Exchange..............................................................................................6-54 Clearance of Fires....................................................................................................6-55 Target Attack............................................................................................................6-55 Counterfire Operations.............................................................................................6-55 Logistics Operations................................................................................................6-55 CP Displacements...................................................................................................6-56 Alternate Command Post Operations......................................................................6-56 Battle Damage Assessment....................................................................................6-56 Reorganization and Reconstitution..........................................................................6-56 Appendix A FIELD ARTILLERY IN COMBINED OPERATIONS................................................A-1 Interoperability Considerations.................................................................................A-1 Appendix B FIELD ARTILLERY COMMAND RELATIONSHIPS................................................B-1 Appendix C FIELD ARTILLERY ORGANIZATION FOR COMBAT............................................C-1 Five Fundamentals...................................................................................................C-1 Example....................................................................................................................C-1 Appendix D FIELD ARTILLERY TACTICAL MISSIONS.............................................................D-1 Standard Tactical Missions.......................................................................................D-1 Nonstandard Tactical Missions.................................................................................D-2 Appendix E ARTILLERY HEADQUARTERS AND HEADQUARTERS BATTERIES................E-1 Section I - Corps Arty Headquarters and Headquarters Battery........................E-1 Mission .....................................................................................................................E-1 Corps Arty Headquarters..........................................................................................E-1 Headquarters Battery................................................................................................E-3 Section II - Div Arty Headquarters and Headquarters Battery...........................E-3 Mission......................................................................................................................E-3 Div Arty Headquarters...............................................................................................E-3 Headquarters Battery................................................................................................E-6 Section III - FA Brigade Headquarters and Headquarters Battery.....................E-6 Mission......................................................................................................................E-6 Brigade Headquarters...............................................................................................E-6 Headquarters Battery................................................................................................E-8 Section IV - USMC Artillery Regiment Headquarters Battery.............................E-8 Mission......................................................................................................................E-8 Regimental Headquarters.........................................................................................E-8 v FM 3-09.22 (6-20-2) ________________________________________________________________________ Appendix F LIAISON FUNCTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES..................................................F-1 Definition....................................................................................................................F-1 Doctrinal Requirements.............................................................................................F-1 Field Artillery Liaison Team Organization..................................................................F-1 Fire Support Liaison..................................................................................................F-1 On-Order Missions....................................................................................................F-2 Methods for Establishing Liaison...............................................................................F-2 Liaison Responsibilities.............................................................................................F-3 Appendix G FIELD ARTILLERY SUPPORT PLAN.....................................................................G-1 Field Artillery Support Plan Format..........................................................................G-1 Standards in FA Support Plan Development...........................................................G-1 Field Artillery Support Plan Outline..........................................................................G-2 Survey Tab to the Field Artillery Support Plan.........................................................G-9 AFATDS (or IFSAS) Tab to the Field Artillery Support Plan..................................G-12 Target Acquisition Tab to the Field Artillery Support Plan......................................G-17 Meteorology Tab to the Field Artillery Support Plan...............................................G-22 Artillery Intelligence Tab to the Field Artillery Support Plan...................................G-25 Administrative-Logistics Tab to the Field Artillery Support Plan............................G-28 Field Artillery Synchronization Matrix Tab to the Field Artillery Support Plan........G-38 Appendix H FIELD ARTILLERY FORCE PROJECTION OPERATIONS...................................H-1 Mobilization and Force Projection............................................................................H-1 Predeployment/Mobilization Activities and Movement to Port of Embarkation........H-1 Intertheater Force Deployments...............................................................................H-3 Deliberate/Benign Entry Operations.........................................................................H-3 Forced Entry Operations..........................................................................................H-4 Reception, Staging, Onward Movement, and Integration........................................H-4 Postconflict Activities................................................................................................H-5 Appendix I FIELD ARTILLERY COMMAND, CONTROL, AND COMMUNICATIONS STRUCTURE.............................................................................................................I-1 Section I - System Descriptions..............................................................................I-1 Army Battle Command System..................................................................................I-1 Combat Net Radio System.........................................................................................I-2 Area Common User System.......................................................................................I-3 Army Data Distribution System..................................................................................I-4 Broadcast Systems....................................................................................................I-4 Global Positioning System.........................................................................................I-5 vi ________________________________________________________________________ FM 3-09.22 (6-20-2) Fire Planning and Direction Systems..........................................................................I-5 Section II - Corps Arty Communications Structure...............................................I-7 Corps Arty Internal Networks......................................................................................I-7 Corps Arty External Networks.....................................................................................I-8 Tactical Satellite..........................................................................................................I-9 Wire Communications.................................................................................................I-9 Section III - Div Arty Communications Structure..................................................I-9 Div Arty Communications Net Structure...................................................................I-10 Div Arty Internal Nets................................................................................................I-10 Div Arty External Nets...............................................................................................I-12 TACSAT....................................................................................................................I-12 Wire Communications...............................................................................................I-12 Div Arty Area Common User System.......................................................................I-12 Section IV - FA Brigade Communications Structure...........................................I-13 FA Brigade Internal Nets...........................................................................................I-13 FA Brigade External Nets.........................................................................................I-14 Wire Communications...............................................................................................I-14 FA Brigade Area Common User System..................................................................I-14 Appendix J FIELD ARTILLERY TACTICAL AND DIGITAL REHEARSALS..............................J-1 Field Artillery Tactical Rehearsals.............................................................................J-1 Field Artillery Digital Rehearsals................................................................................J-3 Glossary GLOSSARY..................................................................................................Glossary-1 Bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY.....................................................................................Bibliography-1 Index INDEX.................................................................................................................Index-1 vii Preface The purpose of this manual is to provide tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) for corps artilleries (corps artys), division artilleries (div artys), and field artillery (FA) brigades. It is intended as a general “how to” guide to assist in force standardization with sufficient flexibility to adapt to local conditions as reflected in unit tactical standing operating procedures (TSOP). A firm grasp of FA and fire support (FS) doctrine and TTP, tempered by experience and military skills, should be the basis for decisive and effective action. This manual addresses TTP and the supporting infrastructure relevant to corps arty, div arty, and FA brigade operations in support of deep, close, and rear combat across the spectrum of full-dimensional operations. Included are: • The integration, synchronization, and execution of FA missions in consonance with the force commander’s concept of operations and scheme of FS. The manual also provides an overview of linkages to fire support elements (FSEs) and deep operations coordination cells (DOCCs). • Internal FA command and control (C2) and sustainment operations. • Support of joint/allied/multinational FS efforts and connectivity to higher- level sensors, intelligence sources, etc. Field Manual (FM) 3-09.22 (6-20-2) provides TTP applicable to Army corps artys, div artys, and FA brigades equipped under the L-series tables of organization and equipment (TOEs) in 2000 and assigned to armored, mechanized, light infantry, airborne, and air assault divisions in active or reserve component formations. It also serves as an interface document for supporting or supported United States Marine Corps (USMC) artillery formations. The proponent for this manual is the Commandant, United States Army Field Artillery School (USAFAS), ATTN: Director of Warfighting Integration and Development (ATSF-D), Fort Sill, OK 73503-5600. Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not exclusively pertain to men. viii Chapter 1 Field Artillery Mission, Roles, Capabilities, and Tasks This chapter provides an overview of the FA as a principal contributing member of the combined arms and joint FS teams. With FM 6-20, Doctrine for Fire Support, FM 6-20-60, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Fire Support for Corps Operations and 6-20-30, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Fire Support for Division Operations addressing FS in detail (to be published), the FA commander’s additional role as the force commander’s fire support coordinator (FSCOORD) on corps, division, and maneuver brigade staffs is only briefly addressed in this and subsequent chapters. The same applies to differences in functions and responsibilities between force and field artillery command posts. SECTION I - MISSION, ROLES, AND CAPABILITIES FIELD ARTILLERY MISSION 1-1. The mission of the FA is to provide responsive lethal and nonlethal fires and to integrate and synchronize the effects of fires to achieve the supported commander's intent. FIRE SUPPORT 1-2. FS is the collective and coordinated use of land- and sea-based indirect fires, target acquisition (TA), armed aircraft, and other lethal and nonlethal systems against ground targets in support of the force commander’s concept of operations. Lethal FS consists of indirect fire weapons and armed aircraft to include FA, mortars, naval surface fires, and air-delivered munitions from fixed- wing and rotary-wing aircraft. Nonlethal means include electronic warfare (EW), psychological operations (PSYOP), offensive information operations (IO), and munitions such as illumination, smoke, and riot control agents. FS is most effective when its effects are massed. The four basic FS tasks, equally applicable to the FA, are: Support Forces In Contact 1-3. Commanders must provide responsive indirect fires to protect and ensure freedom of maneuver for forces involved in decisive, shaping, and sustaining operations. The process by which this support is provided in all phases of war is discussed in FM 6-20, FM 6-20-60, and FM 6-20-30. Support the Concept of Operations 1-4. Force commanders must retain direct control over sufficient firepower to influence the battle by attacking high-payoff targets (HPTs). The successful 1-1