P 2 X Table of Contents VIEW PER PAGE:102050ALL12 SHOWING 1-50 of 84 PADERY, ETIENNE ANNE-MARIE TOUZARD (b. 1674; fl 1714-1725), Ottoman Greek who served as a translator to the French embassy at Istanbul, and as a French consul at Shiraz. PĀDYĀB RAMIYAR P. KARANJIA a Pahlavi word meaning “ritually clean,”. PAHLAVI PAPYRI DIETER WEBER documents written exclusively in Egypt during the Persian (Sasanian) occupation under Ḵosrow II between 619 and 629 CE. PAHLAVI PSALTER PHILIPPE GIGNOUX name given to a fragment, consisting of twelve pages written on both sides, of a Middle Persian translation of the Syriac Psalter. It was discovered, with a mass of other documents, at Bulayiq, near Turfan, in eastern Turkistan (present-day Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region of the People’s Republic of China) by one of the four German expeditions to Central Asia. This Article Has Images/Tables. PAIRIKĀ SIAMAK ADHAMI a class of female demonic beings in the Avesta, often translated “sorceress, witch, or enchantress.” PALACE ARCHITECTURE DIETRICH HUFF The abundant variety of styles in Iranian domestic architecture conceals a basic functional system that has remained unchanged since the Achaemenid period. This Article Has Images/Tables. PALEOLITHIC AGE IN IRAN FRANK HOLE The Paleolithic or ‘Old Stone Age’ begins with the first stone tools some 2.5million years ago in Africa, and it ends with the Neolithic or ‘New Stone Age,’ essentially at the beginnings of agriculture. PALM READING MAHMOUD OMIDSALAR (chiromancy or palmistry; Pers. Kaf-bini), a form of physiognomy that deduces personal characteristics from the form of the lines on the subject’s palm. PANDIYĀT-E JAVĀNMARDI FARHAD DAFTARY a Nezāri Ismaʿili book originally written in Persian and containing the sermons or religious admonitions to the true believers, seeking exemplary standards of ethical behavior and spiritual chivalry. PANJIKANT BORIS I. MARSHAK (Sogd. Pancyknδ), a Sogdian city, the ruins of which are located in the southern periphery of the present-day city of Panjakent in western Tajikistan. The systematic archeological excavations show that this city, situated on the rim of a high terrace overlooking a fertile, well-irrigated valley, was founded in the 5th century C.E. and was inhabited until the 770s. This Article Has Images/Tables. PAPER AND PAPERMAKING WILLEM FLOOR Such was the fame of Samarqand paper that the 10th-century text Ḥodud al- ʿālam records rather matter-of-factly that “Samarqand produces paper which is exported all over the world.” This fame lasted throughout the centuries. Samarqand was not the only town in the eastern Iranian lands to become a center of paper production. This Article Has Images/Tables. PARIḴĀN ḴĀNOM MANUČEHR PĀRSĀDUST (1548-1578), the second daughter of Shah Ṭahmāsp I, a politically influential and colorful figure at the Safavid court. PARMENIO ERNST BADIAN (b. ca. 400 BCE, d. 330 BCE); probably from mountainous Upper Macedonia, he became Philip II’s most successful general. PARSI COMMUNITIES I. EARLY HISTORY JOHN R. HINNELLS The creation of a Parsi settlement in India was the outcome of the migration of Zoroastrian refugees from their original homeland in medieval Islamic Persia. PARSI COMMUNITIES II. IN CALCUTTA JESSE S. PALSETIA Calcutta became a center of Parsi settlement from the 18th century. Dadabhoy Behramji Banaji is recorded as the first Parsi to have come to Calcutta from Surat in western India in 1767. PARTHIAN(S) CROSS-REFERENCE See ARSACID DYNASTY. PASARGADAE DAVID STRONACH AND HILARY GOPNIK capital city and last resting place of Cyrus the Great (r. 559-530 BCE), located in northern Fārs in the fertile and well-watered Dasht-i Murghab (Dašt-e morḡāb), the site stands 1,900 m above sea level at 30°15’ N and 53°14’ E. This Article Has Images/Tables. PAUL THE PERSIAN BYARD BENNETT writer at the time of the Nestorian Patriarch Ezekiel (567-580 C.E.). Bar Hebraeus attributes to Paul “an admirable introduction to the dialectics (of Aristotle).” He also appears as a literary figure in an early Byzantine Greek anti- Manichean work, the Debate of Photinus the Manichean and Paul the Persian— three disputations, on the origin of human souls, the Manichean doctrine of the two principles, and the nature of the Law and validity of the Old Testament. This Article Has Images/Tables. PAYĀM-E MAŠREQ DAVID MATTHEWS Title of a collection of Persian verse by Muhammad Iqbal. PAYANDEH, ABU’L-QASEM ṢAFDAR TAQIZĀDA (1908/1911-1984), journalist, translator, and fiction writer. PEARL I. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD BRIGITTE MUSCHE i. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD The oldest find of pearls in Persia comes from Tepe Giyan in Luristan, from levels dated to the mid-second millennium BCE. PEARL II. ISLAMIC PERIOD DANIEL T. POTTS ii. ISLAMIC PERIOD In the Islamic era pearls have been widely used—strung to make necklaces or sewn onto textiles, used to decorate hats, crowns, daggers, and scabbards. PEJMAN-E BAKHTIARI, HOSAYN SOHEILA SAREMI (1900-1974) poet, lyricist, writer and translator, who composed highly acclaimed ḡazals, and also played an instrumental role in editing and annotating Neẓāmi Ganjavi’s Panj Ganj or Ḵamseh. This Article Has Images/Tables. PELLIOT, PAUL SAMUEL LIEU (1878-1945), French orientalist who particularly contributed to the study of the languages and history of the diverse religions and cultures of Central Asia. PEPPER CROSS-REFERENCE See FELFEL. PERICLES ERNST BADIAN (ca. 495-429 BCE), Athenian politician and commander in the period after the major victories over the forces of Xerxes I. PERIKHANIAN, ANAHIT ARTHUR AMBARTSUMIAN (1928-2012), scholar of Iranian studies, specializing in Sasanian jurisprudence, history, and society. This Article Has Images/Tables. PERSEPOLIS A. SHAPUR SHAHBAZI ruined monuments of the acropolis of the city of Pārsa, the dynastic center of the Achaemenid Persian kings, located in the plain of Marvdašt, some 57 km northwest of Shiraz. This Article Has Images/Tables. PERSEPOLIS ELAMITE TABLETS MUHAMMAD DANDAMAYEV administrative records in Elamite inscribed on clay tablets. Parts of two archives of such tablets were discovered in Persepolis in 1933-34 and 1936-38. PERSIAN AUTHORS OF ASIA MINOR PART 1 TAHSIN YAZICI (PREP. OSMAN G. ÖZGÜDENLI) Several Saljuqs of Rum (Anatolia) chose Iranian names such as Kaykāvus and Kayḵosrov and even made Persian the official language of state and court. PERSIAN AUTHORS OF ASIA MINOR PART 2 TAHSIN YAZICI (PREP. OSMAN G. ÖZGÜDENLI) bibliography of major Persian authors of Asia Minor. PERSIAN GULF I. IN ANTIQUITY DANIEL T. POTTS a shallow, epi-continental sea approximately 1,000 km long and 200-350 km wide, narrowing to about 60 km across at the Straits of Hormuz. PERSIAN LANGUAGE I. EARLY NEW PERSIAN LUDWIG PAUL Early New Persian is the first phase (8th-12th centuries CE) of the Persian language after the Islamic conquest of Iran. This Article Has Images/Tables. PERSIAN MANUSCRIPTS I. IN OTTOMAN AND MODERN TURKISH LIBRARIES OSMAN G. ÖZGÜDENLI Persian manuscripts in the libraries of Istanbul and Anatolia today are from four sources: (1) those written, translated, and copied in Anatolia; (2) those brought into Anatolia by immigrant scholars; (3) those brought by traders; 4) those brought as war booty. This Article Has Images/Tables. PERSIS, KINGS OF JOSEPH WIESEHÖFER the Persian dynasts who between the 2nd century BCE and 3rd century CE ruled as Parthian representatives in Persis, southwestern Iran. PERSONAL NAMES, IRANIAN I. PRE-ISLAMIC NAMES: GENERAL RÜDIGER SCHMITT The system of formation of personal names attested in the Iranian languages to a great extent agrees with that known from most of the other Indo-European languages. PERSONAL NAMES, IRANIAN II. AVESTAN NAMES RÜDIGER SCHMITT In the Avesta at least 400 personal names are attested. The bulk of these names is found in the second part of the Fravardīn Yašt in a litany-like enumeration. PERSONAL NAMES, IRANIAN III. ACHAEMENID PERIOD RÜDIGER SCHMITT Evidence from the Achaemenid period is considerable, but in authentic sources, the inscriptions of the kings themselves, fewer than fifty names are documented in their Old Persian form. PERSONAL NAMES, IRANIAN IV. PARTHIAN PERIOD RÜDIGER SCHMITT For the Parthian period there is no super-abundance of primary sources written in the official (Middle) Parthian administrative language. PERSONAL NAMES, IRANIAN V. SASANIAN PERIOD RÜDIGER SCHMITT For Sasanian times, priority treatment must be given to the names attested in non-literary, that is, epigraphic sources (in the broadest sense of the word). PERSONAL NAMES, IRANIAN VI. ARMENIAN NAMES OF IRANIAN ORIGIN RÜDIGER SCHMITT Linguistic research has documented that the majority of Iranian lexical and other borrowings in Armenian originated in the Parthian language. PERSONAL NAMES, SOGDIAN I. IN CHINESE SOURCES Y. YOSHIDA Especially during some hundred years before the An Lushan’s rebellion (755-63 C.E.), when Tang controlled Central Asia, a great many Sogdians were encountered in northern China. PESTS, AGRICULTURAL CYRUS ABIVARDI “Pest” refers to any animal or plant causing harm or damage to people or their animals, crops, or possessions, even if it only causes annoyance. This Article Has Images/Tables. PEUCESTAS ERNST BADIAN officer under Alexander the Great on his campaign in Asia. PEYK-E SAʿĀDAT-E NESWĀN NASSEREDDIN PARVIN women's magazine published in Rašt , 1927-30. PEYMĀN NASSEREDDIN PARVIN periodical published (1933-42) in Tehran by Aḥmad Kasravi, historian of the Constitutional Revolution. PHILATELY I. THE POSTAGE STAMPS OF IRAN ROMAN SIEBERTZ Postage stamps, which were introduced to Iran in 1868, have from the outset served as an object of utility as well as an instrument of official self- representation. This Article Has Images/Tables. PHILATELY VI. POSTAL HISTORY MANO AMARLOUI