145 Topics in Current Chemistry Synchrotron Radiation in Chemistry and Biology I Editor" E. Mandelkow With Contributions by D. Bazin, M. Benfatto, A. Bianconi, R. Clement, H. Dexpert, J. Galy, J. Garcia, P Lagarde, P Laggner, Y Mathey, A. Michalowicz, A. Mosset, Z. Sayers, T-K. Sham, H. B. Stuhrmann, M.Verdaguer With 128 Figures and 23 Tables Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg NewYork London Paris Tokyo This series presents critical reviews of the present position and future trends in m o d e m chemical research. It is addressed to all research and industrial chemists who wish to keep abreast of advances in their subject. As a rule, contributions are specially commissioned. The editors and publishers will, however, always be pleased to receive suggestions and supplementary information. Papers are accepted for "Topics in Current Chemistry" in English. ISBN 3-540-18385-X Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN 0-387-18385-X Springer-Verlag NewYork Heidelberg Berlin Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Synchrotron radiation in chemistry and biology I / editor, E. Mandelkow: with contributions by D. Bazi . . . et al.. p. cm. -- (Topics in current chemistry; 145) ISBN 0-387-18385-Xc(U.S.) 1. Radiation chemistry. 2. Radiobiology. 3. Synchrotron radiation. I. Mandelkow. E. (Eckhard), 1943 --. II. Bazin, D. IIl. Series. QDI.F58 no. 145 QD641 540 s--de 19 541.3'8 87-28455 This work is subject to copyright. All rights arc reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustra- tions, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its version of June 24, 1985, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prose- cution act of the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1988 Printed in GDR The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and~regulations and therefore free for general use. Bookbinding: LiJderitz & Bauer, Berlin 2151/3020-543210 Guest Editor Dr. Eckhard Mandelkow Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur F6rderung der Wissenschaften e. V., Arbeitsgruppen fiJr strukturelle Molekularbiologie, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-2000 Hamburg 5 Editorial Board Prof. Dr. Michael J. S. Dewar Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas Austin, TX 78712, USA Prof. Dr. Jack D. Dunitz Laboratorium fiir Organische Chemic der Eidgenrssischen Hochschule Universit~itsstral3e 6/8, CH-8006 Ziirich Prof. Dr. Klaus Hafner Institut fiir Organische Chemie der TH PetersenstraBe 15. D-6100 Darmstadt Prof. Dr. Edgar Heilbronner Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut der Universit~t Klingelbergstral3e 80, CH-4000 Basel Prof. Dr. Sh6 Itd Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan 980 Prof. Dr. Jean-Marie Lehn Institut de Chimie, Universit~ de Strasbourg, 1, rue Blaise Pascal, B. P. Z 296/R8, F-67008 Strasbourg-Cedex Prof. Dr. Kurt Niedenzu University of Kentucky, College of Arts and Sciences Department of Chemistry, Lexington, KY 40506, USA Prof. Dr. Kenneth N. Raymond Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA Prof. Dr. Charles W. Rees Hofmann Professor of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, London SW7 2AY, England Prof. Dr. Fritz Vrgtle Institut ffir Organische Chemic und Biochemie der Universit~it, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-5300 Bonn 1 Preface When synchrotron radiation research started in the 1960's as a small offshoot from high energy physics laboratories, few people would have predicted the rapid expansion we have withnessed over the past few years. The most visible evidence of this growth is the increasing number of synchrotrons dedicated largely or exclusively to the radiation particle physicists used to consider as an annoying by-product and a waste of energy. The advantages of synchrotron light become plain when considering its properties: High brightness, wide range of wavelengths, excellent collimation, polarization, and a pulsed time structure. Physicists provided the driving force behind many of the new developments in synchrotron radiation research, but other fields are catching up rapidly. In fact biologists interested in the structure and contraction of muscle were among the early users of syn- chrotron X-rays because this enabled them to follow the scattering pattern in real time. Similarly, chemists noted quickly that inter- atomic distances could be determined to an unprecedented accuracy using X-ray spectroscopy. Scattering and spectroscopy techniques still represent the majority of synchrotron radiation experiments in biology and chemistry, and this is reflected in the articles in this book and its companion valume to follow shortly. A variety of reviews on the uses of synchrotron radiation in chemistry and biology have appeared over the past few years. Many of these were published as books or in specialist journals that are often not easily accessible in an average library. It was therefore a timely decision by Springer Verlag to cover this area within the series of '°Topics in Current Chemistry". The hope is to provide outsiders or newcomers to the field with an overview of current activities, written by scientists who are themselves engaged in synchrotron radiation projects. Their topics include theory, technical and methodological aspects, as well as the results that can be obtained. The first part of this book concerns applica- tions in chemistry, most of which deal with X-ray spectroscopy (EXAFS, XANES); the second part covers biological aspects based mainly on X-ray scattering techniques. The articles were written in late 1986 and in 1987 and thus represent the state of the art. During that time many of the authors were involved in the planning or construction of new synchrotron radiation facilities; it was not easy for them to take time off for writing, and I am grateful for their willingness to contribute in spite of their busy schedules. Finally I would like to thank Dr. Stumpe from Springer Verlag for the smooth collaboration and my secretary, Ms. Elke Spader, whose organizational talent was invaluable in putting this book together. Hamburg, August 1987 Eckhard Mandelkow Table of Contents X-Ray Synchrotron Radiation and Inorganic Structural Chemistry A. Mosset, J. Galy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 XANES in Condensed Systems A. Bianconi, J. Garcia, M. Benfatto . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts: The EXAFS Tool D. Bazin, H. Dexpert, P. Lagarde . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 X-Ray Absorption Studies of Liquids: Structure and Reactivity of Metal Complexes in Solution and X-Ray Photoconductivity of Hydrocarbon Solutions of Organometallics T.-K. Sham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Order and Disorder in Low Dimensional Materials: Beyond the First Coordination Sphere with EXAFS A. Michalowicz, M. Verdaguer, Y. Mathey, R. Clement. . 107 Resonant X-Ray Scattering in Biological Structure Research H. B. Stuhrmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 X-Ray Studies on Biological Membranes Using Synchrotron Radiation P. Laggncr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Synchrotron X-Ray Scattering Studies of The Chromatin Fibre Structure Z. Saycrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Author Index Volumes 101-145 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Mark S. Baird and of extremely mild routes to unsa tu ra ted carbenes. 1,2-Addition to the alkene provides flexible approaches to a wide variety of cis- or trans-disubstituted cyclo- propanes . The use of the cyclopropene r ing as a templa te in enant iocont ro l led synthesis has been largely neglected, but this may well p rove to be an area of considerable future interest. 16 References 1. Closs, G. L." Cyclopropenes, in "Advances in Alicyclic Chemistry" 1, 53 (1966) 2. Deem, M. L." Synthesis 675, 1972" ibid. 701, 1982" Billups, W. E." Acc. Chem. 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Calculations at the MINDO/3 204 X-Ray Synchrotron Radiation and Inorganic Structural Chemistry Alain Mosset , Jean Galy Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du C.N.R.S. 205 Route de Narbonne, 31400 Toulouse, France Table of Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 Synchrotron Radiation Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1 Wide Spectral Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.2 Excellent Spatial Coherence and Direct ional Propert ies . . . . . . . . 4 2.3 Well-Defined Polar izat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.4 Fas t -Time Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.5 High Intensity and Brightness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3 Storage Rings as Light Sources 5 4 Applications of Synchrotron Radiation in Structural Inorganic Chemistry . . . . 6 4.1 X-Ray Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.1. I Single Crystal Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.1.2 Powder Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.1.3 Large Angle X-Ray Scattering (LAXS) . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.1.4 Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.2 X-Ray Absorpt ion Spectroscopies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.2.1 EXAFS: Theory and Appl icat ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.2.2 Coordinat ion Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.2.3 Solution Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.2.4 Oxides, Chalcogenides and Metall ic Glasses . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.2.5 Catalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.2.6 Mineralogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.3 X A N E S : Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Topics in Current Chemistry. Vot. 145 Springer-Verlag. Berlin Heidelberg 1988