Surface Engineering NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company Physical Sciences Dordrecht and Boston 0 Behavioural and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers Social Sciences Dordrecht/Boston/Lancaster E Applied Sciences F Computer and Springer-Verlag Systems Sciences Berlin/Heidelberg/New York G Ecological Sciences Series E: Applied Sciences - No. 85 Surface Engineering Surface Modification of Materials edited by Ram Kossowsky Subhash C. Singhal Westinghouse R&D Center Materials Science Division Pittsburg, Pennsylvania 15235 USA 1984 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers Dordrecht / Boston / Lancaster Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Surface Engineering, Les Arcs, France, July 3-15, 1983 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data NATO Advanced Study Institute on Surface Engineering (1983 : Les Arcs, France) Surface engineering. (NATO ASI series. Series E, Applied sciences ; no. 85) "Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Surface Engineerirtg, Les Arcs, France, July 3-July 15, 1983"--T.p. verso. "Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division." Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Materials--Surfaces--Congresses. 1. Kossowsky, Ram. 11. Singhal, Subhash C. 111. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. IV. Title. V. Series. TA418.7.N38 1983 620.1'1 84-20647 ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6218-7 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6216-3 001: 10.1007/978-94-009-6216-3 Distributors for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, USA Distributors for the UK and Ireland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, MTP Press Ltd, Falcon House, Queen Square, Lancaster LA1 1RN, UK Distributors for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, wi.thout the prior written permission of the publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 163, 3300 AD Dordrecht, The Netherlands Copyright © 1984 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1984 This book contains papers presen~ed at an interdisciplinary study institute on the latest developments in the science and technology of modifications of metallurgical surfaces, held at Les Arcs, France, in July 1983. This subject is unique in that, for the first. time, a comprehensive treatment of surfaces for non-semiconductor applications is presented. Processes presented dealt with ion implantation, ion plating, diffusion pack cementa tion, electron'oeamvapor deposition and laser based technologies. The fundamental aspects of these processes are examined from the point of view of physical and thermodynamic principles and their effectiveness in modifying wear, optical, oxidation and corrosion properties of metallic and ceramic materials are discussed. Examples are prOVided of many·current technological applications of the various surface modification processes and the high tempera ture protective coatings. Finally, directions for future research are discussed. The book includes fourteen major review dissertations presented by internationally known experts in their respective fields to which were added shorter, up-to-date research reports by selected parti cipants in the conference. The book should prove a useful reference tool for physicists and materials scientists engaged in the field of surface modifica tion of materials. We thank all the contributors and participants for their effort in promoting this field of science. Thanks are also due to the personnel of the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO for sponsoring this event. This Dook could not have been compiled without the diligence of our secretary, Mrs. Joyce Wehmer. Dr. Ram Kossowsky Dr. Subhash. C. Singhal VII TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE V PART I: ION IMPLANT A nON 1. S. T. Picraux Physics of Ion Implantation 3 2. J.P. Gailliard Recoil Implantation and Ion Mixing 32 3. S.S. Eskildsen and G. S~rensen On the Use of Reactive Ion-Beam Mixing for Surface Modifications 48 4. G. Kiriakidis, J.L. Whitton, G. Carter, M.J. Nobes and G.W. Lewis Surface Topographical Changes on (11 3 1) Copoer Surfaces . + + + + -I- + Bombarded wIth 40 keY N , Ne , Ar , Cu ,Kr and Xe Ions 61 5. M.F. da Silva, M.R. da Silva, E. Alves, A. Melo, J.C. Soares J. Winand and R. Vianden Lattice Location Studies on Hafnium, Thallium and Lead Implanted Magnesium Single Crystals 74 6. L. Guzman and I. Scotoni Ion Mixing in the Ag-Ni and Fe-Sn Systems 84 7. P.O. Townsend Ion Implantation and Optical Properties 96 8. S.E. Lax and P.O. Townsend Optical Waveguide Formation in Quartz by Ion Implantation 105 VIII 9. B.B. Harbison, B.H. Rabin and S.R. Shatynski Optical Properties of Ion Implanted Indium Tin Oxide Glasses III 10. G. Dearnaley Ion Implantation and Related Treatments Applied in Tribology 125 11. N. Moncoffre, T. Barnavon and J. Tousset, S. Fayeulle, P. Guiraldenq and D. Treheux, M. Robelet Nitrogen Implantation into Steels: Influence of Fluence and Temperature after Implantation 148 12. E.B. Hale, M.M. Muehlemann, W. Baker and R.A. Kohser Parameter Induced Changes in the Wear Behavior of Ion Implanted Steel under Heavy Loading ... - 158 - 13. R. Hutchings, W.C. Oliver and J.B. Pethica Hardness and Wear Correlations in Nitrogen-Implanted Metals 170 14. A.H. Deutchman and R.J. Partyka Wear Resistant Performance of Ion Implanted Alloy Steels185 15. S.A. Dillich, R.N. Bolster and I.L. Singer Effects of Ion Implantation on the Tribological Behavior of a Cobalt Based Alloy 197 16. T. Bridge, R.P.M. Procter, W.A. Grant and V. Ashworth The Effect of Ion Implantation on Adhesive Bonding to, and Wear of, Copper and Copper-Base Alloys 209 17. C.J. McHargue, B.R. Appleton and C.W. White Structure Property Relationships in Ion Implanted Ceramics . 228 18. R.J. Partyka and A.H. Deutchman A Prototype Ion Implanter for Industrial Tool and Die Processing 243 19. B. Raicu High Dose Rate Ion Implantation Processes and System Characterizations (Semiconductor Technology Appli- cations) 254 20. F.J. Worzala, ToM. Breunig and D.W. Lewis The Implications of Surface Technology in the Sawing of Wood 269 IX PART 2: LASER SURFACE MODIFICATION 1. S.L. Ream Understanding the Technology and Industrial Acceptance of Laser Surface Modifications 285 2. J.M. Rigsbee Laser Processing of Metals and Coatings for Enhanced Surface Properties 300 3. S. Dallaire and P. Cielo Surface Processing by a Pulsed Laser 318 4. G. Battaglin, A. Camera, G. Della Mea, L.F. Dona dalla Rose, V.N. Kulkarni, S. Lo Russo and P. Mazzoldi Mixing of Pb and Niunder Ion Bombardment and Pulsed Laser Irradiation 330 PART 3: HIGH TEMPERATURE PROTECTIVE COATINGS 1. L.L. Seigle Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Pack Cementation Processes 345 2. P. Kofstad Basic Oxidation Principles: Growth of Continuous Scales 370 3. M.H. van de Voorde Protective Coatings for Materials in High Temperature Technology -European R&D Needs- 390 4. G.W. Goward Protective Coatings for High Temperature Gas turbine Alloys A Review of the State of Technology 408 5. N.V. Bangaru and R.C. Krutenat Microstructure, Properties and Mechanism of Formation of Aluminum Diffusion Coatings on Heat-Resistant Stainless Steels 427 6. C. Duret, R. Mevrel and R.Pichoir Aluminide Coatings on Superalloys 452 7. R. Streiff, D.H. Boone, L.J. Purvis Structure of Platinum Modified Aluminide Coatings 469 8. M.M. Morra, R.D. Sisson, Jr. and R.R. Biederman A Microstructural Study of MCrAL Y Coatings x 9. S.K. Lau, R.R. Jensen, R. Kossowsky and S.C. Singhal Oxidation Behavior of a NiCrAI Alloy Recoil-Implanted with Yttrium 496 10. F .A. Smidt, G.R. Johnston, J.A. Sprague, V. Provenzano, S.Y Hwang, G.H. Meier and F.S. Pettit Modification of the Oxidation and Hot Corrosion Behavior of CoCr A 1 Alloys by Ion Implantation 507 11. J.W. Fairbanks, E.Demaray and I. Kvernes Insulative, Wear and Corrosion Resistant Coatings for Diesel and Gas Turbine Engines 524 12. C.C. Berndt Studies on Plasma-Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings 546 13. J. Stringer Design of Coatings for High Temperature Corrosion Protection 561 PART 4: MISCELLANEOUS SURF ACE MODIFICATION PROCESSES AND PROPERTIES 1. J.K. Hirvonen Ion Beam Effects in Surface Modification Techniques 591 2. J.M. Rigsbee, D.M. Leet, J.C. Logas, V.F. Hock, B.L. Cain and D.G. Teer Ion Plating and the Production of Cu-Cr Alloy Coatings 603 3. J.P. Celis, J.R. Roos Electrolytic Composite Coatings for Increased Wear Resistance of Metals 614 4. G.K. Wolf Surface Treatment for Corrosion Protection 628 5. C.M.A. Brett and A.M.C.F .0. Brett Surface Modified Electrodes - Reasons and Advantages 656 6. E. Klokholm and H.L. Wolfe Surface Damage in Manganese Zinc and Nickel Zinc Ferrites 665 7.M.A. Burke The Effect of Surface Modifications Upon the Mechanical Performance of Metals and Alloys 682 XI 8. R. Y. Lee, H.S. Luftman and Z. Eliezer SlliconSegregation in Sliding Wear: An Esca..:Aes Investigation 710 9. A.H. King Diffusion Induced Grain Boundary Migration in Surface Modification Processes 721 10. M.J. Southon Laser Probe Microanalysis of Near-Surface Layers by Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry 734 11. B.B. Harbison, K.D.J. Christian and S.R. Shatynski Surface Analysis of Physical Vapor Deposited Semiconducting Oxides 748 INDEX 759