Study Guide prepared by Catherine Bush Barter Playwright-in-Residence Antigone Adapted from Sophocles’ play by Catherine Bush *Especially for Grades 8 and up By the Barter Players, touring January-March 2016 (NOTE: standards listed below are for reading Antigone and seeing a performance as well as completing the study guide.) Virginia SOLs English – 8.2, 8.4, 8.5, 8.7, 8.9, 9.1, 9.3, 9.4, 9.6, 9.8, 10.1, 10.3, 10.4, 10.6, 10.8, 12.1, 12.3, 12.4, 12.6 World History & Geography to 1500 – WHI.5 Theatre Arts – 8.4, 8.5, 8.10, 8.12, 8.16, 8.17, 8.18, 8.20, 8.22, 8.25, TI.4, TI.8, TI.9, TI.10, TI.11, TI.12, TI.13, TI.17, TII.6, TII.9, TII.11, TII.12, TII.15, TII.16, TII.21, T3III.7, TIII.8, TIII. 9, TIII.12, TIII.17, TIV.12, TIV.13 Tennessee /North Carolina Common Core State Standards English/Language Arts - Reading Literature: 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.7, 9-10.1, 9-10.2, 9-10.3, 9-10.6, 11-12.1, 11-12.3, 11-12.4, 11-12.7 English Language Arts – Writing: 8.1, 8.2, 8.4, 8.7, 8.9, 9-10.1, 9-10.2, 9-10.4, 9-10.6, 9-10.9, 9-10.10, 11-12.1, 11-12.2, 11-12.4, 11-12.6, 11-12.10 Tennessee Fine Arts Curriculum Standards Theatre 6-8: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.6, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 8.2 Theatre 9-12 – 3.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2 North Carolina Essential Standards Theatre Arts – 8.A.1, 8.AE.1, 8.CU.2, B.C.2, B.A.1, B.AE.1, B.CU.1, B.CU.2, I.C.2, I.A.1, I.CU.1, I.CU.2, P.C.1, P.A.1, P.CU.2, A.C.2, A.A.1, A.CU.1, A.CU.2 Setting Ancient Greece. Various locations in and around the Royal House of Thebes. Characters Antigone – daughter of Oedipus the late King Ismene – Antigone’s sister Eteocles – Antigone’s brother Polynices – Antigone’s brother Creon – Antigone’s uncle, now King of Thebes Haemon – Creon’s son, Antigone’s fiancé Euridyce – Creon’s wife Tiresias – a blind prophet Hades – god of the underworld Citizens of Thebes Note: Cast Size and Doubling of Actors In this production of Antigone we will be using only six actors, with some actors playing more than one role. Doubling of actors requires distinction between characters. In this production, characters will be distinguished by costume, voice and other physical character traits. Vocabulary Words banished carrion insolent plunder supremacy obscenity adversity Aphrodite vanquished culprit reprisal Dionysus doom instigator viper reverence proclamation decree begrudge intervene rite immorality anarchy unsanctified ignoble dominion eloquence prophecy contend breakers degenerate tyrant quest furrows accomplice resolve havoc succumb blatant flourish maw interrogate incite afflict glut impudence appease futile grapple supersede defilement nymph Biography of the Playwright – Sophocles Sophocles (495-405 B.C) was one of the great playwrights of the golden age of Greek Drama. The son of a wealthy merchant, he was able to study all of the arts. In 468 B.C. he competed in the City Dionysia – a festival held every year at the Theatre of Dionysus in which new plays were presented. Sophocles took first prize, defeating none other than Aeschylus himself. More than 120 plays were to follow. He would go on to win eighteen first prizes. One of the great innovators of the theatre, Sophocles was the first to add a third actor. Prior to this, the Greek theatre consisted of a Chorus and two Actors. One actor played the lead and the second actor played all the other roles. Sophocles also abolished the trilogic form in which Aeschylus, for example, had used three tragedies to tell a single story. Sophocles chose to make each tragedy a complete entity unto itself. Of Sophocles’ more than 120 plays, only seven have survived in their entirety, including Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at Colonus, The Women of Trachis, and Electra. Sophocles passed away shortly after the production of Oedipus at Colonus in 405 B.C. Biography of the Adapter– Catherine Bush Catherine Bush has been Barter Theatre’s playwright- in-residence since 2007. Her produced plays include: The Other Side of the Mountain, The Quiltmaker, Comin’ Up A Storm, Wooden Snowflakes, Tradin’ Paint, Where Trouble Sleeps, Walking Across Egypt, I’ll Never Be Hungry Again (book & lyrics), The Frankenstein Summer, unhINGEd, The Executioner’s Sons, The Controversial Rescue of Fatty the Pig, and Just a Kiss, which was a finalist for the 2007 Steinberg Award presented by the American Theatre Critics Association. Plays for Young Audiences: Cry Wolf!, Sleeping Beauty, Rapunzel, The Scarlet Letter, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, All I Want for Christmas is My Two Front Teeth, My Imaginary Pirate, The Call of the Wild, The Princess and the Pea, Aesop’s Fables, The Red Badge of Courage. Frosty, Rudolph, Santa Claus is Coming to Town, Mother Goose: The Musical, ‘Twas the Night Before Christmas, Jingle All the Way, and Old Turtle and the Broken Truth. www.catherinebushplays.com Synopsis The play opens after King Oedipus has been banished from Thebes. His two sons, Polynices and Eteocles, fight for the right to his throne, with Eteocles eventually taking control. Polynices flees to Argos and raises an army there, attacking Thebes in order to regain the crown. Thebes withstands the attack, but Polynices and Eteocles are both killed, each by the other’s hand, fulfilling the curse placed on them by their father, Oedipus. That night, Antigone tells Ismene that their uncle, Creon, has claimed the throne for himself. Moreover, Creon has ordered that Eteocles, who died defending the city, is to be buried with full honors, while the body of Polynices, the invader, is left to rot. Creon has also declared that anyone attempting to bury Polynices shall be publicly stoned to death. Outraged, Antigone reveals to Ismene a plan to bury Polynices in secret, despite Creon’s order. When Ismene refuses to defy the king, Antigone angrily rejects her and goes off alone to bury her brother. The next morning, Creon learns that someone has attempted to bury Polynices and demands that the guilty one be found. When he discovers that Antigone, his niece, has defied his order, Creon is furious. Antigone argues that Creon’s order goes against against the laws of the gods. Enraged, Creon declares that she will be put to death. Haemon, Creon’s son who was to marry Antigone, advises his father to reconsider his decision. The father and son argue, Haemon accusing Creon of arrogance, and Creon accusing Haemon of unmanly weakness in siding with a woman. Haemon leaves in anger, swearing never to return. Creon orders Antigone to be sealed in a tomb to die of starvation. The blind prophet Tiresias warns Creon that the gods disapprove of his leaving Polynices unburied and will punish the king with the death of his own son. After rejecting Tiresias, Creon reconsiders and decides to bury Polynices and free Antigone. But Creon’s change of heart comes too late. Antigone has hanged herself and Haemon, in desperate agony, kills himself as well. On hearing the news of her son’s death, Eurydice, the queen, also kills herself, cursing Creon. Alone, in despair, Creon accepts responsibility for all the tragedy and prays for a quick death. The play ends with a somber warning from the chorus that pride will be punished by the blows of fate. A Brief History Barter Theatre was founded during the Great Depression by Robert Porterfield, an enterprising young actor. He and his fellow actors found themselves out of work and hungry in New York City. Porterfield contrasted that to the abundance of food, but lack of live theatre, around his home region in Southwest Virginia. He returned to Washington County with an extraordinary proposition: bartering produce from the farms and gardens of the area to gain admission to see a play. Barter Theatre opened its doors on June 10, 1933 proclaiming, “With vegetables you cannot sell, you can buy a good laugh.” The price of admission was 40 cents or the equivalent in produce, the concept of trading “ham for Hamlet” caught on quickly. At the end of the first season, the Barter Company cleared $4.35 in cash, two barrels of jelly and enjoyed a collective weight gain of over 300 pounds. Playwrights including Noel Coward, Tennessee Williams and Thornton Wilder accepted Virginia ham as payment for royalties. An exception was George Bernard Shaw, a vegetarian, who bartered the rights to his plays for spinach. Today, Barter Theatre has a reputation as a theatre where many actors performed before going on to achieve fame and fortune. The most recognized of these alumni include Gregory Peck, Patricia Neal, Ernest Borgnine, Hume Cronyn, Ned Beatty, Gary Collins, Larry Linville and Frances Fisher. The list also included James Burrows, creator of Cheers, Barry Corbin, and the late Jim Varney Robert Porterfield passed away in 1971. His successor, Rex Partington, had been at Barter in the 1950s as an actor and in the 1970s as stage manager. Rex returned as chief administrator from 1972 until his retirement in 1992. In March 2006, he passed away. Richard Rose was named the producing artistic director in October 1992. In that time, attendance has grown from 42,000 annual patrons to more than 163,000 annual patrons. Significant capital improvements have also been made. Including maintenance to both theatres, and in 2006, the addition of The Barter Café at Stage II and dramatic improvements to Porterfield Square. Barter represents three distinct venues of live theatre: Barter Theatre Main Stage, Barter Theatre Stage II and The Barter Players. Barter Theatre, with over 500 seats, features traditional theatre in a luxurious setting. Barter Stage II, across the street from Barter Main Stage and beyond Porterfield Square, offers seating for 167 around a thrust stage in an intimate setting and is perfect for more adventurous productions. The Barter Players is a talented ensemble of actors, producing plays for young audiences throughout the year. History is always in the making at Barter Theatre, building on legends of the past; Barter looks forward to the challenge of growth in the future. WORD SEARCH Find the following words below: Antigone, Thebes, Ismene, burial rites, Creon, curse, Polynices, Eteocles, Oedipus, underworld, Chorus, Euridyce, Tiresias, prophesy, Hades, Argos, Haemon, Ancient Greece, Sophocles, Barter Theatre E P J B Z Y R W O H S S N E N C O S O G R A E A O U W R C P E L Z M A F D D P R Q T C Y R E Y U W H I E H O O A E U D O R N I N P S O H R E E E R I P G I F U D C C S H W K N S R H T C S K L E S T E W H Q E U E N E N E B U R I A L R I T E S E S S J C E E W M P C P Z J Y I N C S T N E N O X C O D A S C R A R B Q W V E R W R E V Z N T A S E B E H T M L K E T N A B E N O G I T N A S D H O E H A E M O N T I R E S I A S N Z S W L D L K V D I E O F J O True and False Write T if the statement is True and F if the statement is False. 1. ____ Antigone is the daughter of Euridyce. 2. ____ Creon ordered the burial of Eteocles. 3. ____ Ismene and Haemon are engaged to be married. 4. ____ Ismene asked Antigone to help her bury Polynices. 5. ____ Tiresias is a blind prophet. 6. ____ Sophocles only wrote 7 plays. 7. ____ Dionysus led the army of Argos against the city of Thebes. 8. ____ Polynices and Eteocles were each killed by the others’ hand. 9. ____ Antigone knowingly violated Creon’s decree forbidding Polynices’ burial. 10. ___ Tiresias prophesied the death of Euridyce. 11. ___ Upon the death of Antigone, Haemon killed Creon. 12. ___ Euridyce committed suicide by hanging. 13. ___ Sophocles was the first playwright to add the third actor. 14. ___ Barter Theatre used to accept farm produce as payment to see a show. Matching Draw a line connecting the person in the first column with the corresponding description in the second. 1. Antigone a. refused to help Antigone 2. Creon b. took first prize in the City Dionysia 3. Ismene c. father of Polynices and Eteocles 4. Tiresias d. engaged to Haemon 5. Sophocles e. son of Creon 6. Polynices f. the Queen 7. Haemon g. newly crowned King of Thebes 8. Oedipus h. a blind prophet 9. Euridyce i. led the army of Argos Questions/Activities “It’s all Greek to me…” Individually or in groups, research one of the following Greek topics: Temple Architecture Ancient Olympics Philosophies of Aristotle, Socrates & Plato The Classical Period The Acropolis The Parthenon Alexander the Great Homer Archimedes Athens Sparta Corinth Thebes Greek Mythology Present your findings to the class! “No man alive is free from error…” tragedy: A drama or literary work in which the main character is brought to ruin or suffers extreme sorrow, especially as a consequence of a tragic flaw, moral weakness, or inability to cope with unfavorable circumstances. 1. Using the definition above, explain why Antigone is a tragedy. Cite passages from the play to support your reasoning. Which character has a tragic flaw? Antigone? Creon? Haemon? What is this tragic flaw? Discuss. 2 How would you describe the character of Creon? What sort of a person is he? How does he define leadership? Make a list of the character traits that are dominant in his personality. Compare and Contrast! Pick one of the current world leaders below: Vladimir Putin David Cameron King Abdullah Write a paper comparing and contrasting his dominant character traits with those of Creon’s. Be sure to include how time and place might affect their differences. 3. Antigone is Creon’s niece and is engaged to Creon’s son, yet Creon is determined to put her to death for the good of Thebes Do you think Creon is justified in his desire to end Antigone’s life? Discuss. Now imagine you are Euridyce, Creon’s wife; write a paper persuading Creon to spare Antigone’s life. 4. Polynices was killed leading an enemy Argos against Thebes. Do you think Creon was just in declaring Polynices a traitor? If so, was Creon justified in his actions (denying him burial, etc.)? How would the United States government treat an American who led an enemy attack against the country? Was Polynices, as the elder brother, entitled to his father’s crown? If so, wasn’t he justified in trying to regain it? Antigone felt she was obeying a “higher law” by rebelling against Creon’s decree and burying Polynices. Are people in modern day America allowed to break a civil law because it goes against their religion? What happens to those who bomb abortion clinics or refuse to serve gays? Do you think this is just? Discuss separation of Church and State in this country. Did the Ancient Greeks live by this same dictum? Discuss. 5. Antigone lived in Thebes, located in ancient Greece. Study a map of ancient Greece. Locate the cities of Thebes, Athens, Argos, Sparta, and Corinth. Compare a map of ancient Greece with a map of Greece today. Are these ancient cities still there? Polynices led an army out of Argos – how far is Argos from Thebes? What was their method of transportation in those days? How has Greece changed in 2500 years? Discuss. Research pictures of what Antigone might see today if she went back to Thebes. Make a collage of these pictures entitled “Antigone Today.” 6. How would knowing the geography and history of Ancient Greece better help you understand this play? How does knowledge of Greek mythology make the play more accessible? Discuss how the various subjects studied in school often overlap. 7. Characters in a play or a book always have a reason for doing what they do. This is referred to as their “motivation.” What motivates Ismene to refuse to help Antigone? What motivates Creon to change his mind? Make a list of the characters in Antigone. Next to each name write that character’s primary action in the play and their motivation. Cite passages from the play to support your reasoning. Did interactions with the other characters change or alter their motivations? If so, how did this affect the plot?