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Strategic alignment, IT literacy, Collective IS use: Elements driving the IT value proposition Bogdan PDF

238 Pages·2014·5.79 MB·French
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Strategic alignment, IT literacy, Collective IS use: Elements driving the IT value proposition Bogdan Negoita Desautels Faculty of Management Information Systems Area McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada December 2014 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Bogdan Negoita 2014 Acknowledgements This dissertation would not have been possible without the support, the guidance, and the inspiration provided throughout the journey by my supervisor, Professor Liette Lapointe. For being who she is, I am forever grateful. Je voudrais aussi remercier les membres de mon comité de thèse, Professeurs Suzanne Rivard et Alain Pinsonneault, pour leurs commentaires et encouragements tout au long de mes études doctorales. En apprenant à les connaître professionnellement et personnellement au cours des cinq dernières années, Professeurs Rivard et Pinsonneault sont devenus des modèles à suivre tant dans leurs rôles de chercheur, d’enseignant, et de mentor. Dragi parinti, mi-ati fost mereu alaturi. Oportunitatiile pe care mi le-ati dat, increderea, si experienta voastra de viata m-au ajutat, in mare parte, sa ajung aici. Va multumesc. I also want to express my gratitude to Catherine Marchand who stuck with me during the ups and (some considerable) downs of the research stage of this dissertation. Thank you for the color you bring into my life every single day. 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... 2 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 6 Résumé ................................................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 1: Overview of dissertation ..................................................................................... 10 Summary of Essay #1: Achieving Strategic Alignment: a Decision-Making Perspective .................... 12 Research Question / Objective ........................................................................................................... 12 Conceptual Development ................................................................................................................... 14 Research Method ................................................................................................................................ 15 Findings and contributions ................................................................................................................. 16 Summary of Essay #2: The role of IT literacy in shaping Effective Use ............................................. 25 Research Question/Objective ............................................................................................................. 25 Conceptual Framework and Research Hypotheses ............................................................................ 27 Research Method ................................................................................................................................ 29 Findings and contributions ................................................................................................................. 30 Summary of Essay #3: Conceptualizing Collective Information Systems Use: An Interdependence Perspective .................................................................................................................................. 31 Research Question/Objective ............................................................................................................. 31 Conceptual Development ................................................................................................................... 33 Contributions ...................................................................................................................................... 41 Overall summary and contributions of the dissertation ................................................................. 42 Chapter 2: ESSAY# 1: Achieving Strategic Alignment: A Decision-Making Perspective ........... 44 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 44 Literature Review ......................................................................................................................... 46 Strategic alignment ............................................................................................................................. 46 Theoretical development .............................................................................................................. 48 Research method ......................................................................................................................... 54 Data analysis and Findings ............................................................................................................ 58 Within-case analysis ............................................................................................................................ 58 Cross-case analysis .............................................................................................................................. 66 Discussion and conclusion ............................................................................................................ 74 Opportunities for Future Research ..................................................................................................... 80 Chapter 3: ESSAY# 2: The Role of IT Literacy in Shaping Effective Use ................................... 82 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 82 Theoretical Underpinnings ........................................................................................................... 85 IS use ................................................................................................................................................... 85 Self-efficacy ......................................................................................................................................... 87 IT literacy ............................................................................................................................................. 89 3 Theoretical Development ............................................................................................................. 92 Conceptualizing IT literacy .................................................................................................................. 92 Operationalizing IT literacy ................................................................................................................. 97 Research hypotheses ........................................................................................................................ 102 Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 109 Content validation............................................................................................................................. 112 Card sorting ....................................................................................................................................... 113 Pilot study ......................................................................................................................................... 116 Full survey ......................................................................................................................................... 124 Findings ..................................................................................................................................... 137 Discussion and conclusion .......................................................................................................... 140 Opportunities for Future Research ................................................................................................... 146 Contributions to Research and Practice ........................................................................................... 148 Chapter 4: ESSAY# 3: Conceptualizing Collective Information Systems Use: An Interdependence Perspective ............................................................................................ 149 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 149 IS use background ...................................................................................................................... 154 Multilevel IS use ......................................................................................................................... 160 Interdependence in Collective IS use ........................................................................................... 163 Task Interdependence ...................................................................................................................... 164 User Interdependence ...................................................................................................................... 170 System Interdependence .................................................................................................................. 173 A taxonomy of Collective IS use .................................................................................................. 175 Emergence of Collective IS use .................................................................................................... 183 Emergence as Composition ............................................................................................................... 187 Emergence as Minimum/Maximum ................................................................................................. 188 Emergence as Pooled Unconstrained ................................................................................................ 189 Emergence as Variance ..................................................................................................................... 190 Emergence as Compilation................................................................................................................ 191 Discussion and conclusion .......................................................................................................... 192 Conceptual Clarity Assessment ......................................................................................................... 194 Opportunities for Future Research ................................................................................................... 197 Contributions to Research and Practice ........................................................................................... 201 Chapter 5: Contributions and Future research .................................................................... 203 Contributions ............................................................................................................................. 203 Future research .......................................................................................................................... 204 Parting thoughts ........................................................................................................................ 207 Appendices ....................................................................................................................... 210 Appendix A: Essay #1 - Interview guide ....................................................................................... 210 Appendix B: Essay #2 – Wiki functionality comparison grid .......................................................... 212 4 Appendix C: Essay #2 – Card sorting (Round 2) – Hit ratio stats .................................................... 214 Appendix D: Essay #2 – Measurement instrument ....................................................................... 215 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 229 5 Abstract When businesses invest in information technology (IT) they typically do so with the intention of driving a benefit for their various stakeholders. Generally, it has been argued that for IS to generate business value, IT investments need to be made strategically so as not to represent merely bandages to operational problems and inefficiencies and the resulting IS use has to be assessed for its effectiveness in addition to its efficiency (Brynjolfsson 1993). As a result, not only does the IS have to enable and to support the business goals and objectives (Oh and Pinsonneault 2007), but the IS has to be used (Orlikowski 2000) and used effectively (Marcolin et al. 2000). In light of these considerations, this thesis aims to deepen our understanding of two crucial elements driving the IT value proposition: the management of IS, more specifically how organizations achieve strategic alignment (Paper #1), and the use of IS, both in an individual (Paper #2) and collective (Paper #3) context. Beyond studies related to the importance of strategic alignment between business strategy and IS strategy as well as establishing a number of enablers and inhibitors, there is a paucity of research on how organizations actually achieve strategic alignment. Paper #1 conceptualizes the process of achieving strategic alignment from a decision-making perspective by deductively drawing upon extant literature on strategic alignment and decision-making. Case study data collected from three research sites selected based on theoretical sampling followed by data analysis based on analytic induction uncovers evidence in support of the chosen conceptual framework. New insights reveal that the structure of the decision-making process inherent in achieving strategic alignment is shaped by organizational and decisional factors. In addition, the nature of the IT artifact and the availability of slack resources at the organizational level appear to shape the rigor and the due-diligence associated with achieving strategic alignment, potentially suggesting the existence of additional decision-making routines. Research has shown that the IT value proposition is often dependent not only on how individual employees use technology, but how effective their use actually is. In this context, an individual’s Degree of IT literacy has been highlighted as a critical skill in determining one’s ability to use technology to achieve valuable attainments. Drawing from extant literature on IT literacy, self-efficacy, and IS use, Paper #2 develops a variance-based model that aims to explain and to predict Effective Use by taking into consideration an individual’s Degree of IT literacy. Given a lack of a conceptualization and operationalization of IT literacy, this study addresses this gap by developing an objective measure of IT literacy. The analysis of survey data from 584 Mediawiki users reveals that Effective Use is positively related to Performance accomplishments and Emotional arousal. In addition, the Degree of IT literacy influences Effective Use not directly, as originally thought, but through a relationship fully mediated by the Degree of self- efficacy. This, in turn, suggests that the fit between an individual’s Degree of IT literacy and one’s Degree of self-efficacy helps shape Effective Use. As information systems (IS) have evolved from primarily stand-alone, to enterprise, and networked-level applications, the need for conceptual clarity vis-à-vis collective IS use has come to represent a research and practical necessity. Paper #3 contributes to the extant literature on IS use, multilevel theory, and interdependence-related extant literature by bringing conceptual clarity to the study of collective IS use. It theorizes possible ways in which the task, user, and system dimensions can exhibit interdependence. By arguing that variations in interdependence exhibited in the task, user, and system dimensions of individual level IS use yield different patterns of collective IS use, the paper develops a taxonomy that includes sixteen fundamentally 6 distinct collective IS use taxa. Finally, the emergence of collective IS use is theorized and qualitative and quantitative implications of varying interdependence exhibited in the task, user, and system dimensions of individual level IS use are considered. For practitioners, the taxonomy provides a tool for managing the collective IS use of a wide range of systems. 7 Résumé Les organisations qui investissent dans la technologie de l'information (TI), le font généralement avec l'intention d’obtenir des avantages pour leurs différentes parties prenantes. En général, pour que les systèmes d’information (SI) génèrent une valeur ajouté à l’organisation, les investissements informatiques doivent être faits de façon stratégique de sorte qu’ils ne résolvent pas uniquement les problèmes opérationnels ou d’inefficacité mais au contraire, les résultantes de l'utilisation des SI doivent être appréciées pour leur efficacité (Brynjolfsson 1993). Par conséquent, les systèmes d'information doivent non seulement soutenir les buts et les objectifs d'affaires de l’organisation (Oh and Pinsonneault 2007), mais les systèmes d'information doivent être utilisés (Orlikowski 2000) et ce, de manière efficace (Marcolin et al. 2000). À la lumière de ces observations, cette thèse vise à approfondir notre compréhension de deux éléments cruciaux sous-jacent au développement de valeur ajoutée des TI: la gestion des systèmes d'information, et plus précisément la façon dont les organisations atteignent l'alignement stratégique (article #1), et l'utilisation des systèmes d'information, à la fois dans un contexte individuel (article #2) et collectif (article #3). Au-delà des études liées à l'importance de l'alignement stratégique entre les stratégies organisationnelles et la stratégie des systèmes d'information et l'identification d'un certain nombre de catalyseurs et inhibiteurs, il y a un peu de recherche portant sur la façon dont les organisations atteignent l'alignement stratégique. L’article #1 conceptualise le processus de réalisation de l'alignement stratégique selon la perspective de la prise de décision en s'appuyant de façon déductive sur la littérature existante sur l'alignement stratégique et la prise de décision. Cette étude de cas développée à partir de données recueillies dans trois sites de recherche sélectionnés sur la base de l'échantillonnage théorique et suivie d'une analyse des données de type d'induction analytique, appui le cadre conceptuel choisi. De plus, notre étude révèle que la structure du processus inhérent à la réalisation de l'alignement stratégique est déterminée par des facteurs organisationnels et décisionnels. En outre, la nature de l'artefact TI et la disponibilité des ressources inutilisées au niveau organisationnel semblent façonner la rigueur et l’assiduité associée à la réalisation de l'alignement stratégique et permet de supposer l'existence des routines de prise de décisions supplémentaires. La recherche a montré que la valeur ajoutée des TI est tributaire non seulement de la façon dont les employés utilisent la technologie, mais aussi de l'efficacité de cette utilisation. Dans ce contexte, le degré de « littératie en TI » d'un individu a été mis en évidence comme une compétence essentielle dans la détermination de sa capacité à utiliser la technologie. En s'appuyant sur la littérature existante sur la littératie numérique, l'auto-efficacité, et l'utilisation des systèmes d'information, l’article #2 développe un modèle de variance qui vise à expliquer et à prévoir l'utilisation efficace des TI en prenant en considération le degré de « littératie en TI » d'un individu. Compte tenu de l'absence de conceptualisation et d'opérationnalisation de la « littératie en TI » cette étude vient combler cette lacune en développant une mesure objective de la « littératie en TI ». L'analyse des données d’une étude composée de 584 utilisateurs de Mediawiki révèle que l'utilisation efficace des TI est positivement liée aux accomplissements et la stimulation émotionnelle. En outre, le niveau de « littératie en TI » influence indirectement l'utilisation efficace des TI par l’intermédiaire du degré d’auto-efficacité. Ce faisant, le «fit» entre le degré de « littératie en TI » d'une personne et son degré d'auto-efficacité contribue à façonner l’utilisation efficace des TI. 8 Les systèmes d'information ont grandement évolué de systèmes principalement autonomes, à des applications "entreprise", jusqu’aux applications au niveau réseau, le besoin de clarté conceptuelle vis-à-vis l'utilisation collective des systèmes d'information représente une nécessité pour la recherche et la pratique. L’article #3 contribue à littérature existante sur l'utilisation des systèmes d'information, la théorie multi-niveaux, et à la littérature sur l'interdépendance, et apporte une clarté conceptuelle à l'utilisation collective des systèmes d'information. Cet article théorise les différentes façons dont les dimensions tâche, utilisateur, et système peuvent être interdépendantes. En affirmant que l'interdépendance des dimensions tâche, utilisateur, et système varie selon l'utilisation individuelle des systèmes d'informations et présente des différences dans l'utilisation collective des systèmes d'information, cet article propose une taxonomie constituée de seize taxons d'utilisation collective des systèmes d'information qui sont fondamentalement distincts les uns des autres. Enfin, l'émergence de l'utilisation collective des systèmes d'information est théorisé et les implications pour la recherche qualitative et quantitative de la variation d’interdépendance dans les dimensions tâche, utilisateur, et système sont considérées. Pour les praticiens, cette taxonomie fournit un outil de gestion de l'utilisation collective d'une large gamme de systèmes d’information. 9 Chapter 1: Overview of dissertation When businesses invest in information technology (IT) they typically do so with the intention of driving a benefit for their various stakeholders. Whether or not IT investment helps businesses achieve and sustain competitive advantage has been the focus of many studies and debates in information systems (IS) research. Regardless of the theoretical lens used to study technology, whether it is the resource perspective (Barney 1991), the knowledge perspective (Grant 1996), or the contingency perspective (Weill and Olson 1989), research has found empirical evidence suggesting that firms with higher IT capabilities than their peers do tend to outperform them across a variety of profit and cost-based performance measures (Bharadwaj 2000; Melville et al. 2004; Pavlou et al. 2005). It has been argued that for IS to generate business value, IT investments need to be made strategically so as not to represent merely bandages to operational problems and inefficiencies and the resulting IS use has to be assessed for its effectiveness in addition to its efficiency (Brynjolfsson 1993). As a result, not only does the IS have to enable and to support the business goals and objectives (Oh and Pinsonneault 2007), but the IS has to be used (Orlikowski 2000) and used effectively (Marcolin et al. 2000). In light of these considerations, this thesis aims to deepen our understanding of two crucial elements driving the IT value proposition: the management of IS, more specifically how organizations achieve strategic alignment (Paper #1), and the use of IS, both in an individual (Paper #2) and collective (Paper #3) context. The first essay, starting from the assumption that for IS use to be effective the technology itself has to enable and to support the business goals and objectives, explores the question of how strategic alignment between business strategy and IS strategy is achieved in an organization. From an empirical perspective, its methodology is rooted in a case study approach, whereby 10

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de façon déductive sur la littérature existante sur l'alignement stratégique et la prise de décision. Cette étude de cas . extant literature on strategic alignment and strategic decision-making alike by answering calls for additional scrutiny of SE8: if someone showed me how to do it first.
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